Study on Decorative Patterns of Ceramic Landscape Paintings in Qing Dynasty

Compared with the previous generation,the ceramic art of the Qing Dynasty made a great breakthrough in modeling and decoration,reaching the peak of Chinese ceramic production.At this time,the ceramic decorative patterns continued to innovate in inheritance and add new themes.Among them,the emergence of landscape painting decorative patterns reflected the unique artistic charm of ceramics in the Qing Dynasty,which not only found a new space for Chinese landscape painting,but also added new vitality to Chinese ceramic art.This paper makes a preliminary introduction to the development of ceramic landscape decoration in the Qing Dynasty.

Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Tianjin City

Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008,and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS,the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape.The result showed that there were manymin-sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space.Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure.It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space,reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation,strengthening the construction of large and mid-sized green patches,so as to improve ecological function of green space.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

SPATIAL GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF URBAN GREEN SPACES COMBINED WITH LANDSCAPE METRICS IN JINAN CITY OF CHINA

Urban green spaces have been arisen growing concern responded to the social and environmental costs of urban sprawl. A wide range of planning and policies has been and/or will be designed to protect urban green spaces and optimize their spatial pattern. A better design or planning of urban green space can make a major contribution to quality of environment and urban life, and furthermore can decide whether we can have a sustainable development in the urban area. Information about the status quo of urban green spaces can help planners design more effectively. However, how to quantify and capture such information will be the essential question we face. In this paper, to quantify the urban green space, a new method comprising gradient analysis, landscape metrics and GIS was developed through a case of Jinan City. The results demonstrate: 1) the gradient analysis is a valid and reliable instrument to quantify the urban green space spatial pattern precisely; 2) using moving window, explicit landscape metrics were spatially realized. Compared with quantifying metrics in the entire landscape, it would be better to link pattern with process and establish an important basis for analyzing the ecological and socioeconomic functions of green spaces.

Research on Ecological Space Planning Oriented Urban River Landscape Planning

Based on the generalized landscape perspective, regional connotation of urban river landscape is expanded. The area connotation of urban river landscape is expanded based on the generalized landscape perspective. In addition to natural and functional attributes, river landscape should be regarded as a regional space element based on heterogeneous space scale. First, as for research method system, the space research models(including ecological footprint, space planning, and landscape pattern index, etc.) coupled with different angle scales and interdisciplinary theory, are utilized to study different correlations and results formed by urban river landscape elements and other regional space elements from the perspective of the regional ecological space, and the overall development goal of the urban river landscape pattern based on the goals of the regional ecological space planning is obtained. Second, the oriented urban river landscape planning and the "M" type close-tonature design strategy are evaluated through the city function zoning orientation and micro-scale urban river landscape pattern index. The research realizes the compatibility of overall goals in terms of the regional ecology, the development of urban functional areas, and the river landscape planning, without losing micro difference and maneuverability based on the urban river landscape planning and design oriented strategy, which innovates the new approach of urban river landscape planning and design with sustainable and balanced development of regional resources, multi-scale, and multiple objectives.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

Analysis of the Green Space System Planning in Small Towns with Yifeng Township, Yancheng City as an Example

Taking the green space systems in Yifeng Township for an example, this paper analyzed the characteristics and planning principles of green space system in small towns under the background of rapid urbanization. It also proposed the construction of stable ecological green space pattern of towns, the development of forest-type green space and the planning ideas of green space system in small towns that can embody regional context and implement multifunctional composite.

Evolution of Waterfront Landscape Pattern Under Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study of Xuhui Riverside Zone in Shanghai

The urban waterfront area is in a special land-water communication zone and is an ecologically sensitive zone. It combines the characteristics of natural landscape and human landscape intertwined. The urbanization process continues to affect the natural and cultural environment of the waterfront, and environmental issues have become increasingly prominent. Taking Xuhui Riverside Zone as an example, this paper analyses the dynamic evolution process of the landscape, aiming at revealing the impact of the evolution of landscape pattern on urban ecological environment during the process of urbanization in China, so as to provide useful references for the planning and design of the waterfront space landscape of domestic and foreign cities.

Construction of Spatial Pattern of Garden Plant Landscape in Urban Waterfront

The spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape is an important factor affecting the quality of urban culture and improving the recognition of the city.As the core material of urban landscape design,garden plants play a very important role in the construction of spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape.The spatial pattern of garden plant landscape can be divided into three types:two-dimensional,vertical and special.The two-dimensional spatial pattern focuses on the construction of"meaning and form".The vertical spatial pattern focuses on the construction of"image".The special spatial pattern of garden plants focuses on the construction of"artistic conception".The three types are used to create a spatial pattern of urban waterfront landscape with rich spatial and temporal changes and artistic connotation.

Research on Spatial Pattern of Urban Landscape in Pingle Ancient Town

Protection and development of historical and cultural ancient town have always been the hot topic.With the continuous deepening of the study of ancient town and the rise of the landscape design subject,systematic,professional information and drawings about the landscape of ancient town are relatively scarce.To make up for the blank,Pingle Ancient Town in Chengdu was taken as the research object,and systemic research on the spatial pattern of urban landscape was conducted.In this paper,landscape features were studied in the scale of the space enclosed by urban boundaries.According to the spatial structure,the landscape features were divided into fi ve aspects:boundary,axis,skeleton,group domain and base,and detailed study was conducted in the changes of time axis.The preliminary research methods were mainly literature and site survey and mapping,and the history,environment and style of Pingle Ancient Town were discussed by referring to historical classics,journal papers and books.In the middle stage,surveying and mapping improvement work was carried out.In the later stage,papers were analyzed and written.The results of this paper included detailed mapping atlas,analysis atlas and text summary on spatial pattern of urban landscape.

图式语言视角下传统村落公共空间特征解构与景观修复研究——以坪坦村为例

传统村落公共空间是中国传统农业社会物质文化与非物质文化的重要载体.在乡村振兴、城乡一体化背景下,解构传统村落公共空间特征、修复传统村落公共空间景观对传统村落保护具有重要意义.该文采用了文本分析法、参与式观察法等,结合了图式语言理论,以坪坦村为例构建传统村落公共空间图式语言体系,对公共空间特征进行解构,提出景观修复策略.研究表明:1)以图式语言理论为基础,构建坪坦村公共空间图式语言体系.通过解构分析坪坦村公共空间构成要素得出了75种图式语汇,解构公共空间秩序法则得出了相邻、相交等词法与秩序性、时间性和本土性等句法,解构公共空间生长环境得出了自然、社会和文化语境.2)坪坦村公共空间表现出特征极为突出的侗族特色:公共空间布局中自然环境与传统建筑情景交融;生产、生活与精神公共空间场所互动共生;公共空间节点多维嵌套,层次丰富.3)图式语言视角下的传统村落公共空间景观修复路径:按“字—词—词组”层层递进织补空间元素;按“时间—空间—情感”循序渐进构建空间秩序;按“完善—修缮—重构”滚动式表达空间意境.研究通过对传统村落公共空间的图式解析和特征解构,为传统村落公共空间的景观修复提供新思路、新方法.

基于生态网络优化对比的国土空间生态修复策略研究

生态网络构建有助于整合破碎绿地斑块,识别国土空间生态修复过程中的关键区域并制定针对性措施,为生态型国土空间整治提供方法与技术支撑。然而,目前基于自然资源与土地利用现状构建的单一时空情景生态网络,忽略了网络与城市发展的动态变化,其稳定性与连通性缺乏验证反馈,契合城市发展的合理网络优化方案尚不明晰,生态保护措施难以适应未来城市空间的发展变化。在构建现有生态网络的基础上,对未来城市土地利用扩张情况进行预测,从生态源地、廊道、节点的动态修复视角设置增加生态踏脚石、清除生态障碍点和保护关键生态夹点3种网络优化情景,通过网络连通性分析对3种修复情景进行优化效应评估。结果显示,3种修复情景中,消除生态障碍点对生态网络的优化作用最明显,是未来生态网络构建与优化的主要关注方向。以通城县为例,判定了生态网络的最佳优化方案,提出适应现状地域特征、面向未来发展方向的生态安全格局,从生态资源要素与城市发展动态演替的视角为生态格局优化提供新思路,为生态型国土空间综合整治提供科学技术方法。

运动公平视角下寒地城市绿地格局特征及优化研究--以哈尔滨为例

快速城镇化背景下慢性疾病频发,绿地作为公众运动健身重要场所在提高公共健康水平方面发挥着重要意义。寒地冬季漫长,严寒气候极大程度限制了居民的户外运动,特别是工业属性较强的老城区,绿地格局先天劣势,加剧了运动不公平现象。基于运动公平视角,构建寒地城市绿地格局供需指标体系,评估绿地耦合协调发展水平;并利用基尼系数与人均绿地面积区位熵探寻季节分异下的绿地格局公平性。结果表明:(1)寒地城市绿地运动供需空间严重失衡,绿地格局耦合协调度较差,运动公平性差距悬殊,总体呈现西北好,东南差的分异特征;(2)西北部为原发展核心,绿地等基础设施建设完备;随着城市扩张,东南部成为新发展核心,但依旧以工业为导向,绿地建设不足,导致绿地分布极端,空间分异明显;(3)季节分异对运动公平产生不同结果,严寒气候增加了绿地可达的阻力,不平等性随着气温的下降而增加;由于缺少公共绿地,东南部在冬季面临更加严重的不公平现象。基于对关键指标的优化测算,优化更新寒地城市绿地格局,为落地环境干预健康的“健康中国”国家战略提供理论与实践参考。

城市街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益优化研究

【目的】目前城市绿地已经进入存量发展阶段,如何在城市有限绿地空间条件下实现“碳中和”目标,合理布局低碳绿地空间格局,科学配置植物群落以增加生物多样性,成为目前城市绿地碳汇效益研究的重点和难点。【方法】以西安市碑林区和沣西新城的城市绿地空间格局为研究对象,对研究区域内街区单元的绿地空间格局进行分析并分类,探索街区单元绿地空间格局与碳汇量化关系,并从平面布局和垂直结构两方面提出城市街区单元绿地碳汇效益的优化方法,并选取碳储量最低的单核心辐射型街区单元的3个绿地样方进行碳汇效益优化设计。【结果】总结出4种西安市典型城市街区单元绿地空间格局模式,明晰了碳储量分布特征以及绿地空间格局对碳储量的影响机制,提出了城市街区单元绿地空间格局碳汇效益优化方法,发现碳储量与斑块类型面积(CA)、景观形状指数(LSI)呈极显著正相关关系,与聚集度(AI)呈极显著负相关关系。各类绿地空间格局碳储量大小为多核心辐射型>散点分布型或廊道穿越型>单核心辐射型,建议在单核心辐射型街区单元优化中增加植物群落层次结构,并增加高固碳植物种类及数量,提升样方内年固碳量。【结论】从中观尺度讨论街区单元绿地空间格局与植物群落碳汇效益之间的关系,使城市中小尺度绿地发挥应有的生态系统服务功能,探索街区单元绿地空间格局的构成要素与设计方法,为低碳绿地设计提供参考,提升城市街区单元内社区生活圈的人居环境质量。

基于混合用地模式识别的济南市老城区典型片区绿色空间降温效应分析

城市绿色空间可以通过生态系统服务调节功能有效缓解城市热岛效应,降低高温健康胁迫风险。城市中心城区特别是老城区建成环境具有高度异质性,复杂建成环境中绿色空间的降温效应,特别是混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、阈值、形状等还需进一步明晰。在厘清城市热环境影响因素和绿色空间降温机制基础上,构建了“冷热岛分析提取-混合用地模式聚类识别-混合用地模式热效应分析-典型绿色空间降温效应分析”的研究框架。针对当前城市绿地指标失实、结构失衡、功能失调等现实问题,选择济南市老城区典型片区进行实证研究,重点分析了中层建筑混合用地模式中绿色空间的降温强度、降温面积阈值、形状及植被覆盖度等,总结了具有高降温效能的绿色空间模式,为促进城市健康人居环境发展提供借鉴。

豫中地区蓝绿空间演化及其驱动因素研究——以河南省许昌市为例

伴随着城镇化的迅速推进,城市蓝绿空间持续受到侵蚀,探究蓝绿空间演化特征及其驱动因素对生态环境、居民生活品质提升以及区域可持续发展具有重要意义。本研究基于河南省许昌市2000-2020年土地利用数据,应用土地利用转移矩阵、地学信息图谱等方法,探究了许昌市20年内蓝绿空间演化特征及其规律,并构建斑块级土地利用变化模拟模型(PLUS模型),解析各驱动因素对蓝绿空间演变的影响。结果表明:1)研究区在城市化背景下,各类用地转换频繁,蓝绿空间整体连通性降低、破碎度增大。2)研究区耕地面积缩减显著,达1041.6708 km^(2)。草地、林地、水域面积进一步变大,其中水域增加面积最大,为656.5630 km^(2),林地最小,仅增加87.9462 km^(2)。3)耕地减少区域主要集中于襄城县西南和东南,建安区北部和东部等区域,耕地面积主要转化为林地、草地和建设用地;水域扩张区域分布于长葛市中部、建安区中部和魏都区东部,主要由林地和耕地转入;草地面积呈“摊大饼”式均匀扩张;林地增量主要由耕地和草地转入。4)蓝绿空间演变是多种因素共同作用的结果。人口、农业生产总值等是耕地减少的主导因素;气温、坡度等对水域空间的保护与建设有一定正向作用;坡度、高程等自然因素与GDP等社会因素对草地的扩张有一定正向作用;林地主要受高程、降水、坡度及土壤的影响。研究结果对豫中地区制定科学合理的城市蓝绿空间发展战略、提高生态环境质量等具有一定的指导价值。

基于GIS的青岛市绿地景观生态格局与网络构建

定量化研究绿地景观生态格局和网络构建能够为城市绿地系统和国土空间的科学规划提供理论依据与方法支撑。研究基于无线电高空测候(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,运用总体景观生态格局分析和梯度分析方法,选取12个景观指数,对沿海城市——青岛市的绿地景观生态格局从斑块类型水平和景观水平两方面进行了定量研究。结果表明:斑块类型水平上,区域绿地以大型斑块为主且占优势地位,防护绿地以大中型斑块为主,二者虽空间分布不均匀,但生态效益较好;附属绿地以中小型斑块为主,缺乏大面积绿地建设,景观破碎度高但符合公众游憩需求;公园绿地以小型斑块为主且数量较少,在城区集中分布。景观水平上,城市绿地景观类型较齐全,但整体破碎度高,中部地区景观破碎度高,南部与中北部地区绿地类型多样,景观破碎度高且景观形状较复杂。在此基础上,进而分析了青岛城市绿地景观生态格局存在的问题,提出了“一轴、三核、廊汇成网、节点密布”的城市绿地生态网络优化与构建方案,以提高各类城市绿地连接度水平,发挥绿地生态系统的整体效益。

从雅集图“观”女性园林空间的景与境

雅集作为中国古代以男性为主体的文人雅致生活的表现方式,在明清以后,以女性为主体的雅集活动逐渐兴起。私家园林作为女性雅集的空间载体,被文学作品或图像史料予以记录和直观表达,为研究园林中的女性活动空间提供了重要基础。研究采用图像分析法和社会学分析方法,从文人结社与女性雅集的关系入手,以清代《湖楼请业图》为研究对象,对湖楼诗会的时空背景做出阐述,围绕园林空间分布、景观要素经营和女性活动特点三方面探讨了二维图像所表现的人景关系;同时拓展到对该时期才女群体所创造的独特文化景观的理解。

基于景观格局的玉溪市“三湖”流域生态风险演化分析

以玉溪市“三湖”流域为研究对象,对研究区内生态风险状况进行研究,揭示其20年生态风险演化特征。对2000-2020年的土地利用数据进行等间距采样,基于景观格局指数建立生态风险模型并利用空间自相关分析、地统计学分析、重心转移等方法对研究区内景观格局变化特征以及生态风险演变进行探究。结果表明:(1)社会发展及人类活动导致建筑用地的分离度等在研究期内呈线性减少趋势,而草地的破碎度在20年里呈上升趋势,由2000年的0.55增长到2020年的0.93;(2)生态风险格局在空间上呈现显著正相关,Moran’s I指数由2000年的0.522下降至2022年的0.513,表明研究区内景观生态风险值在空间分布上的依赖性减弱,空间趋同性逐渐降低;(3)研究区内多年间生态风险呈现先上升后下降的趋势且生态风险格局重心整体向西南偏移,高风险区主要分布在研究区北部的林草地带以及湖泊周围,20年面积增加了6 212.07 hm^(2)。研究结果可为流域内水资源开发、生态安全保护等决策提供支持。

具身·意象·图式--解码宋元山水画中村居空间的叙事性

文章旨在挖掘宋元山水画中村居意象图式背后蕴含的主体认知与观念逻辑。通过运用图像志的研究方法,以具身感知的理论视角,对这一时期典型画作中的村居意象进行图解分析。研究表明宋元山水画中的村居空间是一种主客相融的复合空间,其意象的生成往往会经历主体“意”与客体“象”的具身互动过程,并表征为四种叙事情节:“江山胜景·全域”“深山舍寺·片景”“曲径幽园·一隅”“水岸空亭·旷点”,进而凝结成不同主体关照下的图式意蕴。解码宋元山水画中村居空间的叙事性,能为当下中国式村居空间营造的观念重塑提供有益的参考与启示。