Analysis on Landscape Pattern of Urban Green Space in Tianjin City

Based on IKONOS satellite image in August of 2008,and by using GIS technique and spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS,the paper analyzed landscape pattern of urban green space in Tianjin City from the aspects of patch composition and level of category and landscape.The result showed that there were manymin-sized patches in Tianjin City while large patches occupied a large proportion of the total area of green space.Green spaces were unbalanced in distribution and unreasonable in structure.It suggested adjusting the structure of urban green space,reducing the degree of landscape fragmentation,strengthening the construction of large and mid-sized green patches,so as to improve ecological function of green space.

The Planning of Urban Green Space System Based on the Concept of Conservation-oriented Landscape

Through analyzing problems in the planning of green space system in cities of China,strategies for constructing urban green space system are put forward based on the requirements of conservation-oriented landscape.

SPATIAL GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF URBAN GREEN SPACES COMBINED WITH LANDSCAPE METRICS IN JINAN CITY OF CHINA

Urban green spaces have been arisen growing concern responded to the social and environmental costs of urban sprawl. A wide range of planning and policies has been and/or will be designed to protect urban green spaces and optimize their spatial pattern. A better design or planning of urban green space can make a major contribution to quality of environment and urban life, and furthermore can decide whether we can have a sustainable development in the urban area. Information about the status quo of urban green spaces can help planners design more effectively. However, how to quantify and capture such information will be the essential question we face. In this paper, to quantify the urban green space, a new method comprising gradient analysis, landscape metrics and GIS was developed through a case of Jinan City. The results demonstrate: 1) the gradient analysis is a valid and reliable instrument to quantify the urban green space spatial pattern precisely; 2) using moving window, explicit landscape metrics were spatially realized. Compared with quantifying metrics in the entire landscape, it would be better to link pattern with process and establish an important basis for analyzing the ecological and socioeconomic functions of green spaces.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

Construction of Ecological Network for Urban Green Space System from the Perspective of Landscape Ecology:A Case Study of Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality

Green spaces in Wanzhou District, Chongqing Municipality were not closely linked and failed to form an integrated ecological network, this paper analyzed and assessed current situation of green spaces in the local area from the perspective of landscape ecology, and then established the landscape ecology-oriented ecological network construction, restructured green paces in Wanzhou District using the landscape composition of "patch–corridor–matrix", and connected the scattered green patches using green corridors, so as to form a reasonable ecological network of green spaces.

Pattern Change of Urban Green Space in Beijing from 2000 to 2010

With the rapid urbanization in Beijing, the vegetated surfaces have been increasingly replaced by impervious built surfaces. A clear recognition on the changes in green spaces pattern is vital for urban administrators and planners to optimize the urban development areas and define the ecological protection red lines. Based on the SPOT images and field investigation data of urban green spaces within the sixth ring road of Beijing in 2000, 2005 and 2010, the study investigated the dynamic changes of urban green spaces in this area, by means of GIS techniques and landscape ecology methods. The results indicated that green spaces in Beijing have decreased by 207 km2 from 2000 to 2010 at the expense of agricultural lands and waters. Although there has been some increases in urban forests and grasslands, it cannot compensate the rapid decrease of urban green spaces. The land cover types conversion occurred mainly in the areas between the fifth and sixth ring roads while the zones encircled by the fourth ring road had a little change. In addition, landscape metrics such as number of patches(NP) and shape index(SHAPE) increased, but the mean nearest-neighbor distance(MNN), aggregation index(AI) and patch cohesion index(COHESION) decreased during the period of 2000-2010. Also green landscapes became considerably isolated and fragmented. The study disclosed the obvious changes of green space size, composition and layout in urban districts of Beijing City from 2000 to 2010, and highlighted that construction of urban green space should consider not only the geometric or aesthetic effect, but also the increase of vertical green volume and optimization of spatial layout to fully develop the ecological service functions of green spaces.

Diversity Analysis on the Plant Communities of Urban Park Green Space in Wuhan

In order to systematically study the diversity of plant communities in park green space,78 plant communities of 10 representative parks in Wuhan City were investigated.The total 449 species belonging to 275 genera and 112 families were found in this investigation.The communities were divided into 35 dominant-species,13 life-forms and 6 vegetation-forms.The community structures and the composition of dominant species were also studied.The results showed that the shortages of the low diversity,high proportion of exotic species and simple community structures appeared in plant community of park green space in Wuhan City.It is proposed that species,especially native ones,should be abundant to keep a high level species diversity.At the same time,more simulated native communities should be utilized to build the natural,multi-layers,bright local vegetation characteristics landscape of urban parks.

Evolution of Waterfront Landscape Pattern Under Rapid Urbanization: A Case Study of Xuhui Riverside Zone in Shanghai

The urban waterfront area is in a special land-water communication zone and is an ecologically sensitive zone. It combines the characteristics of natural landscape and human landscape intertwined. The urbanization process continues to affect the natural and cultural environment of the waterfront, and environmental issues have become increasingly prominent. Taking Xuhui Riverside Zone as an example, this paper analyses the dynamic evolution process of the landscape, aiming at revealing the impact of the evolution of landscape pattern on urban ecological environment during the process of urbanization in China, so as to provide useful references for the planning and design of the waterfront space landscape of domestic and foreign cities.

Analysis of the Green Space System Planning in Small Towns with Yifeng Township, Yancheng City as an Example

Taking the green space systems in Yifeng Township for an example, this paper analyzed the characteristics and planning principles of green space system in small towns under the background of rapid urbanization. It also proposed the construction of stable ecological green space pattern of towns, the development of forest-type green space and the planning ideas of green space system in small towns that can embody regional context and implement multifunctional composite.

Research on Ecological Space Planning Oriented Urban River Landscape Planning

Based on the generalized landscape perspective, regional connotation of urban river landscape is expanded. The area connotation of urban river landscape is expanded based on the generalized landscape perspective. In addition to natural and functional attributes, river landscape should be regarded as a regional space element based on heterogeneous space scale. First, as for research method system, the space research models(including ecological footprint, space planning, and landscape pattern index, etc.) coupled with different angle scales and interdisciplinary theory, are utilized to study different correlations and results formed by urban river landscape elements and other regional space elements from the perspective of the regional ecological space, and the overall development goal of the urban river landscape pattern based on the goals of the regional ecological space planning is obtained. Second, the oriented urban river landscape planning and the "M" type close-tonature design strategy are evaluated through the city function zoning orientation and micro-scale urban river landscape pattern index. The research realizes the compatibility of overall goals in terms of the regional ecology, the development of urban functional areas, and the river landscape planning, without losing micro difference and maneuverability based on the urban river landscape planning and design oriented strategy, which innovates the new approach of urban river landscape planning and design with sustainable and balanced development of regional resources, multi-scale, and multiple objectives.

The Scale-Effects of Different Land Use Types on the Distribution Pattern of Park Green Space at Multiple Grid Scales-A Case Study on the Main Urban Area of Nanjing,China

Exploring the scale-effect of different land use types on the distribution pattern of urban park green space(PGS)at multiple grid scales would inform rational allocation and efficient collaborative construction of urban development land at different scales.Selecting 300-m,500-m,1,000-m,and 2,000-m grid scales,the research employed Create Fishnet tool in ArcGIS and Geodetector to construct a scale-effect analysis framework that revealed the scale-effects of different land use types on the distribution pattern of PGS at multiple grid scales in the main urban area of Nanjing,China in 2006,2012,and 2017.Main research results are:1)the overall distribution pattern of PGS showed the evolution characteristics from polarization to advancing quality and efficiency,while the trend gradually weakened with the increase of grid scale;2)the scale-effect of other land use types on PGS increasingly enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more obvious the synergistic or compressive effect;3)the interactive scaleeffects of different land use types gradually enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more significant the overall factor interaction;and 4)at the 300-m grid scale,the major interaction factors were residential,transportation,industrial/manufacturing,water area,and administration/public services,which gradually changed to residential,water area,and administration/public services up to the 2,000-m grid scale.The findings of this paper are expected to deepen the theory of the coupling between PGS and other land use types,as well as provide scientific support and a basis for efficient allocation,spatial layout optimization,and sustainable development of urban spaces.

Study on Ecological Development of Urban Parks

Research background,significance,characteristics and planning methods of the ecological development of urban parks were elaborated.This paper took green space planning of Xishan Park in Qianxi City for example,explored the application of ecological development theories in green space planning of urban park.

中国城市绿地微气候研究进展——基于CiteSpace的可视化分析

随着中国城市化进程的快速发展,导致城市热岛效应加剧,威胁居民健康,城市绿地微气候已成为影响城市居民生活环境的关键因素。近年来,风景园林学科对于城市绿地微气候的研究日益重视。本研究运用CiteSpace软件分析过去二十年的相关文献,通过整理关键词发现城市微气候研究主要集中在小气候、数值模拟、热舒适等方面。研究进一步梳理文献来源、研究发展历程、空间分布情况和研究热点等内容,并进行深入评析。并对城市绿地类型与景观要素对微气候的影响、基于数值模拟技术的城市绿地微气候分析与优化、城市绿地公众热舒适度评价这三个方面成果最为丰富的研究内容进行分析。最后结合当前研究的特点与不足提出注重以人为本的城市绿地规划与设计、多感官舒适度评价的耦合、长期的微气候效应评估以及跨区域比较研究的建议。研究旨在探究城市绿地微气候的研究热点和发展趋势,为研究当前城市绿地微气候有关内容提供依据。

The Evaluation of Urban Green Space Landscape Changes and Ecosystem Services in Beijing

As a very important part of the urban ecosystem,the urban green space system plays an active role in maintaining the urban ecosystem stability,providing ecosystem services,and improving the quality of the urban environment.In order to deal with the problems brought about by the deterioration of the urban ecological environment,it is necessary to study and analyze the spatial distribution pattern,evolutionary characteristics and ecosystem services of urban green space to maximize its ecological benefits and comprehensive functions.In this study,we took Beijing urban area as an example,and based on the spatial distribution data of urban green space and remote sensing data,we first calculated the urban green space type transition matrix,landscape pattern index and ecosystem services.Then,we analyzed the changes in urban green space landscape patterns,ecosystem services and their spatial distributions from 2000 to 2020,and studied the interactive relationships between landscape changes and changes in ecosystem services.The results showed three key findings.(1)Beijing’s urban green space construction has achieved remarkable results from 2000 to 2020.The area of green space has increased by 77.41%,mainly from cultivated land and construction land.(2)From 2000 to 2020,the amounts of dust retention,SO_(2) absorption,NO_(2) absorption,cooling and humidification,carbon fixation and oxygen release,and rainwater runoff reduction in Beijing’s urban green space have shown continuous increases in general.(3)There is a close relationship between urban green space landscape changes and green space ecosystem services,and total area(TA)has the highest correlation with ecosystem services.Except for rainwater runoff reduction,the correlation coefficients between TA and ecosystem services are all higher than 0.85.This research can provide theoretical guidance for optimizing Beijing’s green space and determining how to maximize the effect of green space for improving the ecological environment,and ultimately provide a scientific basis for the construction of Beijing’s ecological environment.

Spatial patterns of urban green space and its actual utilization status in China based on big data analysis

Urban green space(UGS)is essential for sustainable urbanization and human well-being.The utilization status of UGS is closely related to the provision of ecosystem services for urban residents.Limitations on data availability,however,have led to the absence of a comprehensive approach for evaluating the actual utilization status of UGS at a large scale.Furthermore,differences in actual UGS utilization between intra-urban and peri-urban areas have not received enough attention.This study used big data analysis by combining point of interest(POI)and land use and cover change(LUCC)to quantify the spatial patterns of UGS utilization,and to evaluate the actual utilization status of UGS in 366 cities on the Chinese mainland.We also explored the differences in the actual utilization of UGS in intra-urban and peri-urban areas.The results showed that 94.01%of UGS resources in China had not been utilized.There was a clear pattern of spatial mismatch between the stock and the actual utilization of UGS,especially in the north-western region indicated by the Hu Huanyong Line.The actual utilization rate of UGS was closely related to the regional develop-ment level.There was a certain mismatch between the actual utilization and stock of intraurban green space(IUGS).The hot spots of the actual utilization rate of IUGS were in Yunnan,Guizhou,and Sichuan Provinces in southwestern China.The differ-ences in UGS actual utilization rates between IUGS and peri-urban green space(PUGS)were small in eastern China,but large in south-western and northwestern China.The actual utilization rate of IUGS in most Chinese cities was significantly larger than that of PUGS,indicating that PUGS were not well utilized.Our results provide scientific support for urban and regional planners in targeting specific areas for UGS design and development,and in optimizing future UGS planning in China.

我国城市绿地生态网络研究现状及发展趋势——基于CiteSpace知识图谱的量化分析

以中国知网中2000年至2019年6月5日间1187篇国内城市绿地生态网络研究文献为对象,采用文献计量法,利用CiteSpace软件绘制知识图谱,分析我国城市绿地生态网络研究的演进历程及发展趋势。研究表明:国内研究呈多学科交叉,文献数量持续增长,但学术合作有待加强。近20年的发展可分为三个阶段,研究对象逐步聚焦到城乡绿地空间的整体规划,研究重点由注重平面视觉上的交织过渡到空间结构与功能的研究,研究方法由主观判断到运用景观生态学原理、综合科技及空间分析方法等可重复性的定量化研究。最后对我国城市绿地生态网络研究存在的问题提出建议,并对未来研究发展作出展望。

基于CiteSpace的国外城市绿地研究进展的知识图谱分析

国外的城市绿地研究经历了长期的体系建构与深入的理论积累,对其进行系统梳理与总结对于中国城市绿地研究具有重要借鉴价值。以"客观文献追踪"作为研究视角,将"Web of Science"数据库中1997—2017年的国外文献作为研究对象,依托科学计量分析软件Cite Space的知识图谱绘制功能,展现国外城市绿地研究的学科及期刊分布特征、理论基础与研究热点。研究表明:1)国外研究已形成完整的研究网络体系且仍在快速拓展,既有体现共同知识基础的关键性文献节点,也有反映多类型研究主题的网络集群结构;2)研究视角、方法具有明显的多学科交叉与集成特征,研究对象由单一绿地转为群组绿地,研究内容由表象特征揭示向作用机理挖掘发展;3)"绿地维护城市生态环境""人与绿地的关系"及"绿地管理"是热点研究领域。以期丰富城市绿地综述研究的视角与方法,并为进一步拓展我国城市绿地研究体系及内容提供参考。

Landscape characteristic aesthetic structure： Construction of urban landscape characteristic time-spatial pattern based on aesthetic subjects

The paper presents means and models of city-landscape characteristic structure construction on the aspect of landscape aesthetics subjects, which is called the landscape characteristic aesthetic structure and in short as LCAS. In this paper, the steps of LCAS research are as follows： Describes the concepts of the landscape characteristic aesthetic structure （LCAS）, and expounds the LCAS properties： systematic quality, temporal and spatial quality, and virtual existence. Learns from typology research methods, discusses the elements and types needed in a landscape characteristic aesthetic system, and constructs research method for LCAS pattern. As for the temporal dimension, the dynamic evolution and interaction expressed in LCAS between the ＂tradition＂ and ＂modernity＂ landscapes conflict. As for the spatial dimension, this paper explores the LCAS patterns in macroscopic scope of city group, the middle scope of single cities and the microcosmic scope of urban spaces with questionnaires and examples research.

基于CiteSpace知识图谱的中国近二十年城市绿地使用者需求研究综述

随着经济发展和社会进步,传统的以物质空间为核心的规划理念逐渐向以人的需求为核心的规划理念转变,使用者需求研究逐渐得到专业领域的关注。借助文献可视化分析软件CiteSpace对CNKI数据库收录的近20年647篇相关文献进行分析。研究结果显示:发文数量稳定上升,且逐步深入,发展态势良好。作者和机构之间均形成了一定的合作关系,跨学科、跨领域合作有待加强。目前研究内容主要包括基于使用者需求的规划设计研究、与使用者需求相关联的植物景观设计研究、使用后评价研究和城市绿地供需关系研究4个方面。最后总结目前研究中的问题和不足,提出城市绿地使用者需求研究的发展趋势,以期拓宽研究思路和研究方法,为进一步的研究提供参考。

游客感知视角下城市绿地空间社会价值评估与影响因素研究

城市绿地空间生态系统服务社会价值最容易被人类感知和利用,对其量化评估与影响因素探究可为城市绿地空间优化提供科学依据。现有研究较少考虑服务设施对游客感知城市绿地社会价值的影响。因此,以武汉市东湖风景区为例,利用SolVES模型将6类游客社会价值感知数据进行空间量化,并探究自然资源环境要素和服务设施兴趣点密度对社会价值指数与空间分布的影响。结果表明:游客对东湖风景区社会价值偏好为文化价值>娱乐价值>美学价值>生物多样性价值>康体价值>可持续价值;社会价值热点区域集中在听涛景区和磨山景区,且大多分布在高程20~40m、坡度2°~6°、距离水体100m范围内;在影响因素上,旅游景点设施和植被覆盖度对各类社会价值影响的贡献值最大,且与社会价值呈正相关关系。