Natural climate solutions.The way forward

Climate change is a global challenge that threatens global ecological security and sustainable development.Find-ing ways to mitigate their impacts is paramount through engineering carbon storage,low-carbon energy tran-sition,or natural climate solutions(NCS).NCS involve a set of measures(e.g.,afforestation,land restoration,biochar reuse or sustainable land use practices).Implementing NCS increases carbon sequestration and mitigates climate change at the lowest costs and greenest ways.In addition,NCS practices can improve multiple ecosystem services(ES)such as air quality,flood and erosion regulation,pest control,water purification,wild food biomass,recreation or landscape aesthetics.However,unsustainable implementation of NCS,such as over-afforestation of dense mono-forest,can lead to tradeoffs with water supply,wildfire risk,and decreased grasslands and crop-lands.Therefore,to optimise the NCS implementation,reducing the tradeoffs associated and transforming the“expand ecosystem area”to“improve ecosystem management efficiency”is vital.Although NCS can contribute significantly to mitigating climate change,systematic climate actions must be accompanied by a transformation in the global society and investment in new technologies.This will be key to addressing global challenges such as the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs),such as SDG 13(Climate Action),SDG 15(Life on Land),SDG 2(Zero Hunger),SDG 3(Good Health and Wellbeing),SDG 6(Clean Water and Sanitation),and SDG 14(Life Bellow Water).

Environmental and Climate Justice in Palestine

To have a clean, safe, and functional environment is not only essential for the purpose of preservation, but also imperative for safeguarding the most fundamental of human rights. Resolution 45/94 of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly also stresses and acknowledges that: “all individuals are entitled to live in an environment adequate for their health and wellbeing” (United Nations Digital Library System, 1991). Environmental and climate justice, which: “emerged in the context of the local environmental struggles of directly oppressed groups”, is a global movement dedicated to ensuring equal protection of people’s human rights (i.e., water, health, life, etc.) in the face of the climate crisis. Moreover, health, environment and human rights are part of the 2030 agenda (in particular, SDG 1, SDG 5, SDG 6, SDG 7, SDG 13, SDG 16, SDG 17). Individually, both environmental and climate justice are rooted in an intersectional outlook, by which they highlight the common threads between communities and the people’s inclusion, irrespective of race, class, or gender, in the pursuit of justice. On the other hand, they recognise and acknowledge the role and consequences of climate change in economic, social, and political dimensions;thus, drawing emphasis on the rights of people under the emerging inequities. In the case of Palestine, the Palestinian community is increasingly becoming vulnerable to these effects and the resulting inequalities of climate change. This vulnerability stems from: 1) The right to life;clean WASH;equitable work opportunities;access to resources;and free movement;are all examples of human rights that the Israeli colonial regime infringes upon;2) Infrastructure is essential for climate adaptation: 61% of the West Bank is ultimately barred from building infrastructure (B’Tselem, 2019) and Gaza Strip has major gaps in infrastructure due to intentional destruction by Israel;3) Palestinian deprivation of the sovereign right to natural resources by Israel;4) Apartheid system in water accessibility: Israeli water usage per person is over three times higher than that of Palestinians (their usage is under the WHO recommended minimum per day) (B’Tselem, 2023);and 5) Violent settler attacks. In 2022 alone, the Applied Research Institute-Jerusalem (ARIJ) recorded 1527 settler attacks that targeted land, properties, livestock, agriculture and even Palestinian civilians. The ongoing neglect of these concerns and the persistent colonization of Palestine by Israel unequivocally and unwaveringly affect the human rights of Palestinians. The power dynamics at play especially hamper the Palestinian ability to exercise and fulfill their inalienable human rights and to tackle the obstacles to justice in their environment.

Asymptotic Solutions to a Nonlinear Climate Oscillation Model

A class of nonlinear global climate oscillation models is considered. Using perturbation theory and its methods, solutions to the asymptotic expansions of some related problems are constructed. These asymptotic expansions of the solutions for the original problem possess a higher approximation. The perturbed asymptotic method is an analyti cmethod.

Improving Forest Soil Health and Ecosystem Services to Minimize the Impact of Climate Change

The presence of increasing quantities of greenhouse gases is fostering climate change. This review chronicles the emerging research addressing the role of soil to sequester carbon across biomes, understand the soil mechanisms responsible for soil carbon preservation and indicate the need to estimate the intensity for site-specific carbon sequestration. To negate the continuing increase of atmospheric greenhouse gases requires using well-documented soil pathways to sequester carbon. For deciduous forests, emerging concepts center around two approaches: 1) increasing the ecosystem’s net primary productivity coupled with increasing the carbon supply into soil using appropriate land management practices, and 2) supporting soil processes that increase soil carbon retention. New perspectives suggest that soil carbon may be preferentially preserved because organic materials are adsorbed onto phyllosilicates and oxyhydroxides and subsequently protected from microbial degradation because of soil structure improvement. Thus, augmenting soil structure may promote soil organic matter persistence. Each soil has a soil carbon carrying capacity;however, soil survey databases infer that soil organic matter concentrations have a significant variance at the soil series level. The need exists for more precise estimates of the soil’s carbon carrying capacity at the pedon level to support land management practices that encourage land management options designed to preserve soil carbon. However, the complexity of the soil system may limit its usefulness for routine soil management decisions. Our modern understanding of soil carbon preservation processes and emerging soil carbon saturation deficit concepts may potentially improve decision support tools for managing soils for carbon sequestration.

Global Effect of Climate Change on Seasonal Cycles,Vector Population and Rising Challenges of Communicable Diseases:A Review

This article explains ongoing changes in global climate and their effect on the resurgence of vector and pathogen populations in various parts of the world.Today,major prevailing changes are the elevation of global temperature and accidental torrent rains,floods,droughts,and loss of productivity and food commodities.Due to the increase in water surface area and the longer presence of flood water,the breeding of insect vectors becomes very high;it is responsible for the emergence and re-emergence of so many communicable diseases.Due to the development of resistance to chemicals in insect pests,and pathogens and lack of control measures,communicable zoonotic diseases are remerging with high infectivity and mortality.This condition is becoming more alarming as the climate is favoring pathogen-host interactions and vector populations.Rapid changes seen in meteorology are promoting an unmanageable array of vector-borne infectious diseases,such as malaria,Japanese encephalitis,filarial,dengue,and leishmaniasis.Similarly,due to unhygienic conditions,poor sanitation,and infected ground and surface water outbreak of enteric infections such as cholera,vibriosis,and rotavirus is seen on the rise.In addition,parasitic infection ascariasis,fasciolosis,schistosomiasis,and dysentery cases are increasing.Today climate change is a major issue and challenge that needs timely quick solutions.Climate change is imposing non-adaptive forced human migration territorial conflicts,decreasing ecosystem productivity,disease outbreaks,and impelling unequal resource utilization.Rapid climate changes,parasites,pathogens,and vector populations are on the rise,which is making great threats to global health and the environment.This article highlighted the necessity to develop new strategies and control measures to cut down rising vector and pathogen populations in endemic areas.For finding quick solutions educational awareness,technology up-gradation,new vaccines,and safety measures have to be adopted to break the cycle of dreadful communicable diseases shortly.

Markers for Global Climate Change and Its Impact on Social, Biological and Ecological Systems: A Review

Present article sketches out major climate induced changes in marine, aquatic and terrestrial life. Few important biomarkers such as ecological, meteorological, socioeconomic, thermal, biophysical and biological, behavioral markers of climate change and global environmental stress have been highlighted to predict the future challenges and finding appropriate solutions. Though, so many climate change induced effects are visible but few unpredictable effects may be seen in future. Therefore, all such effects have been acknowledged, and tried to find appropriate solutions. Most visible effect is collection of high amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is responsible for green house effect and causing natural calamities round the globe. It is not only jeopardized the survival of terrestrial, fresh water animals mainly planktons, bottom dwellers;coral reefs, algae, fish fauna in marine environment belong to different taxon but also responsible for disruption of ocean’s food web due to non-assimilation of extra carbon dioxide by the ocean water. There is a sharp decline in fresh water and sea shore micro-flora and micro-fauna. Other major visible effects are loss of biodiversity, depletion of forests, land degradation, severe floods and draughts. On other hand sudden changes in weather conditions causing irreparable devastations due to hurricanes and typhoons, storms, lightening, earthquakes and tsunamis are normally on rise. Both economic and ecological breakdowns are occurring more frequently which are more impactful and persistent. Climate change is major human health stressor;it is making fragmentation of socio-cultural bonds and reducing fertility of soil finally crop production. Climate change is imposing non-adaptive forced human migration, territorial conflicts, decreasing ecosystem productivity, disease out breaks, and impelling unequal resource utilization.

Market-based solutions:An appropriate approach to resolve environmental problems

It was the first time that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),which was founded in 1988,regarded climate change as a significant international political problem(O'Brien and Williams 2007).Over the next decades,environmentalist and policy makers have been applying many efficient ways to solve various environmental problems and have gained achievements.With the support of successful cases,this paper will focus on the market-based solutions and discuss its advantages compared with the conventional approach.

How Should Mine Reclamation Design Effectively Respond to Climate Change? A Mini Review Opinion

Climate change is a growing concern with each of the last three decades being successively warmer than preceding decades. Mine wastes are mandatory required to be reclaimed after mine operation due to their high risks of contaminating environment and huge volumes occupying large useable land resources. However, most traditional mine reclamation plans are designed with an assumption of unchanged, consistent conditions of environment, climate and hydrology conditions, which may not work properly under the global climate change. This paper discussed the previously ignored problem that is how mine reclamation design should effectively respond to climate change. Through reviewing the current responding strategy to the climate change during mine reclamation and closure, this mini review was structured, and the opinion is concluded that the more active the designers consider the factors of climate change, the more manageable, predictable and sustainable the reclaimed ecosystem and landscape are. Nature-based solutions can act as the general guidelines when considering climate change with mine reclamation, and the six-step framework aims more specifically on mine reclamation. The two methods can work together to help designers and regulators to effectively respond to climate change when planning mine reclamation and closure.

“基于海洋解决方案倡议”在应对气候变化领域的应用思考

海洋在减缓和适应全球气候变化中发挥着重要作用,“基于海洋解决方案倡议”,旨在通过采取海洋相关的措施来应对气候变化和减少气候变化对海洋生态系统及其服务功能产生的影响。国内外对于海洋在应对气候变化方面的作用开展了大量研究和实践,结果证明海洋可再生能源利用、海洋生态保护修复和海洋保护地建设等均可有效缓解气候变化造成的负面影响。基于海洋解决方案可进一步用于国家减缓和适应气候变化,考虑纳入国家履行自主贡献目标之一,并通过进一步强化基于海洋解决方案的相关技术研究,建立跨部门协调机制,积极开展国际合作,推动基于海洋解决方案应用本土化和主流化。

长株潭城市群绿心地区潜在自然通风廊道识别

长株潭城市群绿心地区对城市群的环境气候调节有着重要作用,但基于自然解决方案的通风廊道研究仍不充分。为进一步发挥绿心地区的通风调节功能,改善城市群的环境气候和为低碳城市建设提供理论和应用基础,以长株潭绿心地区2020年遥感影像为基础,运用地表粗糙长度、无量纲通风指数、风热场进行叠加分析并识别潜在通风廊道,运用空间分析方法分析主要影响因子。结果发现,该地区潜在的自然通风廊道共有11条,其中一级2条、二级3条、三级6条;显著影响因子主要有下垫面粗糙长度、土地利用类型和建筑密度,温度场、高程及路网密度对通风潜力也有着重要的影响。研究结果表明,这些通风廊道对城市环境气候有着重要影响,有利于形成基于自然的城市群通风方案,需要进一步进行景观保护与恢复。所运用的识别方法可以精细地捕捉到城市热岛环流的日变化过程,反映了城市热源、冷源及其局地环流的变化状况,能更充分利用城市热岛环流设置通风廊道。另外,利用MODIS数据中的植被指数产品MCD12Q1类型输出的Z0数据,结合地形高程等数据估算地表粗糙长度,可以较好地校准绿地的粗糙长度和无量纲通风指数,为基于绿地的城市自然通风解决方案提供很好的理论基础。

基于CRITIC-TOPSIS法的极端热湿气候区溶液再生器运行优化研究

再生器是溶液除湿系统中的关键部件之一,提高再生器综合性能是解决极端热湿气候区高湿问题的有效手段。将指标相关法(CRITIC,Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS,Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution)联合,建立CRITIC-TOPSIS模型,用于再生器运行入口参数(空气质量流量、溶液质量流量、温度)的选择评价。以永暑岛礁地区为例,通过再生器处理模型得到基础数据以及4个指标的评价体系,采用CRITIC法求得权重后使用TOPSIS法对220种运行入口参数的组合方案进行评价得到最优解。结果表明,空气质量流量为0.1 kg/s、溶液质量流量为0.3 kg/s、溶液温度为56℃时得分0.885,为永暑地区再生器综合性能最优解;再生量指标的权重为0.4,可作为永暑地区再生器综合性能的代表性指标。

具有部分粘性和阻尼的三维热带气候模型的全局正则性

本文研究在速度的正压模态上具有阻尼|u|^(α-1)u的三维热带气候模型.利用能量估计方法,我们得到了当α≥4和β≥3/2时该模型强解的全局存在性和唯一性.

Stability of weak solutions to climate dynamics model with effects of topography and non-constant external force

In this paper, a climate dynamics model with the effects of topography and a non-constant external force, which consists of the Navier-Stokes equations and a temperature equation arising from the evolution process of the atmosphere, was considered.Under certain assumptions imposed on the initial data and by using some delicate estimates and compactness arguments, we proved the L^1-stability of weak solutions to the atmospheric equations.

Approximate Solution for Mechanism of Thermally and Wind-driven Ocean Circulation

The thermally and wind-driven ocean circulation is a complicated natural phenomenon in the atmospheric physics. Hence we need to reduce it using basic models and solve the models using approximate methods. A non-linear model of the thermally and wind-driven ocean circulation is used in this paper. The results show that the zero solution of the linear equation is a stable focus point, which is the path curve trend origin point as time (t) trend to infinity. By using the homotopic mapping perturbation method, the exact solution of the model is obtained. The homotopic mapping perturbation method is an analytic solving method, so the obtained solution can be used for analytic operating sequentially. And then we can also obtain the diversified qualitative and quantitative behaviors for corresponding physical quantities.

Detection of the Hazards That Threaten Some Coastal Areas, and Ecosystem-Based Solution to Strengthen the Natural Defenses

The coastal strip of the Nile delta has been vulnerable to environmental hazards. Field surveys, interpretation of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper imageries (ETM), and hydrochemistry analysis of the water samples was used as methods and materials to detect the hazards associated with climate change which threaten some natural protection coastal areas of the central part of the Nile Delta and assess its magnitude. The invasion of seawaters is the main hazard due to the impacts of global warming phenomena. Elimination of the coastal dunes which act as natural defenses has been accelerating the negative impacts that have been appearing clearly on low-lying lands. Planting that protected areas of the coastal strip are considered the most suitable ecosystem-based and most beneficial solution should be authorized and adopted by the local administration to preserve those areas and adapt to these disasters.

Fast action on short-lived climate pollutants and nature-based solutions to help countries meet carbon neutrality goals

Scientific studies show that fast actions to reduce near-term warming are essential to slowing self-reinforcing climate feedbacks and avoiding irreversible tipping points.Yet cutting CO_(2) emissions only marginally impacts near-term warming,This study identifies two of the most ffective mitigation strategies to limit near-term warming beyond CO_(2) mitigation,namely reducing short-lived climate pollutants(SLCPs)and promoting targeted nature-based solutions(NbS),and comprehensively reviews the latest scientifie progress in these fields.Studies show that quickly reducing SLCP emissions,particularly hydrofuorocarbons(HFCs),methane,and black carbon,from ll relevant sectors can avoid up to 0.6℃ of warming by 2050.Additionally,promoting targeted NbS that protect and enhance natural carbon sinks ncluding in forests,wetlands,grasslands,and agricultural lands,can avoid emssions of 23.8 Gt of CO_(2)e per year in 2030,without jeopardizing food security and biodiversity.Based on the scientific evidence,we provided a series of policy recommendations on SLCPs and NbS,including:1)implementing the Kigali Amendment to reduce HFC emissions;2)deploying cost-effective,sector-based measures to reduce methane and black carbon emissions;and 3)implementing targeted NbS to protect and enhance existing carbon sinks and shifting away from forest-burning bioenergy.These fast-acting strategies on SLCPs and NbS will play a key role in securing the most avoided warming in the near-term and help countries meet their mid-century carbon neutrality goals.Finally,we proposed future research topics,including:improving measurement and monitoring systems and techniques for SLCP emissions;developing and improving assessments of marginal abatement costs for SLCP mitigation in dfferent sectors;better quantifying the avoided warming potential from protecting dfferent types of natural carbon sinks by 2030,2050,and over longer periods;and identifying whether there are any biomass types for energy sources that are consistent with the United Nations Environment Assembly's 2022 resolution adopting a definition of NbS.Further research in these areas could help address barriers to adoption and assist countries with better integrating the most effective SLCP and NbS strategies into their climate policies.

气候变化背景下基于自然解决方案的雄安新区雨洪管理模式

气候变化背景下,基于自然的解决方案(NbS)是人类社会应对气候风险与挑战,构建科学规范的管理体系和高效绿色的社会经济体系,实现可持续的高质量发展目标的先进理念,为高标准规划建设的雄安新区提供了根本遵循和重要方向,为雨洪管理模式研究提供了重要的现实场景。文中介绍了基于自然的解决方案的概念与发展历程,梳理了实践基于自然的解决方案的原则和实施途径,系统分析了气候变化导致极端气候事件频发的背景下,雄安新区暴雨洪涝灾害的特点和社会经济快速发展带来的水资源供需紧张的形势。基于区域气候模式进行的中等温室气体排放情景(RCP4.5),25 km水平分辨率的1980—2099年数值模拟结果,以1986—2005年为基准期,进行了雄安新区未来气候变化预估分析和暴雨洪涝风险评估。根据雄安新区雨洪管理和应对极端降水面临的形势,结合雄安新区未来社会经济发展和城乡生态空间格局以及体现“蓝绿交织、清新明亮、水城共融的生态城市”理念与建设目标,提出强化雄安新区的气候风险管理、降低极端降水风险的自然解决方案,从系统性规划、结构性设计和工程性措施三个维度,给出基于自然解决方案的雄安新区雨洪管理模式:(1)坚持全流域生态保护与修复总体规划,提高系统性气候治理能力;(2)倡导城市级多尺度竖向系统设计,提高城市韧性和承载能力;(3)坚持趋利避害的总基调,强化生态型基础设施建设。在有效的工程性、制度性防御措施的基础上,在雄安新区雨洪管理工作中积极贯彻基于自然的解决方案理念,有利于充分发掘和合理利用雄安新区特殊的水系条件、城淀一体的环境优势,趋利避害,最大程度降低极端降水对城市稳定运行和人民生命财产安全的影响。

基于CMIP6的多情景上海雨洪风险时空格局评价及规划响应对策

气候变化带来的雨洪灾害是城市发展的巨大挑战之一,评估城市未来的雨洪风险并开展有效的规划应对是目前城市发展的重大需求。未来气候情景下上海极端降水的时空格局还未得到充分研究。利用第六次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)中12个全球模式气候数据耦合上海市10个气象站点历史数据,选用Delta降尺度方法预测上海市SSP245、SSP585情景下的2025—2055和2070—2100年重现期为5、10、20、50、100年的降水。使用SCS-CN模型模拟得到了多情景下上海市径流深度,结果表明21世纪末期比21世纪中期最大径流深度最高增加100%。结合各区域排水能力,划分了上海市多情景下的雨洪风险等级。结果表明,上海市中心城区排涝标准较高,雨洪风险较低,而中心城区以外区域风险相对较高。针对不同风险等级区域,从流域视角统筹城市雨洪设施建设,合理布局,提出防洪、除涝、雨水排水相互协调的规划响应对策。

气候变化背景下荷兰雨洪管理的实践探索

【目的】介绍3种多功能防洪策略——防护、储蓄和后退以及概述其在荷兰地区的综合应用。【方法】运用案例分析法分析多功能内陆堤坝、多功能海堤、可淹没广场以及蓄水停车场4种不同防洪实践的特点。【结果】这些实践都将防洪措施(如防洪堤和水库)与停车场、零售商铺、广场和公园等相结合。【结论】开展城市防洪设计时首先应了解当地的水文和生态情况,其次考虑当前的城市规划与发展现状,并结合交通和其他规划需求确定洪水管理的目标。