With wide application prospects in landscape industry,artificial intelligence technology plays an important role in improving work efficiency,optimizing design,strengthening construction management,and achieving intel...With wide application prospects in landscape industry,artificial intelligence technology plays an important role in improving work efficiency,optimizing design,strengthening construction management,and achieving intelligent maintenance.With the continuous development of technology,the application of artificial intelligence in landscape architecture industry will become more in-depth and extensive,which can provid powerful support for the innovation and development of the industry.It is hoped that the modernization process of the landscape industry can be promoted through the analysis on the application and difficulties of artificial intelligence technology in the landscape industry.展开更多
Under the background of“artificial intelligence+X”,the development of landscape architecture industry ushers in new opportunities,and professional talents need to be updated to meet the social demand.This paper anal...Under the background of“artificial intelligence+X”,the development of landscape architecture industry ushers in new opportunities,and professional talents need to be updated to meet the social demand.This paper analyzes the cultivation demand of landscape architecture graduate students in the context of the new era,and identifies the problems by comparing the original professional graduate training mode.The new cultivation mode of graduate students in landscape architecture is proposed,including updating the target orientation of the discipline,optimizing the teaching system,building a“dualteacher”tutor team,and improving the“industry-university-research-utilization”integrated cultivation,so as to cultivate high-quality compound talents with disciplinary characteristics.展开更多
With the rapid development of urbanization,landscape architecture has become an indispensable component of daily life.In order to achieve better landscape effects and protect the ecological environment,landscape ecolo...With the rapid development of urbanization,landscape architecture has become an indispensable component of daily life.In order to achieve better landscape effects and protect the ecological environment,landscape ecology theory can be integrated into landscape planning to carry out disciplinary crossing and integration research between landscape ecology and landscape architecture.In this study,based on the basic theories of landscape ecology,the waterfront landscape of Dapo Town was designed,with the aim to achieve ecological balance in planning,showcase biodiversity,and create a harmonious landscape ecological environment which can benefit both nature and people.This design combined artificial and natural elements while improving the natural environment,which promoted a harmonious relationship between humans and nature,thus enriching the spatial organization of the city,and playing a role in regulating the urban environment and climate.展开更多
The continuous progress of urbanization has driven the continuous development and innovation of landscape planning and design.Focused on the important design method of modern construction art,this study analyzed its c...The continuous progress of urbanization has driven the continuous development and innovation of landscape planning and design.Focused on the important design method of modern construction art,this study analyzed its concepts and characteristics,and made deep exploration to its application in landscape planning and design.The results indicated that modern construction art had a significant impact on landscape spatial planning and layout,spatial design forms,and spatial ornaments.The use of modern construction art concepts could make landscape design more scientific,artistic,and humane,creating higher quality leisure and entertainment venues for audiences.展开更多
Due to industry characteristics or regional limitations,many students in certain majors tend to seek employment in small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).SMEs face certain challenges in implementing industry-educati...Due to industry characteristics or regional limitations,many students in certain majors tend to seek employment in small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).SMEs face certain challenges in implementing industry-education integration,and there is a lack of mature methods in specific implementation processes and talent cultivation plan generation.Taking the landscape architecture profession as an example,this paper conducts a correlation analysis and cross-analysis of the industry-required professional skills based on surveys of over 300 industry practitioners employed in SMEs.It provides professional skill cultivation modules based on market feedback.This research process and analysis method have certain reference significance for the rapid production of adaptive talent cultivation professional skill modules in other industries targeting SMEs.展开更多
Currently,talent training in Chinese universities for landscape architecture is mainly divided into three directions:“landscape planning and design,”“landscape construction management,”and“landscape plant plantin...Currently,talent training in Chinese universities for landscape architecture is mainly divided into three directions:“landscape planning and design,”“landscape construction management,”and“landscape plant planting and maintenance.”However,with the background of the slowing urbanization process and the widespread demand for composite talents in society,it remains to be verified whether the traditional three major talent training directions in landscape architecture align with the job demands in the current construction market.Based on a survey and analysis of over 300 industry practitioners,this study found a clear trend of merging the three major employment directions into“landscape design and construction”and“landscape plant planting and maintenance.”This presents new requirements and directions for the skill training of landscape architecture majors in universities and provides insights into the alignment between talent training and employment demands in other industries.展开更多
As the most significant green ecological resource in densely populated and economically developed areas,urban landscaping plays a pivotal role in carbon sink value and multiple ecosystem service functions.It is a cruc...As the most significant green ecological resource in densely populated and economically developed areas,urban landscaping plays a pivotal role in carbon sink value and multiple ecosystem service functions.It is a crucial element in the advancement of green and low-carbon initiatives in China’s major cities and the realization of a carbon-neutral vision.By analyzing the relationship between carbon emission reduction and urban landscaping,the paper sorts out and summarizes the basic principles of urban landscaping design,proposes the role of landscape design in urban landscaping,and plans countermeasures for carbon reduction in urban landscaping,with a view to optimizing the construction and management of urban landscaping.展开更多
Wooden buildings play a very important role in China’s construction and landscape architecture industry.In order to explore the weathering characteristics of the surface layer of landscape wooden buildings,the main c...Wooden buildings play a very important role in China’s construction and landscape architecture industry.In order to explore the weathering characteristics of the surface layer of landscape wooden buildings,the main causes of weathering were analyzed on the basis of summarizing the common types of weathering characterization.The results showed that the weathering characterization was mainly reflected in the surface defects of wood structures,such as cracking,discoloration,peeling,wind erosion wear,and so on.The coating technology on the surface of constructions was the main artificial factor affecting the surface defects of constructions.In the case of similar surface decoration conditions,sunlight and moisture were the main natural factors affecting the weathering of wooden buildings,which will promote the process of weathering.展开更多
This paper summarized the classification of colorful tree species and the application principles on landscape architecture and briefly introduced the present application situation of colorful tree species in China. It...This paper summarized the classification of colorful tree species and the application principles on landscape architecture and briefly introduced the present application situation of colorful tree species in China. It also raised suggestions related to the introduction and application of the colorful tree species.展开更多
The coal enterprise's spoiled environment situation was analyzed in this paper. The coal enterprises'environment conditions must be improved under the trend of sustainable development and economic globalization. And...The coal enterprise's spoiled environment situation was analyzed in this paper. The coal enterprises'environment conditions must be improved under the trend of sustainable development and economic globalization. And it is important for using landscape architecture techniques to improve coal enterprises' environmental conditions. Four principles should be followed to improve the coal enterprises' environment by landscape architect were pointed out.展开更多
This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment ma...This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.展开更多
Influenced by traditional methods in the landscape architecture,the studies in landscape architecture science of China are fundamentally subjective and qualitative,and aim at aesthetic elements.The quantitative method...Influenced by traditional methods in the landscape architecture,the studies in landscape architecture science of China are fundamentally subjective and qualitative,and aim at aesthetic elements.The quantitative methods are commonly used in the physicism domain,and there is a great potential for the application of quantitative methods to landscape architecture science.The paper summarized the progress in the application of quantitative methods to landscape architecture science in China,in which the evaluation of eco-effect,sightseeing effect,result of disposing,economic benefit,engineering quality,greenbelts landscape,landscape patterns and usage of greenbelts,etc.were involved.It proves that quantitative methods have aroused general concern and have been well applied in certain fields and there are still some shortcomings in the researches to be improved.Finally,the important directions of Chinese landscape architecture science are proposed.展开更多
Landscape architecture industry throughout decades of rapid development has made great contributions to national environment, improvement of city and ecological conditions. Against the background of worldwide economic...Landscape architecture industry throughout decades of rapid development has made great contributions to national environment, improvement of city and ecological conditions. Against the background of worldwide economic depression, increasing national investment, it is advocated that more investments should be input for the landscape architecture industry, and special funds set for the industry. Park and garden construction echoes with the country and people's needs for environmental beautification, ecological improvement, preservation of natural resources and sustainable development, so as to obtain the most ecological benefi ts and social benefi ts with the least input, and create beautiful living environment, as well as long-term and sustainable economic benefi ts.展开更多
In view of the current poor safety consciousness in landscape architecture industry, this paper proposed the concept of landscape architecture safety, and analyzed its characteristics; explored the monitoring means of...In view of the current poor safety consciousness in landscape architecture industry, this paper proposed the concept of landscape architecture safety, and analyzed its characteristics; explored the monitoring means of landscape architecture safety and prevention measures from the perspectives of landscape architecture planning and design safety, landscaping construction safety; and put forward specific schemes from the perspectives of evaluation standards, legal system, and propaganda and education of landscape architecture safety, in order to meet the increasingly urgent needs of landscape architecture safety,and promote the landscape architecture safety in China.展开更多
On the basis of successful domestic and foreign cases in landscape architecture teaching as well as characteristics of landscape architecture major in Guangdong Ocean University,this paper is to enhance the teaching c...On the basis of successful domestic and foreign cases in landscape architecture teaching as well as characteristics of landscape architecture major in Guangdong Ocean University,this paper is to enhance the teaching characteristics of coast-landscape design,reconstruct the training system of landscape designers,optimize and improve teaching quality in practices.展开更多
The paper analyzed orientations and requirements of landscape architecture talent training in domestic and international academic fields, and proposed that training of landscape architecture talents should attach more...The paper analyzed orientations and requirements of landscape architecture talent training in domestic and international academic fields, and proposed that training of landscape architecture talents should attach more importance to the establishment and optimization of the discipline, cultivate talents capable of solving realistic environmental and ecological problems, so as to cultivate inter-disciplinary talents from multiple dimensions.展开更多
The relationship between architecture and people, architecture and city, architecture and nature has always been the soul of architectural design. In the architectural design, study on the relationship between archite...The relationship between architecture and people, architecture and city, architecture and nature has always been the soul of architectural design. In the architectural design, study on the relationship between architecture and nature needs "site analysis"(mapping), and "natural environment" tends to affect the design results[1]. In many special areas, the design needs analysis of geology, geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation and other landscape elements. Coal mining subsidence area is the product of the conf licts between human activities and natural environment in the process of industrialization. As the research object, coal mining subsidence area can be a good study object to demonstrate architectural design strategies and methods based on landscape, and fi eld defects of the site may be the origin of architectural space organization: architectural concept, structure, morphology, spatial organization are all from the landscape elements.展开更多
Both Kant and Hegel showed their attention to landscape architecture art in their aesthetic works,their aesthetic ideas were different but also related.This paper sorted out and interpreted the landscape architecture ...Both Kant and Hegel showed their attention to landscape architecture art in their aesthetic works,their aesthetic ideas were different but also related.This paper sorted out and interpreted the landscape architecture aesthetics of Kant and Hegel based on relevant aesthetic literature,analyzed the differences between them according to the historical background of landscape architecture development and their philosophic concepts,then summarized the historical causes for the development of their landscape architecture aesthetics.展开更多
Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analys...Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail,aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens,namely,Villa Medici,Fiesole and Villa d’Este,Tivoli.Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space,further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens,so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course.展开更多
Germany has a significant influence on the globe,both economically and culturally,being the center of Europe.Although severely damaged by the Second World War,German landscape architecture gradual y recovered through ...Germany has a significant influence on the globe,both economically and culturally,being the center of Europe.Although severely damaged by the Second World War,German landscape architecture gradual y recovered through garden exhibitions,landscape associations,and other means during a period of reflection and repair.Because of their artistry and utility,German gardens from the middle and end of the 20^(th)century had a favorable influence on landscape architecture around the globe.The shift in focus from“post-war restoration”to“enhancing the urban appearance”to“ecological restoration”not only reflects a shift in the design philosophy of the German people but also directly reflects the value orientation of design across all of Europe and even the West.展开更多
文摘With wide application prospects in landscape industry,artificial intelligence technology plays an important role in improving work efficiency,optimizing design,strengthening construction management,and achieving intelligent maintenance.With the continuous development of technology,the application of artificial intelligence in landscape architecture industry will become more in-depth and extensive,which can provid powerful support for the innovation and development of the industry.It is hoped that the modernization process of the landscape industry can be promoted through the analysis on the application and difficulties of artificial intelligence technology in the landscape industry.
基金University-level Graduate Education Reform Project of Yangtze University(YJY202329).
文摘Under the background of“artificial intelligence+X”,the development of landscape architecture industry ushers in new opportunities,and professional talents need to be updated to meet the social demand.This paper analyzes the cultivation demand of landscape architecture graduate students in the context of the new era,and identifies the problems by comparing the original professional graduate training mode.The new cultivation mode of graduate students in landscape architecture is proposed,including updating the target orientation of the discipline,optimizing the teaching system,building a“dualteacher”tutor team,and improving the“industry-university-research-utilization”integrated cultivation,so as to cultivate high-quality compound talents with disciplinary characteristics.
文摘With the rapid development of urbanization,landscape architecture has become an indispensable component of daily life.In order to achieve better landscape effects and protect the ecological environment,landscape ecology theory can be integrated into landscape planning to carry out disciplinary crossing and integration research between landscape ecology and landscape architecture.In this study,based on the basic theories of landscape ecology,the waterfront landscape of Dapo Town was designed,with the aim to achieve ecological balance in planning,showcase biodiversity,and create a harmonious landscape ecological environment which can benefit both nature and people.This design combined artificial and natural elements while improving the natural environment,which promoted a harmonious relationship between humans and nature,thus enriching the spatial organization of the city,and playing a role in regulating the urban environment and climate.
基金Sponsored by Germplasm Collection and Conservation Project for the Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources in Anhui Province in 2024(hxkt2024111)Science and Technology Plan Project of Huangshan(2022KN-02)+1 种基金Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Anhui Higher Education Institutions(SKHS2019B07)Key School-level Project of Huangshan University(2022xkjzd004).
文摘The continuous progress of urbanization has driven the continuous development and innovation of landscape planning and design.Focused on the important design method of modern construction art,this study analyzed its concepts and characteristics,and made deep exploration to its application in landscape planning and design.The results indicated that modern construction art had a significant impact on landscape spatial planning and layout,spatial design forms,and spatial ornaments.The use of modern construction art concepts could make landscape design more scientific,artistic,and humane,creating higher quality leisure and entertainment venues for audiences.
基金Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Fund Project“Construction and Development of‘Loose-Leaf’Teaching Material Resources for Landscape Engineering Vocational Education”(Project number:2022J1725)。
文摘Due to industry characteristics or regional limitations,many students in certain majors tend to seek employment in small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs).SMEs face certain challenges in implementing industry-education integration,and there is a lack of mature methods in specific implementation processes and talent cultivation plan generation.Taking the landscape architecture profession as an example,this paper conducts a correlation analysis and cross-analysis of the industry-required professional skills based on surveys of over 300 industry practitioners employed in SMEs.It provides professional skill cultivation modules based on market feedback.This research process and analysis method have certain reference significance for the rapid production of adaptive talent cultivation professional skill modules in other industries targeting SMEs.
基金Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Fund Project“Construction and Development of‘Loose-Leaf’Teaching Material Resources for Landscape Engineering Vocational Education”(Project number:2022J1725)。
文摘Currently,talent training in Chinese universities for landscape architecture is mainly divided into three directions:“landscape planning and design,”“landscape construction management,”and“landscape plant planting and maintenance.”However,with the background of the slowing urbanization process and the widespread demand for composite talents in society,it remains to be verified whether the traditional three major talent training directions in landscape architecture align with the job demands in the current construction market.Based on a survey and analysis of over 300 industry practitioners,this study found a clear trend of merging the three major employment directions into“landscape design and construction”and“landscape plant planting and maintenance.”This presents new requirements and directions for the skill training of landscape architecture majors in universities and provides insights into the alignment between talent training and employment demands in other industries.
文摘As the most significant green ecological resource in densely populated and economically developed areas,urban landscaping plays a pivotal role in carbon sink value and multiple ecosystem service functions.It is a crucial element in the advancement of green and low-carbon initiatives in China’s major cities and the realization of a carbon-neutral vision.By analyzing the relationship between carbon emission reduction and urban landscaping,the paper sorts out and summarizes the basic principles of urban landscaping design,proposes the role of landscape design in urban landscaping,and plans countermeasures for carbon reduction in urban landscaping,with a view to optimizing the construction and management of urban landscaping.
基金Science and technology research projects of colleges and universities in Inner Mongolia(NJZY22511)Funds for basic scientific research in universities of Inner Mongolia:Key project of Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(BR220603)。
文摘Wooden buildings play a very important role in China’s construction and landscape architecture industry.In order to explore the weathering characteristics of the surface layer of landscape wooden buildings,the main causes of weathering were analyzed on the basis of summarizing the common types of weathering characterization.The results showed that the weathering characterization was mainly reflected in the surface defects of wood structures,such as cracking,discoloration,peeling,wind erosion wear,and so on.The coating technology on the surface of constructions was the main artificial factor affecting the surface defects of constructions.In the case of similar surface decoration conditions,sunlight and moisture were the main natural factors affecting the weathering of wooden buildings,which will promote the process of weathering.
文摘This paper summarized the classification of colorful tree species and the application principles on landscape architecture and briefly introduced the present application situation of colorful tree species in China. It also raised suggestions related to the introduction and application of the colorful tree species.
文摘The coal enterprise's spoiled environment situation was analyzed in this paper. The coal enterprises'environment conditions must be improved under the trend of sustainable development and economic globalization. And it is important for using landscape architecture techniques to improve coal enterprises' environmental conditions. Four principles should be followed to improve the coal enterprises' environment by landscape architect were pointed out.
基金Sponsored by Project of National Natural Science Foundation(51178372/E080201)Special Fund for Humanities and Social Science Research Project of Northwest A&F University(2015RWYB38)
文摘This paper firstly made an overview of foreign and domestic theories and methods of landscape architecture heritage protection.It studied the landscape architecture heritage from policies and regulations,investment management,talent cultivation,and popular science education.Then,it discussed problems of landscape architecture heritage protection in China:lack of legislation,weak awareness of heritage resources,overdevelopment of heritage resources,and vacancy in management and monitoring of heritage resources.Finally,it came up with recommendations that competent authorities of Chinese government should attach greater importance to heritage management,talent cultivation,and fund input,integrate with advanced management methods of developed countries,and exploring a landscape architecture heritage protection and management mode suitable for national conditions of China at levels of thought,methods,and technology.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Project of Henan Provincial Science and Technology Department(0424490012)Major Program of Henan Institute of Science and Technology(040132)
文摘Influenced by traditional methods in the landscape architecture,the studies in landscape architecture science of China are fundamentally subjective and qualitative,and aim at aesthetic elements.The quantitative methods are commonly used in the physicism domain,and there is a great potential for the application of quantitative methods to landscape architecture science.The paper summarized the progress in the application of quantitative methods to landscape architecture science in China,in which the evaluation of eco-effect,sightseeing effect,result of disposing,economic benefit,engineering quality,greenbelts landscape,landscape patterns and usage of greenbelts,etc.were involved.It proves that quantitative methods have aroused general concern and have been well applied in certain fields and there are still some shortcomings in the researches to be improved.Finally,the important directions of Chinese landscape architecture science are proposed.
文摘Landscape architecture industry throughout decades of rapid development has made great contributions to national environment, improvement of city and ecological conditions. Against the background of worldwide economic depression, increasing national investment, it is advocated that more investments should be input for the landscape architecture industry, and special funds set for the industry. Park and garden construction echoes with the country and people's needs for environmental beautification, ecological improvement, preservation of natural resources and sustainable development, so as to obtain the most ecological benefi ts and social benefi ts with the least input, and create beautiful living environment, as well as long-term and sustainable economic benefi ts.
文摘In view of the current poor safety consciousness in landscape architecture industry, this paper proposed the concept of landscape architecture safety, and analyzed its characteristics; explored the monitoring means of landscape architecture safety and prevention measures from the perspectives of landscape architecture planning and design safety, landscaping construction safety; and put forward specific schemes from the perspectives of evaluation standards, legal system, and propaganda and education of landscape architecture safety, in order to meet the increasingly urgent needs of landscape architecture safety,and promote the landscape architecture safety in China.
基金Sponsored by Key Teaching Reform Program of Guangdong Provincial Department of EducationTeaching Reform Program of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education(XJG201208,GDOU2014040637)
文摘On the basis of successful domestic and foreign cases in landscape architecture teaching as well as characteristics of landscape architecture major in Guangdong Ocean University,this paper is to enhance the teaching characteristics of coast-landscape design,reconstruct the training system of landscape designers,optimize and improve teaching quality in practices.
基金Sponsored by 2014 Teaching Reform Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education(433)
文摘The paper analyzed orientations and requirements of landscape architecture talent training in domestic and international academic fields, and proposed that training of landscape architecture talents should attach more importance to the establishment and optimization of the discipline, cultivate talents capable of solving realistic environmental and ecological problems, so as to cultivate inter-disciplinary talents from multiple dimensions.
基金Sponsored by The National Natural Science Fund(51208347)Doctorial Program(New Teachers)Fund of the Ministry of Education(20120032120062)
文摘The relationship between architecture and people, architecture and city, architecture and nature has always been the soul of architectural design. In the architectural design, study on the relationship between architecture and nature needs "site analysis"(mapping), and "natural environment" tends to affect the design results[1]. In many special areas, the design needs analysis of geology, geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation and other landscape elements. Coal mining subsidence area is the product of the conf licts between human activities and natural environment in the process of industrialization. As the research object, coal mining subsidence area can be a good study object to demonstrate architectural design strategies and methods based on landscape, and fi eld defects of the site may be the origin of architectural space organization: architectural concept, structure, morphology, spatial organization are all from the landscape elements.
基金Sponsored by Henan Provincial Philosophical and Social Sciences Planning Program:Research on Display Art Forms of Geological Landscapes Science Popularization in Henan Geoparks from the Perspective of Natural Heritage Conservation(2018BYS025)。
文摘Both Kant and Hegel showed their attention to landscape architecture art in their aesthetic works,their aesthetic ideas were different but also related.This paper sorted out and interpreted the landscape architecture aesthetics of Kant and Hegel based on relevant aesthetic literature,analyzed the differences between them according to the historical background of landscape architecture development and their philosophic concepts,then summarized the historical causes for the development of their landscape architecture aesthetics.
基金Sponsored by Beijing Natural Science Foundation (8202017)。
文摘Taking contents of Italian Renaissance gardens in the course Foreign Landscape Architecture History as an example,this paper introduces case teaching method and analyzes application of three-dimensional graphic analysis method in case teaching in detail,aiming at typical cases of Italian Renaissance gardens,namely,Villa Medici,Fiesole and Villa d’Este,Tivoli.Three-dimensional graphic analysis can help students form intuitive feeling of terrain and space,further understand the typical gardening techniques of foreign gardens,so as to improve the teaching effect of landscape architecture history course.
文摘Germany has a significant influence on the globe,both economically and culturally,being the center of Europe.Although severely damaged by the Second World War,German landscape architecture gradual y recovered through garden exhibitions,landscape associations,and other means during a period of reflection and repair.Because of their artistry and utility,German gardens from the middle and end of the 20^(th)century had a favorable influence on landscape architecture around the globe.The shift in focus from“post-war restoration”to“enhancing the urban appearance”to“ecological restoration”not only reflects a shift in the design philosophy of the German people but also directly reflects the value orientation of design across all of Europe and even the West.