Stocking density effects on growth and stress response of juvenile turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) reared in land-based recirculating aquaculture system

Stocking density is widely recognized as a critical factor in aquaculture and a potential source of long-term stress.The influence of stocking density on growth and stress response of juvenile turbot（Scophthalmus maximus, ~3–75g, initial to final weight） was examined in fish held under low（LD, ~0.21–5.31 kg/m^2, initial to final density）,medium（MD, ~0.42–10.81 kg/m^2） and high stocking density（HD, ~0.63–14.27 kg/m^2） for 120 days in a recirculating aquaculture system（RAS）. In this trial, the growth curve for weight of juvenile turbot in RAS, all fitted by the Schnute model. No significant difference was found in growth performance among the three densities until at the final sampling（Day 120）. The final weight and body weight increase（BWI） in the HD group were significantly lower than in other groups（P〈0.05, weight：（75.83±2.49） g,（75.39±2.08） g,（65.72±2.86） g and BWI：（2 436.12±28.10）%,（2 421.29±4.64）%,（2 097.88±20.99）% in LD, MD and HD groups, respectively）. Similarly, the specific growth rate（SGR）, feed conversion ratio（FCR） and coefficient of variation for weight（CV_w） were adversely affected by high stocking density（P〈0.05）. However, there was no difference in survival and Fulton＇s condition factor（K） of turbot among the different groups. Physiological analyses demonstrated a clear increase in the plasma cortisol level and an obvious decrease in growth hormone（GH） concentration in the HD group on Day120（P〈0.05）. There was no significant effect of stocking density on plasma glucose, Cl– and protein levels. All these findings would provide a reference for selecting the optimal stocking density of juvenile turbot in RAS.

The dissolution of total suspended solids and treatment strategy of tailwater in a Litopenaeus vannamei recirculating aquaculture system

In recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs),the effective treatment of aquaculture tailwater is essential to maintain the health of the RAS.This study investigated the optimal time and method for tailwater treatment during three periods of the aquaculture of the Litopenaeus vannamei:nursery(0–26 d),middle(27–57 d),and later(57–104 d).The variation of several water parameters during the dissolution of total suspended solid(TSS)in tailwater,applied with the effects of ozone on the microorganism and water quality parameters were investigated.Results showed that the TSS concentrations in tailwater decreased with time,although not significantly(P>0.05),whereas total ammonia nitrogen(TAN),nitrite(NO-2-N),and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)-N)increased significantly(P<0.05).Therefore,TSS should be removed from the tailwater as early as possible,being most optimal within 4 h.Ozone removed 38.24%–48.95%of TSS,17.78%–90.14%of TAN,and 87.50%–98.90%of NO-2-N after 4 h of treatment.However,it resulted in the significant accumulation of NO_(3)^(-)-N.Moreover,the total number of Vibrio and bacterial counts in aquaculture tailwater was reduced completely by ozone within 4 h.Thus,these results provided technical details and data support for the effective treatment of tailwater from shrimp RAS.

Application of CFD Modeling to Hydrodynamics of CycloBio Fluidized Sand Bed in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

To improve the efficiency of a CycloBio fluidized sand bed(CB FSB) in removal of dissolved wastes in recirculating aquaculture systems, the hydrodynamics of solid-liquid flow was investigated using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling tools. The dynamic characteristics of silica sand within the CB FSB were determined using three-dimensional, unsteady-state simulations with the granular Eulerian multiphase approach and the RNG k-ε turbulence model, and the simulation results were validated using available lab-scale measurements. The bed expansion of CB FSB increased with the increase in water inflow rate in numerical simulations. Upon validation, the simulation involving 0.55 mm particles, the Gidaspow correlation for drag coefficient model and the Syamlal-O'Brien correlation for kinetic granular viscosity showed the closest match to the experimental results. The volume fraction of numerical simulations peaked as the wall was approached. The hydrodynamics of a pilot-scale CB FSB was simulated in order to predict the range of water flow to avoid the silica sand overflowing. The numerical simulations were in agreement with the experimental results qualitatively and quantitatively, and thus can be used to study the hydrodynamics of solid-liquid multiphase flow in CB FSB, which is of importance to the design, optimization, and amplification of CB FSBs.

Effect of Hydraulic Loading Rate on the Efficiency of Effluent Treatment in a Recirculating Puffer Aquaculture System Coupled with Constructed Wetlands

Constructed wetlands(CWs) were integrated into an indoor recirculating aquaculture system of obscure puffer(Takifugu obscurus) for effluent treatment. The effect of hydraulic loading rate(HLR) on the efficiency of effluent treatment by CWs was examined for over a month. The CWs were operated under brackish conditions(salinity 7.4–7.6) at 3 different HLRs(0.762, 0.633, and 0.458 m d–1) 3 times, 10 days each. Overall, the CWs exhibited high efficiency in removal of total ammonium nitrogen(by 81.03–92.81%) and nitrite nitrogen(by 99.40%–99.68%). The efficiency of CWs in removal of total ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorous, and total suspended solids(TSS) increased with the decrease of HLR. The CWs operated at the 3 HLRs in a decreasing trend proves to be effective, providing a useful method for effluent treatment in commercial puffer aquaculture systems.

Commercial Production of Tiger Puffer(Takifugu rubripes)in Winter Using a Recirculating Aquaculture System

Tiger puffer(Takifugu rubripes) is a promising species for aquaculture production because of its high value and limited supply. However, in the north of China, using sea cages to culture this species in winter is hampered by the fact that the seawater temperature is extremely low. Here, a large scale commercial production of tiger puffer has been successfully realized using a recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) from 3 October 2012 to 31 May 2013. The RAS was comprised of nine culture tanks(total water volume 200 m3) and stocked with approximately a total of 14400 fish(initial mean weight 160 g). The tiger puffer was hand-fed at a rate of 0.7% of total body weight per day, and the feed conversion rate was(1.21 ± 0.3) kg kg-1. The recycle water in RAS was treated by a sieve bend screen, a foam fractionator, a submerged biofilter, an UV sterilizer and a submersible aerator. During the whole culture period, an excellent water quality control was achieved in RAS. At the end of this experiment, the survival rate of tiger puffer was more than 98%. The final tank densities averaged 31.2 kg m-3, and the final individual mean weight was 440 g.

Intestinal microbiota of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in a recirculating aquaculture system

The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon( Salmo salar L.), the ambient water of unhealthy fish, and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) to understand differences in the intestinal microbiota. The V4–V5 regions of the prokaryotic 16 S r RNA genes in the samples were analyzed by Mi Seq high-throughput sequencing. The fish were adults with no differences in body length or weight. Representative members of the intestinal microbiota were identified. The intestinal microbiota of the healthy fishincluded Proteobacteria(44.33%), Actinobacteria(17.89%), Bacteroidetes(15.25%), and Firmicutes(9.11%), among which the families Micrococcaceae and Oxalobacteraceae and genera S phingomonas, Streptomyces, Pedobacter, Janthinobacterium, Burkholderia, and Balneimonas were most abundant. Proteobacteria(70.46%), Bacteroidetes(7.59%), and Firmicutes(7.55%) dominated the microbiota of unhealthy fish, and Chloroflexi(2.71%), and Aliivibrio and Vibrio as well as genera in the family Aeromonadaceae were most strongly represented. Overall, the intestinal hindgut microbiota differed between healthy and unhealthy fish. This study off ers a useful tool for monitoring the health status of fish and for screening the utility of probiotics by studying the intestinal microbiota.

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks in recirculating aquaculture systems

A three-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank of a recirculating aquaculture system.The realizable k-s turbulence model was applied to describe the flow,the discrete phase model(DPM) was applied to generate particle trajectories,and the governing equations are solved using the finite volume method.To validate this model,the numerical results were compared with data obtained from a full-scale physical model.The results show that:(1) the realizable k-e model applied for turbulence modeling describes well the flow pattern in octagonal tanks,giving an average relative error of velocities between simulated and measured values of 18%from contour maps of velocity magnitudes;(2) the DPM was applied to obtain particle trajectories and to simulate the rate of particle removal from the tank.The average relative error of the removal rates between simulated and measured values was 11%.The DPM can be used to assess the self-cleaning capability of an octagonal tank;(3) a comprehensive account of the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank can be assessed from simulations.The velocity distribution was uniform with an average velocity of 15 cm/s;the velocity reached0.8 m/s near the inlet pipe,which can result in energy losses and cause wall abrasion;the velocity in tank corners was more than 15 cm/s,which suggests good water mixing,and there was no particle sedimentation.The percentage of particle removal for octagonal tanks was 90%with the exception of a little accumulation of <5 mm particle in the area between the inlet pipe and the wall.This study demonstrated a consistent numerical model of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks that can be further used in their design and optimization as well as promote the wide use of computational fluid dynamics in aquaculture engineering.

Characterization of Bacterial Community,Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,and Nitrospira During the Operation of a Commercial-Scale Recirculating Aquaculture System for Culturing Pufferfish Takifugu rubripes

We investigated the changes in communities of bacteria,ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,and Nitrospira during the operation of a pufferfish Takifugu rubripes recirculating aquaculture system by using high-throughput DNA sequencing.Differences in bacterial communities were observed at days 1-32,47-62 and 78-93 of biofilm development by using 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria(Gammaproteobacteria)increased,while that of Bacteroidetes(Flavobacteria)decreased.The proportions of Nitrosomonas and Nitrospina ranged from 0.02%to 0.30%and from 0.02%to 0.83%,respectively.Ammonia monooxygenase gene pyrosequencing revealed that the top three operational taxonomic units were related to Nitrosomonas aestuarii(17.5%-61.1%),uncultured beta proteobacterium clone B67S-54(1.9%-45.2%),and uncultured bacterium clone AZPa8(3.6%-24.7%).Nitrite oxidoreductase gene pyrosequencing revealed that the relative abundance of the dominant strain Nitrospira sp.Ecomares 2.1 increased,but that of the abundant species Nitrospira marina decreased.Our results demonstrated that the communities of bacteria,ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,and Nitrospira were changing during the operation of the pufferfish recirculating aquaculture system.

Characterization of the bacterial communities associated with biofilters in two full-scale recirculating aquaculture systems

Bacteria play a major role in metabolizing ammonia and other metabolites in recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs).To characterize and compare the bacterial communities in the biofilters of two full-scale RASs for the culture of puffer fish,Takifugu rubripes,at different ages and densities were studied.In overall,47807 optimized reads of the 16 S rRNA gene with V4-V5 region were obtained from four biofilm samples collected after biofilm maturation.At 97%cut-off level,these sequences were clustered into 500 operational taxonomic units,and were classified into 19 bacterial phyla and 138 genera.At the phylum level,Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant,followed by Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes.At the genus level,Colwellia,Marinifilum,Oceanospirillum,Lutibacter,Winogradskyella,Pseudoalteromonas,Arcobacter,and Phaeobacter were the top members.Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira were main ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.Differences in bacterial communities at different sampling dates and similarities of both biofilters were revealed in the Venn diagram and cluster analysis.Maintaining a good water quality and health offarmed fish in RASs depended on the correct management of the bacterial communities.This study provides more accurate information on the bacterial communities associated with the bifilters of both RASs.

Effects of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS)

Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P<0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P>0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m^2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m^2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.

Sexual Reversal with 17α-Methyltestosterone in Oreochromis sp.:Comparison between Recirculation Aquaculture System(RAS)and Biofloc Technology(BFT)

Precocity in tilapia implies the use of several methods of obtaining monosex seed;the most common tends to use masculinizing hormone 17α-methyltestosterone(17αMT),with variable results.Thus the objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of the sexual reversion process using 17αMT,in a recirculation system and in biofloc.In a totally randomized design,three tanks for recirculation(T-RAS)and three tanks for biofloc(T-BIO)with a capacity of 200 L effective volume were taken and filled with 1,056 larvae of Oreochromis sp.,without reversing and with an initial weight of 0.02 g and an initial total length of 1.4 mm.The study was carried out during 65 d,the fish were fed(10%biomass,adjusted every 15 d)by a commercial diet at 45%of crude protein that included 17αMT(60 mg/kg).Water quality,microbiology,zootechnical and gonadal analysis were monitored.Consequently the water quality results showed that just dissolved oxygen(DO),temperature(T-°C)and alkalinity did not show significant differences.Additionally,in the productive parameters there were significant differences in the final length,the gain in length and in K which were better in T-BIO.The microbiological ones did not present significant differences between the treatments.Lastly,the percentage of reversion was significantly better in T-RAS.Then,this study suggests that settleable solids concentrations above 35 cm decrease the efficiency of the sexual reversion for this species.

Application of Constructed Wetlands on Wastewater Treatment for Aquaculture Ponds

A group of constructed wetlands （CWs） were applied to the recirculating aquaculture system. This study assessed the performance of CWs in treating the aquaculture wastewater, examined the water quality condition of aquaculture ponds and the growth and the survival rate of ＂target＂ species （Ictalurus punctatus and Megalobrama amblycephala）. The results showed that CWs were effective on reducing the concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand （BOD5, at 70.5%）, total suspended solids （TSS, at 81.9%）, chlorophyll a （Chl-a, at 91.9%）, ammonium （NH4^＋, at 61.5%） and nitrate nitrogen （NOa-N, at 68.0%）. Effect of CWs on phosphate （PO43 -P） removal was relatively lower （at 20.0%）. The concentrations of BODs, TSS, Chl-a, NH4^＋ and TN, TP in the recirculating culture pond were significantly lower than that in the control pond（ p〈0.05 ）. CWs could help to increase total yield, survival rate of the ＂target＂ species and significantly decrease feed conversion ratio （ p〈0.05 ）.

Effect of copper on the growth of shrimps Litopenaeus vannamei : water parameters and copper budget in a recirculating system

Shrimps( Litopenaeus vannamei) were intensively cultured in a recirculating aquaculture system for 98 days to investigate effects of 0.3 mg/L Cu on its performance, Cu budget, and Cu distribution. Shrimps in Cu-treated systems had greater mean final weight(11.10 vs 10.50 g), body length(107.23 vs 106.42 mm), survival rate(67.80% vs 66.40%), and yield(6.42 vs 5.99 kg/m 3), and lower feed conversion ratio(1.20 vs 1.29) than those in control systems but the differences were not significant. Vibrio numbers remained stable(10 4 –10 6 colony forming units/mL) in the rearing tanks of both control and treated systems. Total ammonium-N, nitrite-N, nitrate-N, pH, chemical oxygen demand, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids were similar in controls and treatments. Dissolved Cu concentration in the treated systems decreased from 0.284 to 0.089 mg/L while in the control systems it increased from 0.006 2 to 0.018 mg/L. The main sources of Cu in the treated systems were the artificially added component(75.7% of total input), shrimp feed(21.0%), water(2.06%), and shrimp biomass(1.22%). The major outputs of Cu occurred via the mechanical filter(41.7%), water renewal(15.6%), and draining of the sediment trap(15.1%). The foam fractionator removed only 0.69% of total Cu input. Harvested shrimp biomass accounted for 11.68% of Cu input. The Cu concentration of shrimps in the Cu-treated systems(30.70 mg/kg wet weight) was significantly higher than that in control systems(22.02 mg/kg). Both were below the maximum permissible concentration(50 mg/kg) for Cu in seafood for human consumption in China. Therefore, recirculating systems can be used for commercial on-growing of Litopenaeus vannamei without loss of shrimp quality, even in water polluted by 0.30 mg/L Cu. The mechanical filter is the main route for Cu removal.

Effects of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth and stress response of juvenile Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)in a recirculating aquaculture system

Light is an essential natural factor of fish growth and development.A light regime in indoor aquaculture is critical for sustainable fish production.This research aimed to investigate the effect of light intensity and photoperiod on the growth performance and stress response of Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus),which is an important commercial species,in a recirculating aquaculture system(RAS).Fingerlings with an average weight of 5±0.9 g were randomly assigned to nine 1.5 m3 tanks with 145 fish in each tank,cultured under different light intensities(1000,2000,and 3000 lx)and photoperiods(12L:12D,18L:6D,24L:0D),and fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 160 days.The growth of tilapia subjected to 2000 lx was significantly better than that exposed to 1000 and 3000 lx(P<0.05)as indicated by the final weight(351.17±10.59 g),growth efficiency(0.77±0.26),specific growth rate(2.65%±0.21%per day)and feed conversion coefficient ratio(1.30±0.36).No significant difference was observed in the growth rate among different photoperiod groups(P>0.05).Light intensity and photoperiod manipulation did not cause a significant chronic stress response in tilapia.This study demonstrated that light intensity,especially at 2000 lx,and photoperiod manipulation could stimulate the growth of tilapia in the RAS and significantly affect economic profitability.This study also served as an important reference for tilapia indoor aquaculture.

循环水养殖池塘中浮游动植物功能群特征及水质评价

为研究循环水养殖模式对水生态环境的中长期影响和浮游动、植物群落的演替规律及相互作用,2018和2019年3月下旬,在湖南长沙新建的12.7 hm^(2)池塘中修建24条长22 m、宽5 m、深2.7 m的两端有推水、底部有集污设施的养殖水槽中,放养2、3龄的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio),密度分别为1 200 kg·hm^(-2)、600 kg·hm^(-2)、120 kg·hm^(-2)和480 kg·hm^(-2)。在水槽中设9个采样点:推水设施区、养殖水槽中和水槽下游区各3个,调查分析循环水养殖模式刚投入使用和养殖一年后水质理化因子变动规律及浮游动植物群落结构变化。结果显示:浮游动植物种类与功能群数量变化较小,各功能群的相对重要性指数(IRI)变化剧烈;浮游植物优势功能群由功能群E(锥囊藻)、D(针杆藻)变化为功能群TD(丝状绿藻)、J(盘星藻、栅藻),演替原因为水流频繁紊动引起水层混合的空间差异;浮游动物优势功能群由功能群PSF(浮游小型滤食者)、PMF(浮游微型滤食者)变化为功能群PMF、PLF(浮游大型滤食者)及PSP(浮游小型捕食者),表现出更具生态稳定性的浮游动物大型化趋势,滤食性鱼类放养密度低是其重要原因;小体型滤食类浮游动物主要受耐富营养、带鞭毛、较小体型浮游植物的促进作用,在此基础上,大体型滤食类浮游动物还受到附着绿藻及适应中营养生境的硅藻等促进作用;浮游植物功能群G(空球藻)、W_(1)(尖尾、梭形裸藻)和X(球粒藻、衣藻、小球藻)对捕食类浮游动物的促进作用既包括上行效应直接传导,也包括以小型滤食类浮游动物为食物链环节的间接传导;循环水养殖一年后,各点位水质的空间差异进一步加大,但该池塘仍处于轻-中污染状态,符合养殖水质标准且整体较稳定。

拟穴青蟹循环水养殖系统生物滤池细菌群落变化

【目的】探究拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)循环水养殖系统(Recirculating aquaculture systems,RAS)生物滤池启动过程中细菌群落的演替过程,为设计适合拟穴青蟹RAS养殖的生物过滤器提供指导。【方法】在2、5、10、20、30、40、50 d检测RAS养殖池的水质,采集填料生物膜和养殖池水体微生物样品,采用多种生物信息学分析方法研究生物膜微生物群落演替过程,并运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测生物膜碳循环和氮循环功能基因拷贝数。【结果与结论】氨氮(NH4+-N)、分子氨(NH3)和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)的质量浓度总体呈先上升后下降趋势,硝态氮(NO3--N)和总氮(TN)在实验结束时(50 d)积累,总有机碳(TOC)质量浓度在前10 d保持稳定,从10 d至50 d呈先升高后下降趋势,差异显著(P<0.05),且总氮和硝态氮质量浓度对生物膜细菌群落变化的影响最大。生物膜细菌群落的多样性、均匀性和丰富度在10 d达到峰值,然后达到平稳状态。基于FAPROTAX的功能预测发现生物膜大多数功能主要富集在氮循环和有机物降解这两方面,生物膜碳循环和氮循环绝对基因拷贝数随时间增加总体呈升高趋势。根据FEAST分析结果,除10 d以外,前20 d同一时期的水体细菌对生物膜的贡献较高,后30 d主要来源于生物膜本身前期细菌贡献,且贡献率随时间增加呈增长趋势,到后期趋于稳定。结果表明,拟穴青蟹RAS生物滤池启动过程中,生物膜的细菌群落结构随时间增加变化显著,功能主要富集在氮循环和有机物降解这两方面,生物膜细菌来自本身细菌的贡献率也逐渐升高,到后期趋于稳定。

光照强度对大口黑鲈游泳协作能力的影响

文章以大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)为研究对象,研究了光照强度对大口黑鲈游泳能耗及游泳协作能力的影响,测定了4种不同光照强度(0、300—500、2200—2500和3300—3900 lx)对大口黑鲈鱼群的游泳能耗、相对距离、相对位置分布和攻击次数的影响。研究发现:(1)当光照增强时,由于强光刺激和攻击行为的加剧显著制约了鱼群游泳协作能力的表达;(2)在光强≤2200—2500 lx时,随着光照强度的增大,鱼群游泳能耗显著增加(P<0.05)。结果表明:光强的增大限制了鱼群游泳协作能力的表达,从而造成了个体不必要的游泳能耗。

一株嗜碱兼性好氧反硝化菌Marinobacter sp.B3的分离鉴定及脱氮性能研究

为获得反硝化脱氮效率较好的菌株,实验从海水螺旋藻培养体系中分离获得一株嗜碱兼性好氧反硝化菌,通过观察细菌形态以及16S rRNA基因序列的同源性分析,鉴定该菌株为海杆菌属,命名为Marinobacter sp.B3。为明确该海杆菌的反硝化性能及氮转化途径,研究开展了溶解氧(DO),碳氮摩尔比(C/N),pH和温度等不同单因素对反硝化性能影响实验和氮平衡实验。单因素影响实验结果表明,当硝酸钾(KN0_(3))作为唯一氮源,NO_(3)^(-)-N的初始浓度为100 mg/L,盐度32,振荡速度为150 r/min(初始DO质量浓度是5.6 mg/L),C/N=10,pH=8.0±0.2,温度为35℃时,可获得最大脱氮效果。氮平衡实验结果得出,在好氧环境下,有20.11%的NO_(3)^(-)-N转化为胞内氮,5.58 mg/L的NO_(3)^(-)-N转化为其他形态(NO_(2)^(-)-N、NH_(4)^(+)-N和有机氮),74.72%转化为N2释放;厌氧环境下,有26.65%的NO_(3)^(-)-N转化为胞内氮,72.86%的NO_(3)^(-)-N转化为气态产物释放。最终实验结果表明,Marinobacter sp.B3在好氧和厌氧条件下,48 h对NO_(3)^(-)-N的去除率分别为99.89%和93.80%,具有较好的反硝化脱氮能力,且在好氧条件下NO_(3)^(-)-N去除效率更高,在海水工厂化循环水养殖尾水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。

投喂频率对工厂化循环水养殖星康吉鳗生长、生理指标及其水质的影响

本研究采用生理学和实验生态学方法探究了工厂化循环水养殖模式下,不同投喂频率对星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)生长、生理指标以及水质因子的影响。选用初始体重为(150.64±5.43)g的星康吉鳗为研究对象,实验共设2组,分别为1次/天(T1组)、2次/天(T2组),每组3个重复,实验周期为70d。实验每14d检测各养殖池实验鱼平均体重和循环水系统水质指标;实验结束时,采集星康吉鳗血液、组织相关样品,用于生长、生理指标的测定与分析。结果显示,T2组终末体重(FBW)、终末体长(FBL)、增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)显著高于T1组(P<0.05),T1组饲料系数(FCR)显著高于T2组(P<0.05)。T1组血清丙二醛(MDA)显著高于T2组(P<0.05),T2组肝脏谷草转氨酶(AST)、肝脏谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肠道胰蛋白酶(TPS)显著高于T1组(P<0.05)。T1组、T2组出口水NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(2)^(-)-N 24 h变化中分别有1处(24:00)和2处峰值(20:00、次日8:00);2个实验组出口水24 h内NH_(4)^(+)-N与生物滤池出口水差异显著(P<0.05);生物滤池出口水NO_(2)^(-)-N在04:00、08:00显著低于其他2个实验组出口水(P<0.05);T2组2种指标的24 h变化幅度均小于T1组。整个实验周期内各水质指标均维持在安全养殖范围内,其中,在第70天时,T2组总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)显著高于T1组(P<0.05);生物滤池对各项水质指标处理效果各不相同,其中,对NH_(4)^(+)-N的处理效果最佳,最高可达54.23%。基于上述结果,星康吉鳗幼鱼工厂化循环水养殖模式中,2次/天的投喂效果优于1次/天。相关结果为星康吉鳗工厂化循环水养殖模式中适宜的投喂策略提供了理论参考。