Nonlinear mixed-effects height to crown base and crown length dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch( Larix olgensis ) plantations in northeast China

Korean larch(Larix olgensis)is one of the main tree species for aff orestation and timber production in northeast China.However,its timber quality and growth ability are largely infl uenced by crown size,structure and shape.The majority of crown models are static models based on tree size and stand characteristics from temporary sample plots,but crown dynamic models has seldom been constructed.Therefore,this study aimed to develop height to crown base(HCB)and crown length(CL)dynamic models using the branch mortality technique for a Korean larch plantation.The nonlinear mixed-eff ects model with random eff ects,variance functions and correlation structures,was used to build HCB and CL dynamic models.The data were obtained from 95 sample trees of 19 plots in Meng JiaGang forest farm in Northeast China.The results showed that HCB progressively increases as tree age,tree height growth(HT growth)and diameter at breast height growth(DBH growth).The CL was increased with tree age in 20 years ago,and subsequently stabilized.HT growth,DBH growth stand basal area(BAS)and crown competition factor(CCF)signifi cantly infl uenced HCB and CL.The HCB was positively correlated with BAS,HT growth and DBH growth,but negatively correlated with CCF.The CL was positively correlated with BAS and CCF,but negatively correlated with DBH growth.Model fi tting and validation confi rmed that the mixed-eff ects model considering the stand and tree level random eff ects was accurate and reliable for predicting the HCB and CL dynamics.However,the models involving adding variance functions and time series correlation structure could not completely remove heterogeneity and autocorrelation,and the fi tting precision of the models was reduced.Therefore,from the point of view of application,we should take care to avoid setting up over-complex models.The HCB and CL dynamic models in our study may also be incorporated into stand growth and yield model systems in China.

Effects of thinning on microsites and natural regeneration in a Larix olgensis plantation in mountainous regions of eastern Liaoning Province, China

In order to understand the effects of thinning on microsite conditions and natural regeneration in the larch plantation, thinning experiment was conducted in a 40-year-old Larix olgensis plantation in Qingyuan County in eastern Liaoning Province, China in 2003-2004 Five thinning treatments （0%, 10.2%, 19.8%, 29.7% and 40.3% thinned） were designed on the same site. After thinning, canopy openness and the microsite conditions such as photosynthetic photon flux density （PPFD）, soil moisture content, and soil temperature were measured in one growing season. Meanwhile, the investigation of natural regeneration was conducted at the end of the growing season. The results showed that the canopy openness increased with the increase of thinning intensities. PPFD and soil temperature and soil moisture content in different soil layers were positively relative with canopy openness after thinning. The richness of regenerating tree species did not significantly increase （p=0.30） after one growing season since thinning, but the regeneration density and frequency of tree species increased significantly （p〈0.05）. In addition, the number of regenerating tree species increased, and the increment was correlated with the characteristics of iudividual tree species. The increasing percentage of regenerating seedlings of the shade-intolerant tree species was more than that of shade-tolerant tree species. Among the investigated regeneration species, the biggest response of seedling emergency to the canopy openness was Phellodendron amurense. This paper confirmed the following conclusions： after thinning, the variety of regenerating tree species was correlative with the characteristics of regenerating tree species, and the distribution of unthinned trees and the site conditions in the investigated larch plantation were the additional factors influencing, the regeneration.

Simulation of the growth ring density of Larix olgensis plantation wood with the ARMA model

Because growth ring data have temporal features, time series analysis can be used to simulate and reveal changes in the life of a tree and contribute to plantation management. In this study, the autoregressive(AR) and moving average modeling method was used to simulate the time series for growth ring density in a larch plantation with different initial planting densities. We adopted the Box–Jenkins method for the modeling, which was initially based on an intuitive analysis of sequence graphs followed by the augmented Dickey–Fuller stationarity test. The order p and q of the ARMA(p, q) model was determined based on the autocorrelation and partial correlation coefficient figure truncated on the respective order.Through the residual judgment, the model AR(2) was only fitted to the larch growth ring density series for the plantation with the 1.5 9 2.0 m^2 initial planting density.Because the residuals series for the other three series was not shown as a white noise sequence, the modeling was rerun. Larch wood from the initial planting density of2.0 9 2.0 m^2 was modeled by ARMA(2, 1), and ARMA((1, 5), 3) fitted to the 2.5 9 2.5 m^2 initial planting density,and the 3.0 9 3.0 m^2 was modeled by AR(1, 2, 5).Although the ARMA modeling can simulate the change in growth ring density, data for the different growth ring time series were described by different models. Thus, time series modeling can be suitable for growth ring data analysis, revealing the time domain and frequency domain of growth ring data.

长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)工业人工林的模拟间伐

应用马尔柯夫过程理论，在获得林分直径转移概率的基础上，采用间伐最小径阶林木，最大径阶林木，中间径阶林木三种间伐方式，在保留不同密度情况下对长白落叶松工业人工林进行模拟间伐，提出了适宜的保留密度和相应的抚育间伐对象。结果表明：马尔柯夫过程确能反映长白落叶松工业人工林的直径转移过程，利用马尔可夫过程理论对长白落叶松工业人工林进行模拟间伐实现了依据培育时间来确定间伐方法和措施，提高了长白落叶松工业人工林经营管理的精准性；长白落叶松工业人工林成林后的间伐无论从培育森林方面，还是从取得木材、加大林分收益方面考虑，都应该以间伐小径阶的林木为主，注重培育Ⅰ、Ⅱ级木，间伐Ⅲ，Ⅳ级木；20～25a长白落叶松工业人工林间伐后的保留经营密度以0．7为宜。

Spatial distribution of fine roots of larch and ash in the mixed plantation stand

The spatial distribution of standing fine roots in tree rows of different species in a 12-year-old mixed stand of ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) and larch (Larix olgensis Henry) was studied by soil core sampling in early spring, 2001. It is found that ash and larch differ greatly in their belowground biomass distribution. Ash has much higher fine root biomass density in the soil than larch at stand level (with the max value of 4442.3 vs. 2234.9 gm-3). Both tree species deployed more fine roots in their neighboring zone, suggesting a less intensive competition between roots of the two species. Both fine root biomass density and root length density of ash in the zone between larch tree rows are greater than that of larch in zone between ash tree rows, indicating that ash is more powerful than larch in belowground competition. The spatial distribution feature of roots favors the growth of ash in the mixed stand.

Nutrient retranslocation from the fine roots of Fraxinus mandshurica and Larix olgensis in northeastern China

Nutrient retranslocation in trees is important in nutrient budgets and energy flows in forest ecosystems. We investigated nutrient retranslocation in the fine roots of a Manchurian Ash （Fraxinus mandshurica） and a Larch （Larix olgensis） plantation in northeastern China. Nutrient retranslocation in the fine roots was investigated using three methods, specifically, nutrient concentration, the ratio of Ca to other elements （Ca/other elements ratio） and nutrient content. The method based on nutrient content proved most suitable when investigating nutrient retranslocation from fine roots of the two species. The nutrient-content-based method showed that there were retranslocations of N, P, K and Mg from the fine roots of Manchurian Ash, with retranslocation efficiencies of 13, 25, 65, and 38 %, respectively, whereas there were no Ca retranslocations. There were retranslocations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg from the fine roots of Larch, with retranslocation efficiencies of 31, 40, 52, 23 and 25 %, respectively.

Spacial Patterns of Fine Root Abundance in Mixed Larch-Ash Plantation

Horizontal and veftical distributions of fine root abundance (mass per unit ground surface arca) were investi-gated in a densely planted larch - ash -stripe - mixed tbrest on dark broxvn forest soil in northeast China. There was evidencefor some degree of below-ground niche partitioning (or differentiation) betmpen the two species in hoth the horizontal andvertical directions. The ash fine roots largely penetrated into the larch belt (larch Sub-community) in surttrce soil (0-20 cm),indicating a possible inductive effect of larch ecological field on ash roots, while the penetration of larch tine roots into ashbelt (ash sub-community) was much restricted- which reflected a negative influence of ash ccological tield on Iarch roots. Inthe vertical direction of marginal soil the ash tine roots were mainly distributed in topsoil with a vertical gradient similar tothat as in the internal ash sub-community. but the larch fine roots were relatively compelled to deepcr soil layers by the com-petition (or exclusion) of marginal ash trees. All the dit1brences or complemcntarity wcre considered to the result of inter-specitic competition, which was important to the coexistence of the two tbrest species and the sustainability of mixed planta-tion.

Effects site conditions on industrial fiber plantations of Lar/x olgensis

Plot sampling was conducted in the second cultivation areas ofLarix olgensis in Heilongjiang Province, China. By analyzing plot investigation data, wood properties, and kraft pulps of 840 plots and 248 sample trees in industrial plantations of L. olgensis on different sites, we examined the growth process of L. olgensis industrial plantation with suitable structure, the wood fiber feature, chemical composition, physical performance and pulp characteristics. It is suggested that site conditions have major effects on plantation growth, fiber contains, fiber length, rate between fiber length and fiber width, pulping rate and pulp physics intensity. The best site for L. olgensis industrial plantation growth is site class Ⅰ and site class Ⅱ, which are on lower locations. Site condition has an obvious influence on the wood characteristics. Within the range of site conditions and stand densities studied, the worse the site condition, the less the fiber contains, the shorter the fiber length, and the more the 1% NaOH extraction. This kind of relationship becomes more obvious as stand age increases. However, the influence of site condition on pulping rate and pulp physics intensity is not obvious. The result provides theoretical base for cultivation of industrial fiber plantation of L. olgensis.

Growth and yield models for Dahurian larch plantations

Several equations were selected using nonlinear regression analysis for setting up growth and yield modehe of Dahurian larch (Laris gmelinii Rupr.) plantations. Data of 405 stem analysis trees were collected from 336 temporary plots throughout the Daxing’an Mountains. Results showed that the Richards equation was the best model for estimating tree height, stand mean height and stand dominant height by age, the Power equation was the fdiest model for predicting tree volume by DBH and tree height, and the Logarithmic stand vofume equation was good for predicting stand volume from age, mean height. basal area and other stand variables. These models can be used to construct volume tabIes, site index table and other forestry tables for Dahurian ghantations.

COMPARISON OF FOUR COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TYPES FOR DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

Community properties of dahurian larch (Larix gmelini) plantations at the Experimental Station of Laoshan were studied. Results show that under the different distributions of the combines of tree layer of dahurian larch plantations, stands have different community structure characteristics and biological productivities. From the result of the analysis of variance, it shows that there is the obvious difference among biomass of understory, herb layer and litter for four structure tpps.

STUDIES ON BIOMASS AND PRODUCTIVITY FOR DAHUIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS

The biornass and productivity for dahurian larch (Larix gmelini) plantations of four structure types were measured. The biomass of trees, understory' herb and litter was surveyed using methods of average standard tree and subsample yield respectively.The estimated total mean biomass for dahurian larch plantation communities of four structure types was 159. 445 t/hm2 and the net productivity was 12. 237 t/hm2. a.

Effect of TMS(nanostructured silicon dioxide) on growth of Changbai larch seedlings

The roots of 200 one-year-old Changbai Larch (Larix olgensis) seedlings were soaked for 6 hours at the TMS concentrations of 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 125, and 62 μL·L?1. Mean seedling height, root collar diameter, main root length and number of lateral roots were measured every 15 days during growing season from May 30 to Oct. 20. Experimental results showed that TMS treatments greatly promoted seedling growth and improved seedling quality. The treatment by 500 μL·L?1 TMS produced the best result, for which the mean height, root collar diameter, main root length, and the number of lateral roots of seedlings were increased by 42.5%, 30.7%, 14.0%, and 31.6%, respectively, compared to that of the control seedlings. As to seedling quality, grade-I seedling and grade-II seedlings were fifty-fifty, and no grade-III seedlings was found. The treatment by 500 μL·L?1 TMS resulted in the highest chlorophyll concentration. Keywords Changbai Larch - Larix olgensis - Seedling production - Nanostructured silicon dioxide CLC number S143.8 Document code B Foundation item: This study is supported by Jilin Forestry Group Co.Biography: LIN Baoshan (1955-), male, Associate professor at the college of forestry, Beihua University, Jilin City 132011, Jilin Province, P.R China.Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai.

ARIMA MODEL ON WOOD PROPERTIES VARIATION PATTERN OF KOREAN LARCH

In this paper, according to the theory and method of time-series analysis, the grow ing rings ARIMA model of wood properties variation pattern for Larix olgensis plantation was studied. The model recognition and parameter estimation were discused. The ARIMA model of wood growth ring density, growth ring widith and late wood percentage was obtained. Appling the ARIMA model which obtained from actual test fitted the variation pattem of wood growth ring for Larix olgensis. The result indicated it was an effective method that applied the ARIMA model to study wood growth ring properties variation pattem. By comparing with the actual variation pattem from test data the goodness of fit was good.

基于TLS引入局部密度因子的落叶松削度方程构建

将局部密度因子引入削度方程,通过地基激光雷达对黑龙江省佳木斯市桦南县孟家岗林场5块落叶松人工林进行扫描,采集的点云数据用于提取落叶松树高、胸径以及不同相对高度处直径,基于Kozak可变指数削度方程构建引入局部密度因子的削度方程,削度方程拟合结果为调整决定系数R^(2)_(adj)=0.935,均方根差RMSE=0.7356,平均偏差Bias=0.8693。研究表明,引入局部密度因子的削度方程具有良好的拟合精度;对比传统Kozak削度方程和引入全局密度因子的削度方程,引入局部密度因子的削度方程拟合效果更好;落叶松的削度方程其局部密度因子的计算范围与树高和胸径呈正相关。试验结果可以为孟家岗林场科学合理的造材提供理论依据,初步揭示了局部密度因子对于落叶松树干干形的影响。

扫描根窗法在落叶松人工林细根动态研究中的应用

植物根系深藏于地下,由于缺乏有效的观测方法,制约了对根系的了解。以落叶松人工林为研究对象,根据扫描根窗法对落叶松人工林细根长期观测案例,介绍扫描根窗法在野外原位观测细根动态的过程。结果表明:在深秋季节安装根窗,根窗安装扰动后恢复期为1 a,经过冻融交替和一个生长季后,细根现存量迅速恢复且趋于稳定;通过观察发现吸收根现存量峰值多出现在春季和初夏,而运输根峰值多出现在秋季;野外根窗法与微根管法相比可清晰的观测到细根的完整分枝结构,将高度异质性的细根群体细分为不同根序或功能类型,为区分不同细根功能和分枝等级提供了手段。

带状间伐对长白落叶松人工纯林诱导复层林效果评价

以辽东山区人工长白落叶松(Larix olgensis Henry)幼龄林、中龄林和近熟林为研究对象,进行两种方式的带状间伐:Ⅰ型,隔2行伐2行;Ⅱ型,隔3行伐3行。研究带状间伐对长白落叶松保留木与更新幼树生长变化、灌木与草本多样性及土壤有机碳的影响。试验结果表明:带状间伐3 a后,间伐带内长白落叶松保留木的平均胸径、平均单株材积显著高于未间伐林分,Ⅱ型好于Ⅰ型;间伐对平均每公顷蓄积的影响相对较小,间伐3 a内材积生长量变化为Ⅱ型>Ⅰ型>对照区。林内灌木、草本层的生物多样性显著提高,间伐类型效果为Ⅱ型>Ⅰ型;各类型更新幼树的平均树高、平均地径、平均冠幅及更新幼树生物量均表现为Ⅱ型林分>Ⅰ型林分,带状间伐后更新幼树生物量的增长率为地下部分>地上部分;各类型林分各土层土壤有机碳质量分数依次为Ⅱ型林分>Ⅰ型林分>对照区林分。

不同林龄长白落叶松人工林碳储量

基于7—41 a长白落叶松人工林样地生物量调查,探讨了不同发育阶段长白落叶松人工林碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明:随林龄的增大,长白落叶松人工林林木和各器官生物量增加,树干所占比例增加,生物量转换因子(BEF)、根茎比(R)等参数分布正常。林下植被层、倒落木质物层生物量随林龄增大呈增加趋势。群落总碳储量的空间分布序列是:乔木层>倒落木质物层>林下植被层。未成林期、幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和成熟林群落的碳储分别为6.585、66.934、90.019、125.103、162.683t.hm-2,乔木层碳储量分别为3.254、58.521、78.086、108.02、138.096 t.hm-2,倒落木质物层和林下植被层碳储量平均值分别为10.859、1.988 t.hm-2。乔木层、倒落木质物层和林下植被层碳储量占总量的平均比率分别为85.99%、2.17%和11.85%。在不同发育阶段群落和乔木层碳储量的年生产力呈先降后升的变化趋势,中龄林的碳储量累积速率高于幼龄林及成熟林,碳素年固定量分别为0.940、3.889、3.615、3.628、3.968 t.hm-2,乔木层年生产力分别为0.465、3.39、3.137、3.133、3.368 t.hm-2。林下植被层年生产力呈"U"形变化,平均值为0.079 t.hm-2。倒落木质物层的年生产力呈线性增长,平均值为0.423 t.hm-2。研究认为长白落叶松人工林群落碳储量随林龄增加的变化规律明显,碳汇潜力巨大。

生长调节剂对落叶松杂种生根和幼苗生长的影响

该文利用方差分析及多重比较的方法研究了不同生长调节剂、处理浓度对不同日本落叶松×长白落叶松杂交组合半木质化插穗生根能力及扦插幼苗生长的影响，并选配出了有利于提高插穗生根能力的最佳生根促进剂配方．研究表明：参试杂交组合间生根能力差异不显著，生长调节剂处理与杂交组合的交互作用也不明显；适宜的生长调节剂处理对促进落叶松杂种插穗生根有一定作用，尤其对促进根系发育、增加生根量和降低偏根率的作用十分显著；虽然不同浓度IBA处理（100-300mg／L）对苗期生长的影响未达显著水平，但经处理的生根插穗大田移栽成活率、苗高和地径均高于对照；较高浓度IBA处理（400mg／L）和生长调节剂配合处理对落叶松杂种半木质化插穗生根率、平均生根量和偏根率有明显的改善作用，其中添加少量维生素的L4配方插穗生根率高达93％，每穗平均生根量多达9．4条，偏根率下降到4．5％．

水曲柳落叶松纯林与混交林的枯叶分解动态

在２９年生的水曲柳落叶松纯林和混交林中．用网袋法研究了枯叶的分解动态。通过ｌａ的分解。水曲柳纯林枯叶质量损失率为６６．０％；混交林为４１．５％；落叶松纯林为２５．７％。阶段质量损失率三种林分均是５月５日～７月５日最大．７月６日～９月５日次之．１１月６日～第２年５月８日最低。经模拟研究表明．水曲柳纯林枯叶９５％分解需２．８ａ；混交林需５．３ａ；落叶松纯林需１０．０ａ、通过对枯叶养分含量的测定表明：在枯叶分解过程中．Ｋ大量淋失；Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ损失较小：Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ含量有所增加。

长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响

2009年7月中旬,以佳木斯孟家岗林场间伐8年后的34年生长白落叶松人工纯林为对象,分析均匀间伐、大林隙和小林隙的林下更新和植物多样性。结果表明:与均匀间伐相比,林隙内出现了树高超过1.5m的胡桃楸、山杨和春榆等喜光阔叶树种,大林隙中出现树高超过2m的胡桃楸幼树;林隙内更新树种的个体密度、平均高和平均地径明显增加,大林隙尤为显著(P<0.05);林隙内木本植物的Simpson多样性指数和盖度均显著高于均匀间伐(P<0.05);与小林隙相比,大林隙内木本和草本植物盖度均显著增加(P<0.05);木本植物竞争种的重要值表现为大林隙>小林隙>均匀间伐,耐胁迫种的重要值相反(P<0.05);大林隙内1年生草本植物的重要值显著高于小林隙和均匀间伐(P<0.05),多年生草本植物则相反(P<0.05);大林隙Grime'功能群中杂草种的重要值高于小林隙和均匀间伐,耐胁迫种则相反(P<0.05);小林隙与均匀间伐的草本植物不同生活型及Grime'功能群的组成差异不明显(P>0.05);林隙间伐结合均匀间伐可以将长白落叶松人工纯林改造成长白落叶松针阔混交异龄林,较单独实施均匀间伐更有利于林下更新和植物多样性的提高,间伐林隙应以大林隙为宜(120～150m2)。