美国Landers地震和Hector Mine地震前震源机制与主震机制一致现象的研究

用美国南加州地区的震源机制资料,研究了以1992年Landers Mw7.3和1999年Hector Mine Mw7.1地震矩心为圆心,分别以300、250、200、150、100和50km为半径的圆形区域内10年内地震震源机制相对主震震源机制平均空间旋转角的变化。结果表明,两个地震前均有小震震源机制趋于主震机制的现象。震前小震震源机制与主震震源机制的平均空间旋转角约在大震前半年开始减小,搜索平均空间旋转角降低的最优半径分别为250km和100km。震前所出现的平均空间旋转角最小值均低于其2倍标准差。该标准似乎可以作为大地震危险性增加的判据。

数据不确定性与背景应力场差应力的可靠约束——以1992年Landers地震为例

以1992年美国南加州Landers MW7.3地震为例,通过利用主震前后应力场和主震位错引起的应力变化来约束背景应力场差应力的方法,系统研究了数据不确定性与差应力约束可靠性的关系.通过实际地震数据结合数据模拟研究,发现由于数据的不确定性(主要是震源机制解不确定性和发震节面的难确定性),该方法得到的原始约束结果与真实差应力存在系统偏差,原始约束值不能反映真实的差应力水平.数据模拟统计曲线表明,原始约束值和真实差应力存在两段线性关系:上升段和水平段,上升段对差应力有约束能力,水平段对差应力没有约束能力.利用上升段的线性关系对原始差应力约束值调整,得到的调整约束值在一定区间消除了与真实差应力的系统偏差.在不同的分析地点(分析点),本质上是主震位错引起的不同应力变化,数据不确定性对差应力约束结果影响也不同,不同分析点在差应力约束上有优劣性.本文采用Rv、Tv、λ等三个客观评价参数来挑选分析点,在Rv≤9,|Tv|≥17.5,λ<1的条件下挑选出24个分析点,得到Landers地震背景应力场差应力的最佳约束结果是-12.2±2.6 MPa.通过对评价参数的不同取值来检验约束结果的稳定性,以及通过数据模拟的综合分析来检验约束结果的可靠性,发现该最佳约束结果是稳定和可靠的.

Study on displacement field generated by aftershocks in Landers earthquake fault zone and its adjacent areas

The displacement field generated by aftershocks in Landers earthquake fault zone and its adjacent areas is calculated in this study. The result is compared with the displacement field of the main shock calculated by co-seismic slip model of Wald and Heaton (1994). The result shows that the direction of displacement generated by aftershocks in Landers seismic fault plane and its adjacent areas is consistent with that generated by main shock. The rupture of aftershock is generally inherited from main shock. The displacement generated by aftershocks is up to an order of centimeter and can be measured by GPS sites nearby. So when we use geodetic data measured after earthquake to study the geophysical problems such as crustal viscosity structure, afterslip distribution, etc., only the displacement field generated by aftershocks considered, can uncertainty be reduced to minimum and realistic result be obtained.

Landers地震周边区域速度结构的时移层析成像研究

利用基于程函方程的伴随走时层析成像方法对1992年Landers 7.3级地震震中周边区域的地壳进行时移层析成像研究,反演得到了不同时间窗口三维高分辨率P波和S波速度结构,并在此基础上分析了该区域的地质构造、速度结构与地震活动之间的相关性。结果表明,Landers地震震源及周边区域的速度结构具有显著的横向非均匀性,近地表的非均匀性与地表地质构造相关,如盆地、断层显示相对低速异常,主要山脉显示相对高速异常。区域内地震发生、地震分布与速度结构的不均匀性密切相关,绝大多数地震发生于高、低速异常的过渡带或者相对高速异常内;不同时间窗口中大地震附近的速度结构存在较为明显的差异,例如,在第二个时间窗口中Landers地震和发生于该区域的Anza地震附近波速变慢,这可能是因为大地震发生后附近的地质构造改变引起速度变化。

Sean Landers：借用毕加索

Sean Landers是一个很聪明的艺术家，虽然某些人会说他有些聪明过头了。他早期的自我思索式的文字绘画中虽然充满了拼写错误、语法错误和杂乱的思想，但却非常优秀，而且常常十分滑稽。此后他举办了一系列良莠不齐的展览，一部分还不错，一部分却让人失望。但Landers又再一次取得了进步。某些艺术家以自己的身体、性取向或是个人的政治倾向作为创作的素材，我们不得不疑惑他们是否自负过度以及为什么我们要去关心这些。

Conceptual design and analysis of legged landers with orientation capability

The lander with orientation capability is of fundamental importance for the“Returning”mission because its body can be the base with a suitable launching angle for the ascender lifting off.This paper proposes the conceptual design and verification of Landers with Orientation Capability(LOCs).Firstly,the topological composition of the lander is analyzed and expressed in the form of Lie group,which provides the fundamental principle for the type synthesis of LOCs.Then,the type synthesis approach for designing LOCs is proposed,which includes designing the Equivalent Parallel Mechanism(EPM)and the auxiliary limbs.Numerous mechanisms of LOCs with twodimensional rotational motions are obtained based on the type synthesis approach by developing and combining the EPMs and auxiliary limbs.Afterward,kinematics and Jacobian matrix of a typical legged lander are developed,the workspace is analyzed,singularity configurations are analyzed based on the wrench graph method,and finally,the orientation capability is analyzed.The pitch and yaw angle reach 17.5°,considering the permissible range of joints.The proposed types of LOCs offer potential candidate for the“Returning”mission of the exploration mission.

由地震分布丛集性给出断层参数的一种新方法

由于大范围内地质构造的复杂性和介质的非均匀性,发震断层面的几何形态一般十分复杂.如果大地震的破裂过程涉及多个断层的活动,则发震断层并非是单一断层平面,而是多个断层面的组合.利用地震空间位置分布丛集性,即震源点成丛位于断层面附近的假设,结合稳健扩充算法和主成分分析给出一种可以重构活断层网络三维空间结构的新方法.该方法每次从震源点集中处开始,利用假设检验扩充子断层面,并得到多个子断层面.接着按震源点属于最近断层面的准则把各子断层面内的震源点进行竞争,并根据一定假设合并和删除一些子断层面,最后用主成分分析确定每个子断层面参数.于是可根据地震事件目录给出一组矩形区域来描述断层面网络结构,其中每个矩形断层面由其位置、走向和倾角确定.通过计算机模拟发现,新方法可成功地重建模拟地震目录的断层面,最后用于南加州1992年6月28日发生的Landers地震部分余震目录中,得到各个子断层面参数与已知地质破裂或隐伏断层相当一致.

Overloading of Landing Based on the Deformation of the Lunar Lander

Along with the progress of sciences and technologies, a lot of explorations are taken in many countries or organizations in succession. Lunar, the natural satellite of the earth, become a focus of the space discovery again recently because of its abundant resource and high value in use. Lunar exploration is also one of the most important projects in China. A primary objective of the probe in lunar is to soft-land a manned spacecraft on the lunar surface. The soft-landing system is the key composition of the lunar lander. In the overall design of lunar lander, the analysis of touchdown dynamics during landing stage is an important work. The rigid-flexible coupling dynamics of a system with flexible cantilevers attached to the main lander is analyzed. The equations are derived from the subsystem method. Results show that the deformations of cantilevers have considerable effect on the overloading of the lunar lander system.

Application of fuzzy clustering method to determining sub-fault planes of earthquake from aftershocks sequence

Earthquake rupture process generally involves several faults activities instead of a single fault A new method using both fuzzy clustering and principal component analysis makes it possible to reconstruct three dimensional structure of involved faults in earthquake if the aftershocks around the active fault planes distribute uniformly. When seismic events are given, the optimal faults structures can be determined by our new method. Each of sub-fault planes is fully characterized by its central location, length, width, strike and dip. The resolution determines the number of fault segments needed to describe the earthquake catalog. The higher the resolution, the finer the structure of the reconstructed fault segments. The new method successfully reconstructs the fault segments using synthetic earthquake catalogs. By taking the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake oceured in southern California as an example, the reconstructed fault segments are consistent with the faults already known on geological maps or blind faults that appeared quite frequently in longer-term catalogs.

Innovative Benthic Lander for Macroalgae Monitoring in Shallow-Water Environments

The colonization of underwater environments by exotic seaweeds is causing major ecological problems around the world.This project,referred to AMALIA,aims to transform this current ocean threat into an opportunity by adding value to the macroalgae present off the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula.To do so and to observe the presence of seaweeds in situ,an ocean modular submersible platform was developed.This platform was designed to be capable of detecting and surveying surges of invasive seaweeds while withstanding sea conditions.Conceptual designs followed by a screening process were performed,taking into consideration criteria such as operational range and modularity.An open-frame lander was considered and further developed using buckling criteria.In parallel,a state-of-the-art monitoring system was created using spectral imaging,allowing for the future creation of a macroalgae identification system.In addition,sensorial systems for characterizing growth conditions were introduced.Laboratory trials were executed to assess the capability of the system,and sea trials are currently being performed.Numerical simulations and laboratory trials indicate that the structure is fully capable of being deployed for shallow-water environments with a state-of-the-art invasive seaweed monitoring system while maintaining a high degree of modularity.

An Overview of Submersible Research and Development in China

Given the recent success in the development of several submersibles in China, people's interest in the history of submersible development is increasing. This paper presents the history of submersible development in China, which can be briefly divided into three periods. The first one is the early period of hardship(1971–2000). Many prototype submersibles of HOVs, ROVs, and AUVs were developed at this time, but the main achievement was the establishment of special research organizations and the training of research and development personnel. The second period can be regarded as the quick development period(2001–2015). All currently used submersibles were developed during this period. The most remarkable achievement was the successful development of 7000 m-deep manned submersible "Jiaolong." The third period aims to develop 11 000 m submersibles for challenging the full ocean depth(2016–2020). In this period, two unmanned submersibles and two manned submersibles will be the significant indicators of achievement. If this 5-year plan can be successfully completed, China can play a significant role in the investigation of the deepest part of the oceans, namely, the hadal trenches(6500–11 000 m).

Dynamic model building and simulation for mechanical main body of lunar lander

Focused on the dynamics problems of a lunar lander during landing process, the whole process was analysed in detail, and the linear elastic model of the moon soil was established by means of experiments-analogic method. Combining the way of elastic impact with the way of velocity replacement, the dynamics model of damping free vibration dynamics model with 3-degree of freedom(DOF) for lunar lander is obtained according to the vibration mechanics elementary theory. Based on Lagrange equations and the energy principle, the damping free vibration differential equations for the lunar lander with 3-DOF are derived and the equations are solved in simulation ways by means of ADAMS software. The conclusions obtained can be used for the design and manufacture of lunar lander.

Payload topography camera of Chang'e-3

Chang＇e-3 was China＇s first soft-landing lunar probe that achieved a successful roving exploration on the Moon. A topography camera functioning as the lander＇s “eye” was one of the main scientific payloads installed on the lander. It was composed of a camera probe, an electronic component that performed image compression, and a cable assembly. Its exploration mission was to obtain optical images of the lunar topography in the landing zone for investigation and research. It also observed rover movement on the lunar surface and finished taking pictures of the lander and rover. After starting up successfully, the topography camera obtained static images and video of rover movement from different directions, 360？panoramic pictures of the lunar surface around the lander from multiple angles, and numerous pictures of the Earth. All images of the rover, lunar surface, and the Earth were clear, and those of the Chinese national flag were recorded in true color. This paper describes the exploration mission, system design, working principle, quality assessment of image compression, and color correction of the topography camera. Finally, test results from the lunar surface are provided to serve as a reference for scientific data processing and application.

Preface: The Chang'e-3 lander and rover mission to the Moon

The Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） lander and rover mission to the Moon was an in- termediate step in China＇s lunar exploration program, which will be followed by a sample return mission. The lander was equipped with a number of remote-sensing instruments including a pair of cameras （Landing Camera and Terrain Camera） for recording the landing process and surveying terrain, an extreme ultraviolet camera for monitoring activities in the Earth＇s plasmasphere, and a first-ever Moon-based ultravi- olet telescope for astronomical observations. The Yutu rover successfully carried out close-up observations with the Panoramic Camera, mineralogical investigations with the VIS-NIR Imaging Spectrometer, study of elemental abundances with the Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer, and pioneering measurements of the lunar sub- surface with Lunar Penetrating Radar. This special issue provides a collection of key information on the instrumental designs, calibration methods and data processing pro- cedures used by these experiments with a perspective of facilitating further analyses of scientific data from CE-3 in preparation for future missions.

Task-Oriented Topology System Synthesis of Reconfigurable Legged Mobile Lander Integrating Active and Passive Metamorphoses

To explore hostile extraterrestrial landforms and construct an engineering prototype,this paper presents the task-oriented topology system synthesis of reconfigurable legged mobile lander(ReLML)with three operation modes from adjusting,landing,to roving.Compared with our preceding works,the adjusting mode with three rotations(3R)provides a totally novel exploration approach to geometrically matching and securely arriving at complex terrains dangerous to visit currently;the landing mode is redefined by two rotations one translation(2R1T),identical with the tried-and-tested Apollo and Chang'E landers to enhance survivability via reasonable touchdown buffering motion;roving mode also utilizes 2R1T motion for good motion and force properties.The reconfigurable mechanism theory is first brought into synthesizing legged mobile lander integrating active and passive metamorphoses,composed of two types of metamorphic joints and metamorphic execution and transmission mechanisms.To reveal metamorphic principles with multiple finite motions,the finite screw theory is developed to present the procedure from unified mathematical representation,modes and source phase derivations,metamorphic joint and limb design,to final structure assembly.To identify the prototype topology,the 3D optimal selection matrix method is proposed considering three operation modes,five evaluation criteria,and two topological subsystems.Finally,simulation verifies the whole task implementation process to ensure the reasonability of design.

Optimum design of lander structure based on finite element method

Three kinds of possible structures of legged lander including monocoqe, semi-monocoqe and space frame are compared, and the lightest space frame structure is selected as the lander's structure. Then, a new lander with four-legged truss structure is proposed. In the premise of ensuring that the main and assistant structures of landing legs are not changed, six possible lander body structures of the new lander are put forward. Taking the section size of each component of lander as design variables, and taking the total mass of the structure as the objective function, the six structures are analyzed by using the software Altair. OptiStruct and the results show that the mass of the basic structure is the lightest, and it is selected as the final design scheme of lander due to its simple structure and convenient manufacture. The optimization on the selected lander structure is conducted, and the detailed results are presented.

A Footpad Structure with Reusable Energy Absorption Capability for Deep Space Exploration Lander:Design and Analysis

The footpad structure of a deep space exploration lander is a critical system that makes the initial contact with the ground,and thereby plays a crucial role in determining the stability and energy absorption characteristics during the impact process.The conventional footpad is typically designed with an aluminum honeycomb structure that dissipates energy through plastic deformation.Nevertheless,its effectiveness in providing cushioning and energy absorption becomes significantly compromised when the structure is crushed,rendering it unusable for reusable landers in the future.This study presents a methodology for designing and evaluating structural energy absorption systems incorporating recoverable strain constraints of shape memory alloys(SMA).The topological configuration of the energy absorbing structure is derived using an equivalent static load method(ESL),and three lightweight footpad designs featuring honeycomb-like Ni-Ti shape memory alloys structures and having variable stiffness skins are proposed.To verify the accuracy of the numerical modelling,a honeycomb-like structure subjected to compression load is modeled and then compared with experimental results.Moreover,the influence of the configurations and thickness distribution of the proposed structures on their energy absorption performance is comprehensively evaluated using finite element simulations.The results demonstrate that the proposed design approach effectively regulates the strain threshold to maintain the SMA within the constraint of maximum recoverable strain,resulting in a structural energy absorption capacity of 362 J/kg with a crushing force efficiency greater than 63%.

BMW X3 VS BMW X5 VS BMW 330i VS LAND ROVER Free Lander 2.5原形毕露

比 X5小一号、比330i 还高大,X3究竟有啥能耐?空间小于 X5、也比不上330i 的俊俏,X3还有什么?这些问号,是我们试车组试驾 X3之前,必要提出的强烈质疑。除此之外,我们也对 X3的越野能力感到好奇,因此,找来了具备远亲血统的LAND ROVER Free Lender 2.5...在试车组的照妖镜之前,这部宝蓝色 X3逐渐显出原形。

构词新积累

近些年来,英语科普及文学读物涌现出些新词,由于难以查找,给阅读带来一定困难。我们把积累的新词按构词法进行编组分类,以便记忆掌握: 1.-nik folknik 民歌传播者 protestnik 抗议者 filmnik 电影爱好者,影迷 citynik 城市居民该后辍源于俄语单词sputnik,此类词具有口语特点。 2.-er biker 摩托车手 blusher 使皮肤具有玫瑰红的化妆品 knocker 挨家挨户推销自己商品的人 lander 发射到行星的宇航船或火箭(注:不指沿轨道运行的飞行器)

Chang'e 3 Lunar Lander Cameras Underwent Extended Tests

Chang’e 3 lunar lander conducted extended tests on the surface of the moon after awakening from its dormancy.It was announced in the late of January that the pointing mechanism of the cameras onboard Chang’e 3 underwent extended tests to confirm the moving performance and limit switch triggering of the pointing mechanism under various status while pitching,moving forward and backward.According to the analysis derived from the