Toughening ultrastrong low-density steel by textured δ-ferrite lamellas

By both the Charpy V-notched impact and the projectile tests, we here investigated the dynamic fracture behavior of a recently developed ultrastrong lightweight steel comprising a hierarchical martensitic matrix, dispersed ultra-fine-retained austenite grains and oriented δ-ferrite lamellas, the latter being due to high Al and Si contents employed for low-density design. This steel shows a superior combination of specific ultimate tensile strength and impact toughness to other ultrastrong steels and has successfully arrested a real steel-cored bullet shot. These are attributed to the densely textured δ-ferrite lamellas that can deflect the propagating cracks until they are trapped and enclosed besides austenite-to-martensite transformation crack closure, leading to more energy consumed before failure. These results suggest a new pathway for toughening ultrastrong lightweight steels.

DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE MECHANISMS OF TWO－PHASE TiAl－BASED ALLOYS WITH FULLY LAMELLAR MICROSTRUCTURE

A two-phase TiAl-based alloy with fully lamellar structure has been deformed al room temperature and the deformed microstructures have been examined in dtails by optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM) . Deformation mechanisms in the γ-TiAl phase has been defined and the role of grain boundaries in the deformation and fracture has been assessed Some of the mechanisms of interactions between twinning or gliding dislocations and three types of γ γ domain boundaries or γ α_2 interface in a lamellar grain have been identified and resistance of the various domain boundaries or the interface to the propagation of twinning has been evaluated

Exsolution Lamellae in Olivine Grains of Dunite Units from Different Types of Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes

Exsolution microstructures in olivine grains from dunite units in a few selected tectonic environments are reported here. They include lamellae of clinopyroxene and clinopyroxene-magnetite intergrowth in the Gaositai and Yellow Hill Alaskan-type complexes, clinopyroxene-magnetite intergrowth in the Klzildag ophiolite, and chromite lamellae in the Hongshishan mafic-ultramafic intrusive complex. These lamellae commonly occur as needle- or rod-like features and are oriented in olivine grains. The host olivine grains have Fo contents of 92.5-92.6 in the Gaositai complex, 86.5-90.1 in the Yellow Hill complex, 93.2-93.4 in the Klzlldag ophiolite and 86.9-88.3 in the Hongshishan complex. Clinopyroxene in the rod-like intergrowth exsolved in olivine grains in the Gaositai and Yellow Hill is diopside with similar major element compositions of CaO （23.6-24.3wt%）, SiO2 （52.2-54.0wt%）, A1203 （0.67-2.15wt%）, Cr203 （0.10-0.42wt%） and Na20 （0.14-0.26wt%）. It falls into the compositional field of hydrothermal clinopyroxene and its origin is thus probably related to reaction between dunite and fluids. The enrichment of the fluids in Ca2＋, Fe3＋, Cr3＋ and Na＋, resulted in elevated concentrations of these cations in olivine solid solutions via the reaction. With decreasing temperature, the olivine solid solutions altered to an intergrowth of magnetite and clinopyroxene. The Fe3＋ and Cr3＋ preferentially partitioned into magnetite, while Ca2＋ and Na＋ entered clinopyroxene. Since the studied Alaskan-type complexes and ophiolite formed in a subduction environment, the fluids were probably released from the subducted slab. In contrast, the exsolved chromite in olivine grains from the Hongshishan complex that formed in post-orogenic extension setting can be related to olivine equilibrated with Cr-bearing liquid. Similarly, these lamellae have all been observed in serpentine surrounding olivine grains, indicating genetic relations with serpentinization.

The Discovery of Phlogopite Exsolution Lamellae in Garnets of Eclogite Inclusions, Liaoning Province

In No. 50 kimberlite pipe of Fuxian County, Liaoning Province, an eclogite inclusion(nodule), which is extremely rare in kimberlites, was discovered and phlogopite exsolutionlamellae were found in garnets of the inclusion. Microscopic, TEM and energy spectral observa-tions and studies confirmed that these lamellae are phlogopite. They are colourless and acicularin section, generally 0.5-5μm in width and 10-100μm in length. Nevertheless, fine lamellae,0.05-0.1μm wide and 1-2μm long, are also well developed. Along [111] of the garnet, three setsof phlogopite lamellae show oriented arrangement approximately at angles of 60°-70°, indi-cating that these lamellae might be the product of exsolution from garnet as a result ofpressure-release when eclogite ascended from the relatively deep level to the relatively shallowlevel of the mantle. Tiny acicular exsolution minerals (or inclusions) are commonly found ingarnet and pyroxene in eclogite inclusions of kimberlites all over the world and it has been re-ported that the identified exsolution minerals include pyroxene and rutile. This is the first timethat phlogopite exsolution lamillae were found in eclogite inclusions in the world.

In-situ crack propagation observation in fully lamellar Ti-49%Al alloy

The fracture mechanism of lamellar Ti 49%Al alloy was investigated through studying the interactions between crack and lamellae or grain boundary. The results indicated that the nucleation and propagation mechanisms of crack depends on not only the lamellar orientations within grain but also the types of grain boundaries. When the angle between tensile axis and lamellae is relatively large, the main crack parallel to the lamellae propagates by nucleation, growth and linkage with interfacial microcracks. When the tensile axis is nearly parallel to the lamellae, the main crack perpendicular to the lamellae propagates by nucleation, growth and linkage with two types of microcracks, e.g. translamellar microcrack and interface delamination. In addition, the interlock grain boundary nearly parallel to the tensile axis is benefit to fracture toughness, the grain boundary nearly perpendicular to the tensile axis is bad for the toughness. [

Lamella Silicon Solar Cell under Both Temperature and Magnetic Field: Width Optimum Determination

This work deals with determining the optimum thickness of the lamella wafer of silicon solar cell. The (p) base region makes up the bulk of the thickness of the wafer. This thickness has always been a factor limiting the performance of the solar cell, as it produces the maximum amount of electrical charges, contributing to the photocurrent. Determining the thickness of the wafer cannot be only mechanical. It takes into account the internal physical mechanisms of generation-diffusion-recombination of excess minority carriers. They are also influenced by external factors such as temperature and magnetic field. Under these conditions, magneto transport equation is required to be applied on excess minority carrier in lamella base silicon solar cell. It yields maximum diffusion coefficient which result on Lorentz law and Umklapp process. Then from photocurrent, back surface recombination velocity expressions are derived, both maximum diffusion coefficient and thickness dependent. The plot of the back surface recombination calibration curves as function of lamella width, leads to its maximum values, trough intercept points. Lamella optimum width is then obtained, both temperature and magnetic field dependent and expressed in relationships to show the required base thickness in the elaboration process.

Ac Recombination Velocity in a Lamella Silicon Solar Cell

The silicon solar cell with series-connected vertical junction is studied with different lamella widths—the expression of the ac recombination velocity of the excess minority carrier at the back surface is established. Spectroscopy technique reveals dominated impact of the lamella widths of the base.

A Novel Fe-enriched Lamella Sandwich Precipitate Formed in A Mg-Gd-Fe Alloy

A novel Fe-enriched lamella sandwich phase (χ-phase) has been found to precipitate along the basal (0001)_(Mg) planes in the heat-treated Mg-Gd-Fe alloy and its structure is clearly revealed by means of atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy.The layered χ-phase only has a thickness of mono-unit-cell and consists invariably of ten atomic layers stacking along the[0001]_(Mg) direction,of which the outermost atomic layers had larger in-plane atom-pillar spacing than the inner layers.Fe/Gd atoms are mainly enriched in the outer four atomic layers in the χ-phase,forming two structurally unsymmetrical four-layer shells to sandwich the middle two Mg layers.An atomic model has been proposed for this layered sandwich-structured χ-phase.

Phase-field simulation of lamellar growth for a binary eutectic alloy

Using general multi-phase-field model,detailed microstructures corresponding to different initial lamellar sets were simulated in a binary eutectic alloy with an asymmetric phase diagram.The simulation results show that regular or unstable oscillating lamellar structures depend on the initial lamellar widths of two solid phases.A lamellar morphology map associating with the initial widths has been derived,which is capable of showing the condition of forming various lamella structures.For instance,a regular lamella was formed with fast solidification while large lamella resulted from disorder growth with low interfacial velocity. The investigated interface velocities indicate that with fast solidification to form regular lamella,a disorder growth manner or a large lamellar spacing causes a low interface velocity.These results are in good agreement with those proposed by Jackson-Hunt model.

Lamella技术在海水淡化高浊度水源预处理中的应用

预计今后人口将显著增长,对已经稀缺的自然水资源需求的压力不断增加。本文概述了拉美乐技术去除高悬浮物污染物的技术,并且详细阐述了设备的结构和性能。通过工程实践表明,针对黄海某些海域海水高悬浮、高浊度的特点,采用Lamella上向流沉淀技术为预处理,水力负荷为2 m^(3)/m^(2)·h,停留时间20 min,出水浊度<2 NTU,达到海水淡化预处理的要求;具有出水水质好、占地省、处理效率高,可广泛应用于高悬浮物水质的预处理,具有广泛的应用前景。

Lamellar aspect-ratio and thickness-dependent strength-ductility synergy in pure nickel during in-situ micro-tensile loading

In order to overcome the trade-offbetween strength and ductility in traditional metallic materials,the gradient lamellar structure was fabricated through an ultrasound-aided deep rolling technique in pure Ni with high stacking fault energy after heat treatment.The gradient lamellar Ni was successively di-vided into three regions.In-situ micro-tensile tests were performed in different regions to reveal the corresponding microscopic mechanical behaviors.Microscopic characterization techniques were adopted to explore the effects of microstructural parameters and defects on mechanical properties.This work demonstrates that the micro-tensile sample with small lamellar thickness and large aspect ratio possesses excellent strength and ductility when the loading direction is parallel to the long side of lamellar grain boundaries.The finding is helpful to the design of metallic material microstructure with superior com-prehensive properties.On one hand,the reason for high strength is that the strength increases with the decrease of lamellar thickness according to the Hall-Petch effect.Besides,initial dislocation density also participates in the strengthening mechanism.On the other hand,the deformation mechanisms include dislocation slip,grain rotation,and the effects of grain boundaries on dislocations,jointly contributing to good ductility.

超细晶层状结构304L不锈钢摩擦学行为研究

用MS-T3000型多功能摩擦磨损试验机评估了超细晶层状结构304L不锈钢在空气和PAO4润滑条件下的摩擦学性能,以传统粗晶态304L不锈钢为对比材料,分析磨损前后的材料结构、成分及磨痕表面形貌,揭示磨损机制。结果表明:在空气湿度为75%时,粗晶态304L不锈钢与超细晶层状结构304L不锈钢的平均摩擦因数分别约为0.44和0.33,粗晶态304L不锈钢表面发生严重的黏着磨损和氧化磨损,超细晶层状结构304L不锈钢表面发生较缓和的黏着磨损和微氧化磨损。在PAO4润滑条件下,粗晶态和超细晶层状结构304L不锈钢的摩擦因数和磨损率都显著降低,粗晶态样品为典型的微切削磨损机制,超细晶层状结构样品为更微弱的微切削磨损机制。

Discovery and analysis of ultra-micro grinding grain texture in slipping lamellae of ductile-brittle zone

Based on the observation of the deep bore cores sampled from the State of Cali-fornia, USA, preferred arranged particulate concentration belts were found in the ultra-slipping lamellae. And the same phenomenon was found again later in the bore cores from the petroleum basin in the Northern Shaanxi Province. It may be the product of the dynamic processes involv-ing tumbling, grinding and compresso-shearing functions, so the spherical particulates with ul-tra-size of nm and mm are called grinding grain. The formation of the grinding grains is related with the ductile-brittle deformation, the lateral pressure of the slipping, and the very low grade of dynamic metamorphism of the rocks. Based on the systematic analysis, it is indicated that some elements like Nb and Ta are enriched in the grinding grains in the granitic rocks because of the chemical differentiation, and that the slipping lamellae bearing grinding grains in mudstone with smear efficiency prove a perfect seal for oil and gas reservoirs. Meanwhile, the paper provides bases for the studies on the fast stick-slip movement and shear paradigm.

双子羧酸型甜菜碱改性黏土对染料的吸附性能研究

为增强黏土材料对有机污染物的吸附,以双子羧酸型甜菜碱表面活性剂[1,2-双(N-甲基-N-羧甲基-十四烷基铵)乙烷,MCTA]为改性剂,改性了蛭石(Vt)和二氧化硅纳米片层(SL),制得两种有机黏土吸附剂MCTAVt与MCTA-SL。以染料柯依定(CG)为吸附质,考察了改性剂投加量、反应时间、初始pH、染料浓度、温度等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,改性后的MCTA-Vt和MCTA-SL对CG的最大吸附量分别为131.13 mg/g和58.14 mg/g,相较于未改性的Vt和SL(23.70 mg/g和10.56 mg/g),吸附量有了大幅提升。吸附机理包括烷基链的疏水相互作用、羧基官能团的静电相互作用和分子轨道间的电子转移作用。采用双子羧基型甜菜碱作为改性剂,既可以为黏土提供疏水长链,改善其疏水性,增加其对有机污染物的吸附能力,又能够赋予黏土N^(+)阳离子和—COO^(-)阴离子官能团作为新的吸附位点,进而提高黏土的吸附能力。

Influence of Lamellar Direction in Pearlitic Steel Wire on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Evolution

During cold drawing of pearlitic steel wire, the lamellar structure becomes gradually aligned with the draw ing axis, which contributes to the ultra high strength. A direct simulation about the mechanical behaviors and microstructural evolution of pearlitic lamellae was presented. A representative volume element （RVE） containing one pearlitic colony was established based on the real transmission electron microscope （TEM） observation. The deformation of pearlitic colony during tension, shear and wire drawing were successfully simulated. The numerical results show that this metallographic texture leads to a strong anisotropy. The colony has higher yielding stress when the la mellar direction is parallel and perpendicular to the tensile direction. The lamellar evolution is strongly dependent on the initial direction and deformation mode. The formation of typical period shear bands is analyzed. In the wire draw ing, the pearlitic colony at the sub surface experiences a complex strain path： rotation, stretching along the die sur face, and rotation back.

Peptide self-assembly into lamellar phases and the formation of lipid-peptide nanostructures

Lipids exhibit an extraordinary polymorphism in self-assembled mesophases, with lamellar phases as the most relevant biological representative. To mimic lipid lamellar phases with amphiphilic designer peptides, seven systematically varied short peptides were engineered. Indeed, four peptide candidates （V4D, V4WD, V4WD2, I4WD2） readily self-assembled into lamellae in aqueous solution. Small-angle X-ray scattering （SAXS） patterns revealed ordered lamellar structures with a repeat distance of 4-5 nm. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） images confirmed the presence of stacked sheets. Two derivatives （V3D and V4D2） remained as loose aggregates dispersed in solution; one peptide （L4WD2） formed twisted tapes with internal lameUae and an antiparaUel -type monomer aligrtment. To understand the interaction of peptides with lipids, they were mixed with phosphatidylcholines. Low peptide concentrations （1.1 mM） induced the formation of a heterogeneous mixture of vesicular structures. Large multilamellar vesicles （MLV, d-spacing - 6.3 nm） coexisted with oligo- or unilamellar vesicles （- 50 nm in diameter） and bicelle-like structures （- 45 nm length, - 18 nm width）. High peptide concentrations （11 mM） led to unilamellar vesicles （ULV, diameter - 260-280 nm） with a homogeneous mixing of lipids and peptides. SAXS revealed the temperature-dependent fine structure of these ULVs. At 25 ℃ the bilayer is in a fully Interdigitated state （headgroup-to-headgroup distance dH, -2.9 nm）, whereas at 50 ℃this interdigitation opens up （dtm- 3.6 nm）. Our results highlight the versatility of self-assembled peptide superstructures. Subtle changes in the amino acid composition are key design elements in creating peptide- or lipid- peptide nanostructures with richness in morphology similar to that of naturally occurrin~ lioids.

Folded-chain lamellae interphase in flexible polymers

In a semicrystalline aggregate of flexible chain polymers, a large amount of the adjacent regularly-folded tiny lamellae coexists with the amorphous phase whose chains have only random spatial arrangement. This ’crystalline-noncrystalline’ two-phase model has been widely accepted and used to describe the structure and properties of polymers in condensed state. The crystalline morphology of PE prepared by various methods have

Tuning Reaction Processes for the Synthesis of Micron and Nanometer Sized, Single Crystalline Lamellae of Copper 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (Phase II) with Large Area

Two simple methods have been demonstrated to obtain large area,single crystalline lamellae of copper-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane(CuTCNQ).The formation of the lamellae was a result of fine tuning of the processes during the synthesis processes of CuTCNQ phase II.This facile synthesis of large area single crystalline lamellae suggests bright prospects for the study and understanding of the electrical switching of CuTCNQ by using single crystals of its phase II,and future applications of the material in memory and switching devices.

Heterogeneous lamella design to tune the mechanical behaviour of a new cost-effective compositionally complicated alloy

A heterogeneous lamella(HL)design strategy was applied to manipulate mechanical properties of a new cost-effective Fe_(35)Ni_(35)Cr_(25)Mo_(5)compositionally complicated alloy(CCA).The HL structure was produced by single-step heat treatment(800℃for 1 h)after cold rolling.This HL structure consists of alternative lamellae regions of coarse-grained FCC matrix(5-20μm),and regions containing ultra-fine grains or subgrains(200-500 nm)together with nanoprecipitates(20-500 nm)and annealing twins.As compared with other cost-effective CCAs,the 800℃annealed sample with HL structure demonstrated a comparable tensile property,with yield strength over 1.0 GPa and total elongation of~13%.Formation of the annealing twins and nanoprecipitates decorated HL structure was a result of the concurrent partial recrystallization and precipitation ofσphase at the shear bands with a high density of lattice defects(e.g.high-density dislocation walls and deformation twins).The latter restricted the growth of recrystallized grains,leading to the formation of ultrafine subgrains within the HL structure.The high yield strength resulted from the multistage hetero-deformation induced(HDI)strengthening and precipitation strengthening associated with heterogeneous lamella structures containing nanoprecipitates.The ductility was originated from the coexistence of multiple deformation mechanisms,which started with dislocation slip and formation of stacking faults at the initial stage,followed by nano-twinning at the higher strain level.This HL design strategy,comprising composition and thermomechanical process designs,and the resultant microstructure tuning,open a broader window for the development of cost-effective CCAs with enhanced performance.

Formation mechanism of α lamellae during β→α transformation in polycrystalline dual-phase Ti alloys

Phase field simulations incorporating contributions from chemical free energy and anisotropic interfacial energy are presented for theβ→αtransformation in Ti-6 Al-4 V alloy to investigate the growth mechanism ofαlamellae of various morphologies from undercooledβmatrix.Theαcolony close to realistic microstructure was generated by coupling the Thermo-Calc thermodynamic parameters ofαandβphases with the phase field governing equations.The simulations show thatαlamellar side branches with feathery morphology can form under a certain combination of interfacial energy anisotropy and temperature.αlamellae tend to grow slowly at high heat treatment temperature and become wider and thicker as temperature increase from 800 to 900℃provided that the interfacial energy anisotropy ratio k_(x):k_(y) was set as 0.1:0.6.Besides,higher interfacial energy anisotropy can accelerate the formation ofαlamellae,and the equilibrium shape ofαlamellae changes from rod to plate as the interface energy anisotropy ratio k_(x):k_(y) vary from 0.1:0.4 to 0.1:0.8 under 820℃.Experiments were conducted to study theαlamellar side branches in Ti-6 Al-4 V(Ti-6.01 Al-3.98 V,wt.%)and Ti-4211(Ti-4.02 A1-2.52 V-1.54 Mo-1.03 Fe,wt.%)alloys with lamellar micro structure.Electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)re sults show thatαlamellar side branches and their related lamellae share the same orientation.The predicted temperature range forαlamellar side branches fo rmation under various interfacial energy anisotropy is consistent with experimental results.