Identification of Damage Parameters for Intralaminar Damage Modeling in Laminated Composites Considering Transverse Stress Effects

The aim of this study is to develop an appropriate modeling methodology for the simulation of intralaminar damage in laminated composites under complex loadings. The intralaminar damages are modeled by stiffness reduction controlled by thermodynamic forces as defined in continuum damage mechanics model proposed by Ladevèze. The original method neglected transverse stress in elementary plies during the tensile tests of [45/?45]mS laminates, resulting in variations of the identified damage parameters of Ladevèze model. This study compared the identified damage parameters considering transverse stress effects with those based on the original method. The effect of transverse stress in the identification process on the damage modeling is discussed, and it is found that one of damage coupling parameters and the damage master curves significantly depend on consideration of transverse stress effects. Finally, it is demonstrated that experimental stiffness degradation is well simulated by the prediction using the identified parameters considering transverse stress effects.

Experimental and numerical study of hypervelocity impact damage on composite overwrapped pressure vessels

Ground-based tests are important for studying hypervelocity impact(HVI)damage to spacecraft pressure vessels in the orbital debris environment.We analyzed the damage to composite overwrapped pressure vessels(COPVs)in the HVI tests and classified the damage into non-catastrophic damage and catastrophic damage.We proposed a numerical simulation method to further study non-catastrophic damage and revealed the characteristics and mechanisms of non-catastrophic damage affected by impact conditions and internal pressures.The fragments of the catastrophically damaged COPVs were collected after the tests.The crack distribution and propagation process of the catastrophic ruptures of the COPVs were analyzed.Our findings contribute to understanding the damage characteristics and mechanisms of COPVs by HVIs.

Fatigue Reliability Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Laminated Composites by Continuum Damage Mechanics

This paper investigates the reliability of composite laminates with various lay-ups under fatigue loading.The prediction of failure probability of composite laminates subjected to different loads involves many uncertainties associated with mechanical properties,loading,and boundary conditions.Failure in the composite material is truly hard to trace because there are individual faults in each ply,and we face a stochastic process due to the scatter in the mechanical properties.The continuum damage mechanics(CDM),as a powerful approach,is applied to model the damage of fiber,matrix,and fiber/matrix debonding.This method defines criteria for damage detection and determines safe zones.The material constitutive equations are executed using a subroutine inAbaqus.The first-order reliability method and second-order reliability method have been applied to examine the reliability of laminated composites.The results are compared with those of the Monte Carlo simulation.Different composite laminates under different stress levels are considered for the failure probability investigation.The limit state functions and random variables have been determined based on the CDM model.Finally,the effects of the number of cycles,applied stress,and stacking sequence of the laminate on the reliability and fatigue life in fiber-reinforced laminated composites are assessed.

Ballistic penetration damages of hybrid plain-woven laminates with carbon,Kevlar and UHMWPE fibers in different stacking sequences

Hybrid composite materials combine different fibers in preform and take advantages of different mechanical behaviors for improving ballistic impact damage tolerances.Here we report ballistic impact damages of plain-woven laminates with different hybrids and stacking sequences.Three kinds of hybrid laminates,i.e.,carbon/Kevlar,carbon/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE),and UHMWPE/Kevlar,had been prepared and tested in ballistic penetration with fragment simulating projectiles(FSP).The residual velocities of the projectiles and impact damage morphologies of the laminates have been obtained to show impact energy absorptions for the different hybrid schemes.A microstructural model of the hybrid laminates had also been established to show impact damage mechanisms with finite element analysis(FEA).We found that the UHMWPE/Kevlar hybrid laminates with Kevlar layers as the front face have the highest energy absorption capacity,followed by the carbon/Kevlar hybrid laminates with carbon layers as the front face.The main damage modes are fiber breakages,matrix crack and interlayer delamination.The ballistic damage evolutions from the FEA results show that the major damage is shear failure for front layers,while tension failure for the back layers.We expect that the ballistic impact performance could be improved from the different hybrid schemes.

Nonlinear progressive damage model for composite laminates used for low-velocity impact

In order to effectively describe the progressively intralaminar and interlam- inar damage for composite laminates, a three dimensional progressive damage model for composite laminates to be used for low-velocity impact is presented. Being applied to three-dimensional （3D） solid elements and cohesive elements, the nonlinear damage model can be used to analyze the dynamic performance of composite structure and its failure be- havior. For the intralaminar damage, as a function of the energy release rate, the damage model in an exponential function can describe progressive development of the damage. For the interlaminar damage, the damage evolution is described by the framework of the continuum mechanics through cohesive elements. Coding the user subroutine VUMAT of the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit, the model is applied to an example, i.e., carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite laminates under low-velocity impact. It is shown that the prediction of damage and deformation agrees well with the experimental results.

DAMAGE PROGRESSIVE MODEL OF COMPRESSION OFCOMPOSITE LAMINATES AFTER LOW VELOCITY IMPACT

Compressive properties of composite laminates after low velocity impact are one of the most serious circumstances that must be taken into account in damage tolerance design of composite structures. In order to investigate compressive properties of composite laminates after low velocity impact, three dimensional dynamic finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate low-velocity impact damage of 2 kinds of composite laminates firstly. Damage distributions and projective damage areas of the laminates were predicted under two impact energy levels. The analyzed damage after impact was considered to be the initial damage of the laminates under compressive loads. Then three dimensional static FEM was used to simulate the compressive failure process and to calculate residual compressive strengths of the impact damaged laminates. It is achieved to simulate the whole process from initial low-velocity impact damage to final compressive failure of composite laminates. Compared with experimental results, it shows that the numerical predicting results agree with the test results fairly well.

Damage mechanics and energy absorption capabilities of natural fiber reinforced elastomeric based bio composite for sacrificial structural applications

The present study deals with the experimental,finite element(FE)and analytical assessment of low ballistic impact response of proposed flexible‘green’composite make use of naturally available jute and rubber as the constituents of the composite with stacking sequences namely jute/rubber/jute(JRJ),jute/rubber/rubber/jute(JRRJ)and jute/rubber/jute/rubber/jute(JRJRJ).Ballistic impact tests were carried out by firing a conical projectile using a gas gun apparatus at lower range of ballistic impact regime.The ballistic impact response of the proposed flexible composites are assesses based on energy absorption and damage mechanism.Results revealed that inclusion of natural rubber aids in better energy absorption and mitigating the failure of the proposed composite.Among the three different stacking sequences of flexible composites considered,JRJRJ provides better ballistic performance compared to its counterparts.The damage study reveals that the main mechanism of failure involved in flexible composites is matrix tearing as opposed to matrix cracking in stiff composites indicating that the proposed flexible composites are free from catastrophic failure.Results obtained from experimental,FE and analytical approach pertaining to energy absorption and damage mechanism agree well with each other.The proposed flexible composites due to their exhibited energy absorption capabilities and damage mechanism are best suited as claddings for structural application subjected to impact with an aim of protecting the main structural component from being failed catastrophically.

Effect of SACMA and QMW Test Methods on Compressive Properties of Composite Laminates after Low Velocity Impact

Experimental studies on the compressive behavior of composite laminates after low velocity impact was carried out with two test methods.One is SACMA Standard,and the other is a small dimensional specimen test method.Impact damage distributions,compressive failure process after impact,quasi static indentation and compression of laminates with a hole were brought into comparison between these two test methods.The results showed that there is a great difference between these two test methods.Compressive behavior of laminates after impact varies with different test methods.Residual compressive strength of laminates after low velocity impact measured with SACMA Standard can reflect stiffness properties of composite resins more wholely than that measured with the other method can do.Small dimensional specimen test method should be improved on as an experimental standard of compressive strength after impact.

Effect of Water Absorption on the Impact Properties of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

In this paper, the effects of test temperatures and time on the impact damage behavior of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites, immersed in pure water, on a pendulum impact tester, was studied. The results show that immersion in liquids has a significant effect on the impact resistance of the unidirectional composite material. It is obvious that after immersion, the mass of the material increases. The fracture initiation forces as well as the fracture initiation energy decrease as the immersion time lengthens. Moreover, the higher the temperature and the longer the time are, the more the crack propagation energy and the ductility index will be. Immersion makes the fracture mode change from the dominant fiber fracture into dominant delamination. All in all, immersion decreases the impact resistance of the composites and causes the fracture mode to change.

芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板弹道冲击特性及损伤分析

为了研究1000D629T/EPMOLD110芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板抗冲击行为及损伤特性,采用真空辅助树脂灌注成型技术(VARI)和树脂传递模塑成型技术(RTM)加工不同厚度的平板试验件,通过空气炮装置进行弹道冲击试验。同时,基于芳纶平纹编织复合材料基础力学性能试验数据,建立经验证的细观代表体积单元(RVE)模型,通过拟合确定宏观模型的材料本构参数;建立芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板弹道冲击宏观有限元模型,结合CT扫描结果进一步分析其弹道极限特性及损伤形貌等。结果表明:芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板在圆柱弹体冲击试验下的失效模式主要为纤维拉伸断裂、纤维脱出、面外剪切与层间分离等;随着平板厚度增加,其弹道极限相应增加,且与VARI工艺相比,采用RTM工艺可将芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板的抗冲击性能提升5%;芳纶平纹编织复合材料平板宏观模型的弹道冲击仿真结果与试验结果吻合较好,弹道极限误差在1%以内。

FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION METHOD FOR IMPACTED LAMINATES

The existing models are established based on the fatigue behavior of impacted laminates.It makes them unsuitable for the general use.So,a general 3-D progressive damage fatigue life prediction method for impacted laminates is developed based on the progressive damage theory and the fatigue behavior of unimpacted unidirectional plies.The model can predict the fatigue life of laminated composites with different ply parameters,geometry,impact damage,and fatigue loading conditions.In order to obtain the impact damage information in the case that no impact test data is available,a whole damage process analysis method for laminated composites under the impact loading and the fatigue loading is analyzed.The predicted damage statuses of composite laminates can be used to analyze the post-impact fatigue life.A parametric modeling program is developed to predict the impact damage process and the fatigue life of impacted laminates based on the whole damage process analysis method.The most relative error between the prediction and the test results is 7.78%.

层状复合夹煤岩石组合体试样强度试验与破坏特征研究

针对巷道复合夹煤组合结构顶板易冒落问题,以某矿取芯和钻孔窥视探测获得的巷道层状复合夹煤顶板结构组合类型为实验背景,对砂质泥岩、中砂岩以及煤厚度为20、30、40 mm不同结构组合类型的复合试件进行了单轴压缩试验,研究了复合夹煤岩石组合体的力学特性与破坏特征。试验结果表明:复合夹煤岩石组合体的抗压强度均小于单一岩石,中砂岩夹煤厚度为30mm时抗压强度达到单一中砂岩抗压强度的85.95%,抗压强度随着煤厚变薄而下降;砂质泥岩夹煤厚度为20 mm时仅为单一砂质泥岩抗压强度的32.5%,随着夹煤厚度增加抗压强度也增大,夹煤厚度超过30mm后抗压强度增大不明显。复合夹煤岩石组合体整体呈X状共轭斜面剪切破坏、单斜面剪切破坏、部分拉伸破坏,随着复合夹煤岩石组合类型不同呈现不同的破坏特征等。

三维织物复合材料高速冲击性能和损伤机制研究

三维织物复合材料在航空航天抗冲击结构领域有较好的应用潜力。本文采用钛合金圆柱弹和三维织物复合材料平板开展了30余次直线打靶试验,弹体速度范围为160~280 m/s,获得了弹回、嵌入、贯穿等不同的冲击试验结果和复合材料靶板损伤形式,根据试验结果分析了三维四向编织、三维五向编织、三维正交机织三种不同结构复合材料的冲击性能和损伤机制,并进行了对比差异分析。研究发现三种结构靶板受弹体冲击后损伤情况类似,撞击点局部出现纤维断裂拔出和基体开裂,三种结构均没有出现分层。三维四向编织结构损伤区域呈锐角十字形,损伤扩展沿编织方向;三维五向编织结构和三维正交机织结构损伤区域呈菱形,损伤扩展沿90°和0°方向。比较本文三种结构平板试验件,发现三维正交机织结构拥有最高的弹道极限,并且损伤区域面积最小。

变厚度三维机织复合材料的抗冲击性能

为解决变厚度层合复合材料受到载荷时易分层导致其力学性能变差的问题,使用800 tex玄武岩纱线作为经纬纱,采用分层角联锁结构设计并织造了整体性优异的连续变厚度三维机织物,并采用树脂传递模塑工艺制备了树脂基变厚度三维机织复合材料,同时织造了同纬铺层和同经铺层2种不同结构的层合复合材料进行对比测试。然后对变厚度层合复合材料分别进行25、50、75、100 J的不同冲击能低速冲击实验,并通过单独分析冲击能为100 J时3种复合材料的损伤面积探究其损伤机制。结果表明:在冲击能为25、50、75 J时,变厚度三维机织复合材料与同纬铺层结构复合材料的刚度退化呈现高度一致性,二者抗冲击能力均优于同经铺层结构复合材料,变厚度三维机织复合材料损伤载荷大于2种铺层复合材料;层合材料受到冲击损伤时,因其层间无纱线连接,能量在材料层间传播时消耗,从而产生较大范围的分层损伤;而变厚度三维机织复合材料具有层间连接的经纱,受到冲击时应力在材料经纱连接作用下内部不断传播导致材料整体受载,因此具有更高的损伤容限。

玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板的抗高速冲击性能研究

本文进行了玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板(glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy,GLARE)在平头子弹冲击下的高速冲击试验,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立GLARE层板的高速冲击数值模型,研究其在高速冲击作用下的响应及损伤特性,在验证其有效性的基础上,预测了不同直径和不同材料属性的子弹冲击下GLARE层板的抗冲击特性,揭示子弹直径、材料属性和弹头形状对GLARE层板抗高速冲击性能的影响。结果表明:GLARE层板在高速冲击作用下表现出良好的抗冲击性能;弹头形状对GLARE层板抗高速冲击性能影响最大,其次是子弹材料属性,子弹直径对GLARE层板抗高速冲击性能的影响并不显著。

高频空化冲击作用下HTPB固体推进剂的细观损伤机制

为研究高频空化冲击作用下的HTPB复合固体推进剂热力耦合行为及细观损伤机制,提出一种考虑颗粒/基体间实际界面相的三维全级配HTPB固体推进剂细观模型构筑方法,区别于在颗粒/基体界面间嵌入虚拟内聚力界面单元的传统细观模型,进一步建立起空化微射流冲击作用下的固体推进剂热力耦合细观力学模型,分析了细观尺度上的固体推进剂破碎规律、损伤行为、局部应力应变和温度分布情况。结果表明,空化微射流作用在AP颗粒上后,导致AP颗粒直接破裂,随着冲击程度的增加,AP颗粒与HTPB基体间界面层受到冲击作用而破裂;固体推进剂在空化微射流冲击后的最大应力值为34.27MPa、应变值为1.314;应力波传递过程由于受到AP颗粒、Al颗粒和界面相的阻碍作用而发生传递路径的改变;空化冲击固体推进剂过程的最大温度值由于断裂能、内能和摩擦能的逐渐累积而呈现出逐步增长的变化特征,且最大温度值为24.59℃,在距离空化微射流较远位置的固体推进剂由于传热系数较低而无明显温升。

A Review of Structural Health Monitoring Techniques as Applied to Composite Structures

Structural Health Monitoring(SHM)is the process of collecting,interpreting and analysing data from structures in order to determine its health status and the remaining life span.Composite materials have been extensively use in recent years in several industries with the aim at reducing the total weight of structures while improving their mechanical properties.However,composite materials are prone to develop damage when subjected to low to medium impacts(i.e.1-10 m/s and 11-30 m/s respectively).Hence,the need to use SHM techniques to detect damage at the incipient initiation in composite materials is of high importance.Despite the availability of several SHM methods for the damage identification in composite structures,no single technique has proven suitable for all circumstances.It must be noted that the amount of techniques available nowadays is too extensive to be comprehensively reviewed in a single paper.Therefore,the focus will be on techniques that can serve as a starting point for studies focusing on damage detection,localisation,assessment and prognosis on certain kinds of structures.Thus,the line of thought behind the search and the structure of this review is a result of objectives beyond the scope of the paper itself.Nevertheless,it was considered that,once the above was understood,an updated synopsis such as this could also be useful for other researchers in the same field.

Strain Energy Release Rate Analyse of Matrix Micro Cracking in Composite Cross-Ply Laminates

The stress field distribution in composite cross ply laminates damaged by matrix cracking is analysed through an approach which uses several hypotheses to simplify the damage state. The proposed cracking criterion involves the partial components of the strain energy release rate associated with transverse and longitudinal cracking. The respective contributions of the 0° and 90° layers to the damage process are also investigated. The initiation of transverse and longitudinal cracking mechanisms is predicted. We also give an assessment of the influence of each individual component of the stress tensor on the strain energy release rate of the damaged laminate.

基于深度学习和近场动力学的层合板冲击工况识别

在冲击荷载作用下复合材料会产生断裂和分层等损伤。基于损伤数据对冲击工况进行识别,对改善复合材料的设计和确保其安全使用具有重要意义。基于此,本文提出一种基于深度学习和近场动力学(PD)理论的层合板冲击工况识别方法。首先使用改进的表面修正系数PD理论建立复合材料层合板刚体冲击损伤演化分析PD模型,PD模型数值模拟结果结合噪声数据增强技术构建层合板的冲击工况数据库;基于深度学习-卷积神经网络(CNN),对不同工况下的冲击损伤演化数据进行训练,实现对未知冲击工况的识别。结果显示,对于钢球冲击速度和角度的识别准确率均高于90%。

含减纱2.5D机织碳/环氧复合材料低速冲击损伤机制

针对锥形回转体构件常用的减纱工艺,设计和制备了不含减纱、含半列减纱和含整列减纱2.5D机织碳/环氧复合材料。分别设置54 J和72 J的冲击能量,采用落锤冲击仪对3种复合材料开展了低速冲击试验,获取了载荷-时间曲线,并采用Micro-CT开展了损伤形貌和损伤量化分析。基于低速冲击损伤“局部”分布特征,建立了一种宏-细观混合有限元模型,开展了3种复合材料的低速冲击数值模拟,并揭示了失效机理。结果表明:数值模拟的力学响应曲线及损伤形貌与对应试验结果吻合较好;相比于不含减纱试样,在54 J冲击能量下,含半列减纱和整列减纱试样的冲击损伤体积分别增加了21.0%和34.8%;在72 J冲击能量下,含半列减纱和整列减纱试样的冲击损伤体积分别增加了15.7%和24.4%。可以看出,减纱点的引入明显降低了结构的承载效率。