Spatial Distribution and Inscribed Criteria of Cultural Landscape World Heritage Sites

As an important type of world heritage sites,cultural landscape has always been an important research subject.In order to explore the spatial distribution and evolution mode of cultural landscape all over the world,the paper systematically elaborated the historical context of cultural landscape.The distribution characteristics were analyzed by statistical methods,and the connotation and evolution law represented by cultural landscape in different regions were expounded.The word frequency of regional heritage criteria was analyzed,and the local characteristics of each case were discussed.The research shows that the spatial distribution of global cultural landscape is unbalanced,mainly concentrated in Europe,and the spatial distribution characteristics are closely related to geographical environment,social history,economic development level and many other factors.In terms of inscribed criteria for world heritage sites,most cultural landscapes are mainly based on cultural criteria,but also involve natural criteria.The recognition and protection of cultural landscapes that simultaneously meet multiple criteria will become the focus in the future.

Cultural Diversity of Traditional Settlement Landscape Gene

As a crucial channel for understanding traditional settlements culture,traditional settlement landscape gene is of vital importance to figure out status quo of traditional Chinese culture,to protect cultural heritage of settlements,and to help residents establish cultural confidence.This paper adopts diversity index,schema analysis,and qualitative analysis methods to identify cultural diversity and construct diversity map of cultural landscape genes.It shows that cultural diversity of landscape genes refers to the various forms of cultural factors in architecture,environment,culture,and layout,including type diversity,combination diversity,and functional diversity.

Design of Pastoral Cultural Landscape Oriented by the Concept of Ecology Villages

China is increasingly attaching importance to coordination and scientific development between humanist and economic constructions, especially for protection on rural pastoral cultural landscape. For eco-village theory, planning and construction of pastoral culture landscape is just a breakthrough. The research used modern landscaping technology and analyzed pastoral landscape culture, facilitating transformation of agricultural production pattern and ushering in a new trend in terms of retaining rural cultural landscapes with Chinese characteristics and inheriting and innovating rural culture.

Research on Evaluation of Terrace Cultural Landscape Heritage Value from the Perspective of AVC——Take Three Famous Terraces in Southern China for Example

The objective evaluation to the terrace cultural landscape heritage value can provide targeted scientific basis for continuation of terrace culture landscape and establishment of protection measures. On the basis of field investigation, expert consultation and literature review, combined with the AVC （Attraction、Vitality and Ca-pacity）theory and Analytic Hierarchy Process based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evalu-ation, the terrace cultural landscape heritage protection evaluation system and eval-uation model, which selects 22 indicators from three levels including terrace culture landscape resources attraction, resources vitality and resources bearing capacity were structured. Based on col ection of data, material from field survey of China＆#39;s most representative Yunnan Yuanyang Hani terrace, Hunan Ziquejie terrace and Longsheng Longji terrace and relevant mathematical calculation to determine evalua-tion index weights, organical y combined of qualitative with quantitative analysis, the diversity, reasonableness and accuracy of evaluation system is improved. Compre-hensive result of mathematical statistics showed that the rank of the cultural land-scape heritage value with the three most representative terraces in southern China is： γ（Hani）〉γ（Longji）〉γ（Ziquejie）.

Protection and Utilization of Cultural Landscape in a Forest Park in Ethnic Minority Region ——With a Case of Zhangjiajie

Presently, more and more attention is paid to cultural landscapes by peo-ple at travel ing, especial y for folk culture in ethnic minority regions where rich hu-man landscapes could be ful y made use of to improve landscape quality. In the research, cultural landscapes in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park were surveyed and evaluated to analyze characters of cultural utilization, as wel as problems existing in the Park. In addition, highlights were given to protection on cultural landscapes in a forest park construction, presentation of ethnic minority culture, and ful development of tourism products.

Cultural Landscape Evolution of Traditional Agricultural Villages in North China——Case of Qianzhai Village in Shandong Province

Agricultural village is an important rural type in China. The evolution process and mechanism of its cultural landscape are different from those of the industrialized village. The paper focuses this theme by a case study of Qianzhai Village of Qufu City, Shangdong Province. In the case of Qianzhai Village, the evolution of its settlement has experienced three stages: mechanical expansion, sprawling expansion and hollowing, and recentralization. The land- scape evolution of residents' houses has undergone three phases: traditional quadrangle house, one-storied house and multistoried house. The evolution of its land use has experienced three stages: circled stratification, fragment and intensive use, and concentration and extensive use. We can see that the main driving factors of cultural landscape evolu- tion of agricultural village are the changes of rural population, society, economy and culture, which are influenced by the change of urban-rural relation, the national modernization process and economic development, the reform of family planning and land system, and the changes in governmental policies. In the future, the modernization, ecological trend, and individualization for residents' houses of agricultural villages in China will develop step by step. The recentralization of settlement and the scaled, sustainable, intensive land use are likely to be the trends of agricultural villages in China.

Implications for Cultural Landscape in a Chinese Context: Geo-analysis of Spatial Distribution of Historic Sites

The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the realistic compatibility between urban construction and the protection of historic sites is always a key research topic. In this study, first, to comprehend their spatial distribution patterns, 828 historic sites throughout the country are selected based on certain criteria. Then, we conduct quantitative research using GIS software, adopting indicators that include Nearest Neighbor Index, Gini Coefficient, and Geographic Concentration Index to analyze the spatial characteristics of historic sites on the three levels of city, province and nation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the different types of historic sites is an agglomeration on the nationwide scale, most of which is located in the regions of the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta, Yangtze(Changjiang) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin Region. Because the majority of historic sites are located within approximately 10 km of the downtown area, a certain pattern has emerged, showing that the larger cities own more historic areas, which are in a more incomplete state of preservation, indicating the fragmentation of heritage spaces. The formation mechanism of the historic sites' distribution pattern is based on the conditions of the cities/towns as well as the bid-rent theory.

ANALYSIS ON SPATIAL DIFFERENCE OF LAND USECHANGE BASED ON PHYSICAL AND CULTURALLANDSCAPE ATTRIBUTES──A Case Study at Mongolian AutonomousCounty of Qian Gorlos, Jilin Province

Land use changes are regarded as landscape pattern change driven by many interactive natural and social-economic factors. Different combination of physical geographical elements induced the difference of spatio-temporal pattern of land use change. There are four physical geographical regions in Mongolian Autonomou County of Qian Gorlos of Jilin Province. Based on spatial analysis and statistical analysis, we conclude that the primary pattern of land use and the tendency of land use changes are all different in four physical geographical regions. During 1987 – 1996, the dominant land use change processes were from grassland or forest to arableland, from unused land to paddy and grassland to unused land. Though land use change is mainly affected by social and economic condition in short period, the composite characters of physical geographical elements controls land use dynamic process. The relationship between land use dynamic process and the character of physical geographical units differ in different regions. Possible human impacts on land use change are explored with application of buffer areas of series distance along main roads and radius around main settlements. A few models are built to describe the relationship between land use spatial change rates and distance to road and settlements. According to our result, the relationship with the proximity to roads was a negative liner function, with the change rate decreasing rapidly when moving away from roads. Within a distance of less 7.5km from main traffic lines, land use changes occur red more. The bulk of grassland was apt to be opened up for cultivation around the settlements and the transformation from dryland to paddy occurred within the distance of 1km away from settlements.

Value Composition and Optimal Utilization of Religious Cultural Landscape Resources

Multiple value structure of religious cultural landscape resources influences and determines development and regulation of cultural landscape resources. In the multiple value structure consisting of cultural inheritance, spiritual needs, industrial expansion, leisure and entertainment, development and utilization of religious cultural landscape resources should adhere to scientific classification, relatively independent policy orientation, make and implement specific countermeasures, so as to meet various requirements of the public and other relevant subjects using more refined and improved policy measures, and to realize the optimal utilization and comprehensive value of religious cultural landscapes.

Interpretation of the Characteristics of the Southern Anhui Third Front Industrial Cultural Landscape in the Context of Philosophy of Technology

The third front industrial cultural landscape has the dual attributes of “industry” and “nature”.The special historical background and mountainous environment make it a distinctive industrial cultural landscape.Taking the third front industrial cultural landscape of southern Anhui as an example,this paper uses philosophy of technology to study this industrial cultural landscape with “modernity” characteristics,so as to make its “culture” return to the industrial cultural system and rethink,rather than the previous interpretation in the context of “cultural relics”.Then,under the framework of natural system,technological system and cultural system,the deep-seated cultural philosophy characteristics of the third front industrial cultural landscape are explained from the technological nature of the three line industrial cultural landscape.

Classification system and structure analysis of marine cultural landscapes of China

Marine cultural landscapes are an important part of cultural landscapes,as a new kind of heritage.With reference to the classification of cultural landscapes,a three-level classification system,composed of the marine cultural landscape type,the marine cultural landscape subtype and the marine cultural landscape model was constructed in this study,based on the spatial and regional characteristics of marine history and culture.By the analysis of the effects of natural and humanity factors on the formation of marine cultural landscapes,the system structure of the marine cultural landscapes was divided into three major parts:the physical foundation,the marked material and the recessive material.

Flow or Fence: Learning, Preserving, and Redefining the Riverfront Cultural Landscape

The Chao Phraya River and the network of canals or “klongs” are the origin of Bangkok’s nick-name “Venice of the East”. Its amphibian nature of lower delta area where used to be covered by the sea around 5000 years ago provides a water-based settlement for the citizens. Rivers as an agricultural irrigation system are also used for daily consumption, transportation, and drainage channels. Bangkok was established in 1782 as the capital of Thailand by King Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty. The location is on a flood plain delta of the Chao Phraya River with the same consideration as the up north old capital Ayutthaya;the river is performed as a natural defense against enemies and also provides a water-based settlement for the citizens. The worst flood in Thailand’s history occurred during the 2011 monsoon season;July to November;that became the severest flood disaster hit parts of the capital city of Bangkok and resulted in a total of 815 deaths and 65 of Thailand’s 77 provinces were declared flood disaster zones, and over 20,000 square kilometers (7700 square miles) of farmland was damaged. The most affected areas were the recent capital Bangkok and the old capital Ayutthaya. The major causes were not only from the natural disaster but also water management failures from the human disaster. The studies aimed to include the survey of after-flood areas, reviewing the history of the waterfront communities and their attitudes toward development and changes, then discussed threats and crisis to the cultural landscape, the cause and effects of the disaster, the theoretical framework of the best management practices and the resolutions models proposed by the involved authorities. Whilst, history also gives us a sense of identity and traditional wisdom, the paper tried to find a paradigm shift and invented best practices for future generation flood protection using “the meaning and spirit of cultural landscape” model.

Sustainable Tourism Development Management of Local Cultural Landscapes

Nowa days,ecological and cultural tourism,especially those ancient villages and towns in China,have attracted an in- creasing number of tourists because of their unique cultural fea- tures.However,rapid development of tourism brings economic benefits,but results in a series of problems that threaten further tourism development and protection of ancient towns,such as over-commercialization and tourism urbanization.Taking Long- men ancient town as an example,this paper presented a sustain- able way of preserving and developing resources of ancient vil- lages and towns.First,identify cultural features and the extent of ancient villages and towns,and find the approach through which a cultural landscape zoning can be applied.Second,define a coop- erative function area to release the pressure on core areas and protect their authentic cultures by extending tourism space.Third, balance tourism development with traditional industries to en- hance the sustainability of community economies.

Construction of Cultural Landscape System for Ancient Yiyang City from the Perspective of “Mountain, Water and City”

As the revitalization of city culture and the city cultural confidence has been increasingly valued, the ancients' perception and interpretation of mountains, rivers and cultural landscapes, as well as their wisdom in the construction of traditional cities deserve more attention and further exploration. Taking ancient Yiyang City for example, this paper on the basis of local chronicles and literature analyzed the construction history of the city, famous mountains and rivers, and top eight views, and attempted to interpret the construction system of "mountain, river and city" landscape of traditional Chinese cities, in order to provide historical basis and cultural background for revitalizing local cultures and shaping urban landscape patterns, and offer spatial strategies for the city protection and renewal.

Opportunities and Paths of Regional Cultural Landscape Development in Gansu Province in the Context of Intelligent Communication

The national strategic opportunities,intelligent information communication opportunities and cultural landscape resource advantages in the context of intelligent communication are analyzed.The development path of regional cultural landscape in Gansu is studied,and it is held that the uniqueness and difference of Gansu regional cultural landscape should be maintained.The effective combination of regional cultural landscape and local social life landscape is advocated to enhance the information activation and landscape form diversity of regional cultural landscape in intelligent communication.Meantime,following the trend of globalization,the development strategy of going global through intelligent communication can be realized relying on technological innovation.

Historical and Cultural Landscape of Rural Settlement in Fangshan District ofBeijing

The rural settlement landscape in Fangshan District has multiple values,but there is a lack ofsystematic research.Geographical environment and historical evolution in Fangshan District are analyzed,and it is thought that the combination of the two forms characteristic cultural landscape in the village.According to literature and research,villages in Fangshan District are classifi ed and summarized accordingto the time of forming,the motivation of development and the form,and they are analyzed from multidimension.Meanwhile,the problems of development and protection are concerned.Based on the aboveresearch,this paper makes a more appropriate analysis on the cultural landscape value of villages inFangshan District.Finally,the protection strategy of the whole region and key areas is proposed.

Cultural Landscape Analysis of the Huashan Rock Art Area

Huashan Rock Art(HRA) has increasingly drawn nationwide and even worldwide attention as scholars have completed and published multidisciplinary studies of the art, thus promoting a positive impact on the local tourism and economy.Through on-the-spot observations and in-depth interviews with local officials, farmers, and visiting tourists, this paper presents the cultural landscape of the HRA area from the perspectives of "place" and "space," which have been little explored in previous studies of the HRA area.Presently, both the natural and cultural landscape of Huashan have been restructured by the local government and inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the problems of sustainable preservation of the rock art, balancing dynamic development with expanded tourism, and conserving the cultural heritage of the HRA are being addressed.

A Comparative Study of the Cultural Connotations in Chinese and British Landscape Pastoral Poetry

This article is a comparative study of Chinese landscape pastoral poetry and British landscape pastoral poetry,focusing on their cultural connotations.Many Chinese and British poets take the theme of pastoral landscape as their creative content.By describing the natural scenery of the field,the life and work of the farmers and etc.,the poems eulogize the simplicity and purity of rural world,the happiness and unsophisticated life of farmers and also certain emotion of the poets.This kind of poetry is very prevalent among readers.However,due to the heterogeneity of Chinese and British culture,the landscape pastoral poetry created by Chinese and British poets has the same theme and description objects,but there are also marked differences in their content,artistic expression,writing techniques and the creation form that attracted lots of scholars to study.However,there have been few such studies in the differences about Chinese and British landscape pastoral poetry.To this extent,hopefully,this article may be scholastically significant in studying on the difference of their cultural connotations.

What is attractive rural landscape?Differences in the social and expert assessment of the changes in the rural landscape of the Carpathian region in Poland with regard to the need of its protection

Contemporary villages of the mountain region are subject to uncontrolled structural and spatial transformations,which cause deformation of centuries-old spatial systems of high cultural and natural value.The aim of the study is to confront the opinions of the inhabitants and experts regarding the condition of the cultural landscape of the villages in south-eastern Poland.This area belongs to the Carpathian region of Central Europe.The historical and economic conditions of the studied region,related to the functioning in the post-war period,and then its breakdown and the development of the free market economy,constitute an interesting background for the proposed research.Local communities still remembering the period of difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations,are currently experiencing a relative prosperity,many difficulties related to the period of systemic transformations,are currently experiencing a relative prosperity,which is also expressed in a completely new,previously unknown way of managing the landscape.Investments implemented in villages are associated by the inhabitants with the improvement of the standards and quality of life.They assess them rather positively.An expert assessment of these landscape transformations indicates their negative dimension and the risk of losing timeless values.The discrepancy in the assessment of experts and local residents creates difficulties in the protection of the rural landscape.Therefore,high-quality visual landscape features among rural residents is necessary from the point of view of its multi-faceted and effective protection.Local initiatives and actions in the field of industry policy should play a significant role in this respect by consolidating the images of a harmonious landscape in the public awareness.