INCONSECUTIVE “SANDWICH STRUCTURE” PATTERN FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE WARM WATER IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

An inconsecutive high frequency distribution with a"sandwich structure"pattern for high temperature warm water warmer than 29℃ in the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) was found using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) sea surface temperature(SST) data,a relatively high resolution data for space.This phenomenon only shows up in boreal summer(June to September),and becomes obvious when WPWP SST is higher than 29℃.As observed,East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) impinges on Philippine Islands in July,which has an important impact on the formation and maintenance of the "sandwich structure".Winds affect the distribution of SST in two ways:one by increasing the local latent heat flux and the other by transporting cold water towards the southeast of Philippine Islands.

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during Late Summer in Weak La Nia Years: Contrast between 1981 and 2013

Both 1981 and 2013 were weak La Nifia years with a similar sea surface temperature （SST） anomaly in the tropical Pacific, yet the westem Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） during August exhibited an opposite anomaly in the two years. A comparison indicates that, in the absence of a strong SST anomaly in the tropics, the cold advection from Eurasian high latitudes and the convection of the western Pacific warm pool play important roles in influencing the strength and position of the WPSH in August. In August 1981, the spatial pattern of 500 hPa geopotential height was characterized by a meridional circulation with a strong ridge in the Ural Mountains and a deep trough in Siberia, which provided favorable conditions for cold air invading into the lower latitudes. Accordingly, the geopotential height to the north of the WPSH was reduced by the cold advection anomaly from high latitudes, resulting in an eastward retreat of the WPSH. Moreover, an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the subtropical western Pacific, excited by enhanced warm pool convection, also contributed to the eastward retreat of the WPSH. By contrast, the influence from high latitudes was relatively weak in August 2013 due to a zonal circulation pattern over Eurasia, and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation induced by suppressed warm pool convection also facilitated the westward extension of the WPSH. Therefore, the combined effects of the high latitude and tropical circulations may contribute a persistent anomaly of the WPSH in late summer, despite the tropical SST anomaly being weak.

Effects of electrode configuration on electroslag remelting process of M2 high-speed steel ingot

The electrode configuration determines the thermophysical field during the electroslag remelting(ESR) process and affects the final microstructure of the ingot. In this work, ingot with a diameter of 400 mm was prepared with two electrode configuration modes of single power ESR process, namely one electrode(OE) and two series-connected electrodes(TSCE). Finite element simulation was employed to calculate the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field of the ESR system. The results show that the temperature of the slag pool and the metal pool of the TSCE process is lower and more uniform than that of the OE process.The calculated temperature distribution of the ingot could be indirectly verified from the shape of the metal pool by the experiment. The experimental results show that the depth of the metal pool in the OE ingot is about 160 mm, while the depth of the TSCE ingot is nearly 40 mm shallower than that of the OE ingot. Microstructural comparisons indicate that coarse eutectic carbides are formed in the center of the OE ingot, whereas more even eutectic carbides appear in the center of the TSCE ingot. In general, compared with the OE process, the TSCE process is preferred to remelt high speed steel ingots.

Atmospheric Circulations and Sea Surface Temperatures Related to the convection over the western Pacific Warm Pool on the Interannual Scale

The difference is examined in atmospheric circulation and Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs) in the trop-ics and subtropics between weak and strong convection over the tropical western Pacific warm pool (signified as WPWP). The WPWP is chosen as the region (110–160°E, 10–20°N), where the Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) shows a great year-to-year variance. A composite study was carried out to examine the differences in atmospheric circulation and SSTs between weak and strong convection over WPWP. First, NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data and satellite-observed OLR data are used to examine the differences. ERA data, in which the OLR data are calculated, are then used for re-examination. The composite results show that the differences are remarkably similar in these two sets of data. The difference in circulations between weak and strong convection over WPWP is significantly associated with westward extension of the North Pacific subtropical anticyclone and stronger westerlies at the northwestern edge of the subtropical anticyclone. It also corresponds with the significant easterly anomaly and the descent anomaly in situ, i.e., over the WPWP. The most prominent characteristics of the difference of SSTs between weak and strong convection over the WPWP are the significant positive SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. In WPWP, however, there are only weak negative SST anomalies. Thus, the anomaly of OLR over WPWP is weakly associated with the SST anomalies in situ, while closely associated with the SST anomalies west of WPWP. Key words Convection over the western Pacific warm pool - Northwest Pacific subtropical high - Sea surface temperatures This study was supported by the “ National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences” G1998040900 Part 1.

Molten pool and temperature field in CO_2 laser welding

Two measuring methods, high-speed camera and optical monitoring system, were used to study processes of laser welding. Molten pool, cooling time and temperature field were analyzed based on real measured images and optical signal data. The results show that the width of molten pool is almost equal to the width of weld, and length is about 7. 8 mm. The solidification time is about 0. 5 s and the temperature gradient is great, so HAZ is very small. The method and results will be of benefit to build the relationship between welding parameters and microstructure.

A Study of Thin Sandstone Reservoirs by High-resolution Seismic Inversion

In this paper seismic inversion was used as a key technique and the seismic wavelet most suitable to the actual underground situation was extracted with the higher-order statistics algorithm. The wavelets extracted in this way and the wavelets extracted with the seismic statistics techniques were used separately for inverting the seismic data of the southern part of Tahe oilfield, Tarim basin. The results showed that the resolution of the wavelet inversion with the higher-order statistics method was greatly improved, and the wavelet-inverted section could better distinguish the thin sandstone reservoirs of the upper and lower Carboniferous and their lateral distribution, providing a reliable basis of analysis for the study of thin sandstone reservoirs.

Performance comparison of Pt/Au and Ni/Au Schottky contacts on Al_xGa_(1-x)N/GaN heterostructures at high temperatures

In contrast with Au/Ni/Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN Schottky contacts, this paper systematically investigates the effect of thermal annealing of Au/Pt/Alo.25Ga0.75N/GaN structures on electrical properties of the two-dimensional electron gas in Alo.25Ga0.75N/CaN heterostructures by means of temperature-dependent Hall and temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements. The two-dimensional electron gas density of the samples with Pt cap layer increases after annealing in N2 ambience at 600℃ while the annealing treatment has little effect on the two-dimensional electron gas mobility in comparison with the samples with Ni cap layer. The experimental results indicate that the Au/Pt/Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN Schottky contacts reduce the reverse leakage current density at high annealing temperatures of 400-600 ℃. As a conclusion, the better thermal stability of the Au/Pt/Alo.25Gao.75N/GaN Schottky contacts than the Au/Ni/Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN Schottky contacts at high temperatures can be attributed to the inertness of the interface between Pt and AlxGa1-xN.

高质量发展视角下新阶段水利人才队伍建设机制研究

新阶段水利高质量发展亟须与之相适配的人才队伍,专业技术人才是推动新阶段水利高质量发展的骨干力量。从高质量发展视角出发,基于人力资本理论,搭建跨边界专业技术人才池,集聚并储备行业发展所需的关键人才,并从引进、培养、使用、评价、流动、激励全链条创新人才发展模式。基于灰色模型预测了人才需求特点,结合人力资本理论构建了跨边界人才池的开发机制和实施路径。结果表明:水利人才分布的空间异质性问题将持续存在,集聚并储备行业关键人才需要构建跨边界人才池;应通过内部培养和外部引进双轮驱动等措施满足行业人才需求,创新人才发展模式,从而在强化宏观调控的基础上实现人才的统筹调配、跨界蓄用与动态共享。

数字基础设施建设对低空经济高质量发展的影响研究

研究旨在探讨中国数字基础设施建设对低空经济高质量发展的影响及其发挥作用的机理。通过构建理论框架和实证模型,利用2012—2022年中国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的面板数据进行分析,发现数字基础设施建设对低空经济高质量发展起到了明显的推动作用。研究进一步发现人才集聚度、创业活跃度以及数字普惠金融的中介效应。此外,研究也发现创业活跃度和产业高级化水平具有门槛效应,地区间一般预算支出和城乡收入差距对回归结果存在异质性影响。综合回归分析结果,提出如下政策建议:加强数字基础设施建设,特别是低空经济发展相对滞后的中西部地区;优化人才培养、促进人才集聚;激发创业活力,降低创业成本,推动新型商业模式的发展;发展数字化普惠金融。

某新建高位水池消能改造方案及应急措施研究

某新建高位水池建成运行后,产生了两种恶劣流态:一是通气孔出口发生喷水,二是下游水厂出现掺气。该文通过水工模型试验演示了新建高位水池内部水流运行流态及掺气状况,探究了池内水流紊动及掺气机理,验证并提出了憋阀运行时的堰后“临界水位”消能方案,短期可消除高位水池内恶劣流态;在比较了堰板中部、及底部开孔等多个消能改造方案后,提出的优化方案池内流态平稳、无掺气,消能效果良好,可作为水池结构改造的可行实施方案,试验研究成果可为类似工程设计提供参考。

Inconel-52M焊丝高频脉冲TIG电弧及熔池流动行为研究

基于高速摄像机和图像处理技术,分析了脉冲频率(0~60 kHz)对焊接电弧和Inconel-52M镍合金焊丝熔池流动行为的影响及其作用规律.结果表明,在常规低频脉冲电流上复合高频脉冲电流会使电弧形态显著收缩,随着高频脉冲频率的增加,电弧弧根尺寸逐渐减小.与常规低频脉冲焊相比,高频脉冲电弧的整体面积减小,核心区面积及其占比增加,电弧能量集中度和温度(能量)得到提高.在高频脉电流的作用下,电弧轴向压强和径向电磁力增大,最大可分别提高18.0%和8.1%.电弧轴向电磁压强增大导致熔池流动性增强,使焊缝液态金属流动更充分,从而易形成大焊缝宽度和低润湿角的焊缝形貌.

Al-Si镀层22MnB5激光焊的熔池流动特性及元素分布

熔池流动行为对镀层元素在焊缝中的分布起决定性作用.采用建立激光焊熔池三维瞬态数值模型的方法,分析AlSi镀层22MnB5高强度钢激光焊的熔池流动行为及其对焊缝中Al元素分布的影响规律.在焊接试验中,根据能谱仪对焊接接头的扫描数据验证数值模型的可靠性.结合模拟结果与试验结果对激光焊熔池流动行为及焊缝Al元素分布规律进行研究.结果表明,根据激光焊热输入与功率密度阈值的不同,熔池形貌呈现无匙孔、未完全贯穿匙孔和完全贯穿匙孔3种特征,并存有不同的温度场、流场、流速和稳定性.无匙孔熔池由于流速分布均匀,涡流产生较少,稳定性最好.镀层Al元素在焊接接头上下焊趾区域易产生偏聚,较之上表面镀层,下表面镀层进入熔池后Al元素偏聚现象更明显.因此,上部Al元素均质化分布显著优于下部.

结合通道交互空间组注意力与金字塔池化的高分影像语义分割网络

高空间分辨率(高分)遥感影像中存在海量信息,因此对高分影像的语义分割研究十分重要。传统机器学习方法的语义分割精度和效率均不高,近年来,深度学习方法迅速发展,逐渐成为影像语义分割领域的常用方法,已有研究将SegNet、Deeplabv3+、U-Net等神经网络引入遥感影像语义分割,但效果有限。考虑高分影像的特性,对用于遥感影像语义分割的U-Net网络进行了改进。首先,在U-Net网络特征提取过程中使用通道交互空间组注意力模块(channel interaction and spatial group attention module,CISGAM),使得网络能够获取更多有效特征。其次,在编码过程中将普通卷积层变换为残差模块,并在U-Net的编码器和解码器之间用加入了CISGAM的注意力金字塔池化模块(attention pyramid pooling module,APPM)连接,以加强网络对多尺度特征的提取。最后,在0.3 m分辨率的UC Merced数据集和1 m分辨率的GID数据集上进行实验,与U-Net、Deeplabv3+等原始网络相比,在UC Merced数据集上的平均交并比(mean intersection over union,MIoU)分别提升了14.56%和8.72%,平均像素准确率(mean pixel accuracy,MPA)分别提升了12.71%和8.24%。在GID数据集的分割结果中,水体、建筑物等地物的综合分割精度大幅提升,在平均分割精度上,CISGAM和APPM较常用的CBAM和PPM有一定提升。实验结果表明,加入CISGAM和APPM的网络可行性与鲁棒性均较传统网络强,其较强的特征提取能力有利于提升高分辨率遥感影像语义分割的精度,为高分辨率遥感影像智能解译提供新方案。

An adaptive physics-informed deep learning method for pore pressure prediction using seismic data

Accurate prediction of formation pore pressure is essential to predict fluid flow and manage hydrocarbon production in petroleum engineering.Recent deep learning technique has been receiving more interest due to the great potential to deal with pore pressure prediction.However,most of the traditional deep learning models are less efficient to address generalization problems.To fill this technical gap,in this work,we developed a new adaptive physics-informed deep learning model with high generalization capability to predict pore pressure values directly from seismic data.Specifically,the new model,named CGP-NN,consists of a novel parametric features extraction approach(1DCPP),a stacked multilayer gated recurrent model(multilayer GRU),and an adaptive physics-informed loss function.Through machine training,the developed model can automatically select the optimal physical model to constrain the results for each pore pressure prediction.The CGP-NN model has the best generalization when the physicsrelated metricλ=0.5.A hybrid approach combining Eaton and Bowers methods is also proposed to build machine-learnable labels for solving the problem of few labels.To validate the developed model and methodology,a case study on a complex reservoir in Tarim Basin was further performed to demonstrate the high accuracy on the pore pressure prediction of new wells along with the strong generalization ability.The adaptive physics-informed deep learning approach presented here has potential application in the prediction of pore pressures coupled with multiple genesis mechanisms using seismic data.

高高原受限空间内小尺度油池火燃烧特性试验研究

为研究我国高高原地区的受限空间内液体燃料小尺度油池火燃烧特性,在高高原康定机场自主搭建受限空间内油池火的试验平台。共选取3类典型液体燃料(航空煤油、航空汽油、正庚烷)进行燃烧试验,测量火焰高度、火焰温度和烟气成分等变化规律,研究了高高原受限空间内小尺度油池火行为。研究发现:在高高原地区,正庚烷稳定燃烧阶段的平均火焰高度可以通过模型L/D=k+0.254Q^(2/5)/D表示,其中,火焰高度与压力之间的关系式为L/D~p^(-2/9)。3种燃料的火焰最高温度均超过600℃,而羽流轴线温升与火焰高度呈现-5/3的指数关系。产烟速率则表现出对环境压力的依赖性,其关系可表示为:v~p^(-1/3)。

基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络

在轻量级卷积神经网络进行高分辨率人体姿态估计时存在提取特征不充分,针对该问题,提出了一种基于特征增强的高分辨率人体姿态估计网络。首先利用空洞卷积补全操作提取图像特征,以避免特征信息丢失且保持模型参数基本不变;接着利用池化增强模块进行卷积提取特征的选择,以保留重要特征且减轻传统池化模块对提取特征造成的破坏;最后利用加强通道信息交互的深度可分离卷积模块进行特征提取,以保持该模块的参数量较少且能够提高其特征提取能力。在COCO2017数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的AR值分别为77.9%和77.2%;在MPII数据集进行性能测试,本文算法和DiteHRNet30算法的PCKh值分别为32.6%和31.7%。实验结果表明,本文算法在人体姿态估计精度和算法复杂度之间能够达到较好的平衡。

关系型数据库性能测试技术研究

当前TPC-E基准测试系统存在的同种事务连续聚集和测试断尾会导致测试事务用例不佳,造成测试结果不准确。为此提出基于事务混合队列和延迟结束策略的事务分发控制方法来保障测试事务用例比从源头上最大限度接近基准规定。事务混合队列实现对测试事务用例混合比的整体控制。延迟结束策略消除了测试断尾造成的事务混合比波动。此外,为了降低资源损耗提出了动态线程池模型。上述模型能够在请求过多的情况下有效提高系统响应,在请求较少的情况下有效利用系统资源。最后将队列缓存机制引入测试系统。将高并发事物发送请求缓存到队列中,缓解了大量线程聚集创建带来的资源瞬时抢占问题。实验验证了测试系统的有效性、稳定性以及适配性。

激光线能量密度对75W-FeCoNiCr合金微观组织及力学性能的影响

利用FeCoNiCr高熵合金为黏结相,并采用激光定向能量沉积(L-DED)方法制备新型75W-FeCoNiCr合金,研究激光线能量密度对合金相组成、相对密度、微观组织及力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,在线能量密度为157.14~325.00 J/mm时,不同线能量密度下的合金相组成没有明显变化,均由BCC-W相、TCP金属间化合物析出相Co_(7)W_(6)相和FCC-FeCoNiCr黏结相组成。随着线能量密度的增大,成分过冷度增加,析出相长大速率加快,其形态由板状/胞状向树枝晶状转变,并且粒径从1μm增加到8μm左右。随着线能量密度的升高,合金的致密度、显微硬度和压缩强度均呈现先升高后降低的趋势。当线能量密度为166.67 J/mm时,析出相主要为均匀胞状结构,此时,合金的致密度、显微硬度和压缩强度均达最高值,分别为98.4%、656 MPa和2261 MPa。

2023年7月广西持续性高温天气成因及前兆信号分析

利用广西91个国家气象观测站最高气温逐日资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA向外长波辐射资料,国家气候中心130项气候系统监测指数资料,分析2023年7月广西持续性高温天气的成因,探寻其前兆信号。结果表明,7月9-16日和22-29日,广西出现2次大范围高温天气过程,全区平均高温日数12 d,为1951年以来同期第3多。两个高温天气过程中,广西受台风西侧外围下沉气流控制,副热带高压强度偏强,位置偏北偏西、南亚高压异常东扩。深厚高压系统控制下的异常下沉增温作用导致广西2023年7月高温天气的发生发展。前期3-4月热带西太平洋暖池海温特征量与当年7月广西高温日数呈显著正相关,此因子可作为7月广西高温天气一个可靠的前兆信号。

高水头大流量拱坝水垫塘水动力特性数值模拟

高拱坝泄洪过程具有高水头、大流量以及高流速等特点,对水垫塘结构安全提出了更高要求。为分析高拱坝泄洪对水垫塘地板的影响,采用标准k-ε紊流模型并借助几何重构格式的VOF法追踪水垫塘内自由水面,模拟结果与实测结果相吻合。结合水垫塘底板压力分布与湍流粘度模拟结果,分析了高拱坝泄洪消能过程中水垫塘底板的水力特性以及其对磨蚀损伤的潜在影响。