ON DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE CITIES IN CHINA

The large cities in China have grown rapidly during the past 40 years. By the end of 1990, there were 59 large cities with a population of 0.5 million or more in the China's Mainland, of which 31 cities have a population of more than 1 million. Under the situation of controlling and developing, the characteristics of the large city grooth may be generalized as follows: 1. Large cities have developed rapidly, but their proportion of number and population in the whole national urban system has dropped. 2. The proportion of coastal large cities some what dropped, the inland large cities increased rapidly.3. Most of the provincial capitals have developed into large cities. Due to the concentration of industry and population to the cities, especially to the large cities, the cities scales are expending and the urban problems are strenghtened. The economic efficiency in large cities is decreasing, the Problems in infrastructure construction are becoming more and more serious. The coming 10 to 20 years are an important period for large city development in China. With the social and economic development, the large city growth will continue. The urbann agglomerations-taking the extra-large and medium-sized cities as their centres will come into being in China. the industries such as finance, trade,information and real estate will increase greatly and will form the major part of urban area, with the restructuring of industries in metropolitan regions.

Sodium Content in Takeaway Meals Sampled from Three Large China Cities

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate salt levels in popular hot takeaway meals in three large China cities, and to compare the difference in sodium content in different types of takeaway meals. Methods: We randomly collected a total of 4450 samples of 7 different types of takeaway meals, which were the most consumed by local residents from takeaway platforms. The main ingredients, auxiliary ingredients, as well as the weight used in takeaway meals were collected. The sodium content in takeaway meals was obtained by calculation. Results: Obtained results show that the sodium content in three large China cities is alarmingly high. Comparing medians (interquartile range) of takeaway meals from different cities, Beijing contained the highest sodium content per portion (1371.3 mg (890.3 - 2137.4)), followed by Hangzhou (1348.45 mg (694.25 - 1541.62)) and Shanghai (340.1 (259.75 - 942.25)). In addition, the sodium content between pasta and porridge, Chinese meals, and western meals show significant differences (p 0.05). Compared with Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes, the average sodium content exceeded dietary recommendations for one takeaway meal. The sodium content differed among takeaway meals prepared with various cooking methods and meats. Conclusion: Notable differences are detected in takeaway meals’ sodium content between several large cities in China. To meet China’s target salt intake, consumers in these cities are highly recommended to reduce sodium content in their everyday meals.

International Arts Festivals Visitors＇ Motives and Profile Characteristics： The Case of Two Medium-Sized Greek Cities

This paper presents an analysis of two renowned international arts festivals visitors＇ motives and profilecharacteristics, in two medium-sized Greek cities： the Kalamata International Dance Festival （KIDF） and theDrama International Short Film Festival （DISFF）. The purpose of the study was to determine the reasons visitorsattend these festivals, which is necessary for building more concise marketing strategies and, therefore,more successful and sustainable events, with long-term benefits, ranging from the local to the national levels.The research addresses international arts festivals that share four main characteristics： （1） they host internationalprofessional artists; （2） they feature explicitly-stated artistic visions and objectives; （3） they are publicly funded;and （4） they have achieved a consecutive 23 years of successful presence in each city. These two case studiesrepresent two cultural events which have managed to maintain their popularity and high status, on the Europeanfestival map, as well as to raise their host cities＇ cultural and tourism standards, despite the serious economiccutback they have both faced. Due to limited available funds, the festivals lack marketing resources andspecifically data collection on visitor motivation, a gap which this study aims to remedy. Primary datawere collected with the aid of online structured questionnaires, distributed and collected during autumn2016. Altogether, 130 questionnaires were answered by visitors of the DISFF and 186 questionnaires wereanswered by visitors of the KIDF. Even though both festivals share similar characteristics regarding theirorganization and their aims, our analysis emphasized the heterogeneity of the motives of attendance in connectionwith the visitors＇ profile characteristics, for each event. While some similarities were found, especially betweendemographic sample characteristics and visitors＇ profiles, the general picture to emerge from the findingsindicates significant differences between the two cases. Arts festivals-goers do not appear to constitute a singlehomogeneous market; rather, each event appears to attract different audiences for different reasons. Theimplications of these findings, deriving from statistical analysis, are discussed and suggestions for further researchare outlined. This research aims to contribute to knowledge concerning the marketing strategies of internationalarts festivals in medium-sized cities, useful for research and academic purposes, as well as to local and nationalauthorities and other agencies and bodies, responsible for urban tourism and cultural city/town planning andmanagement.

Study on Non-engineering Countermeasures of Meteorological Disaster Prevention in Large Cities

For the main meteorological disasters and their characteristics in big cities of China,from city planning,laws and regulations,disaster management,contingency plan implementation,monitoring and early warning,information spreading,disaster insurance,science propaganda and so on,we put forward the suggestion of strengthening non-engineering countermeasures of meteorological disaster prevention in large cities of China,providing decision-making reference for urban disaster prevention and mitigation.

A complete introduction to the SCJ proposal and its commentary on the development of seismically resilient cities

In modern society, the population, wealth and social functions are increasingly concentrated in a few large cities. Such concentration brings about efficiency while at the same time it increases the vulnerability of the society. To address this issue, the Science Council of Japan（SCJ） published a proposal entitled ＂Shape Cities and Societies Safer against Severe Earthquakes＂. It makes a variety of suggestions for enhancing the seismic resilience of large cities, including：（1） comprehensive thinking based on the latest scientific knowledge and rich imagination;（2） selection of sites suitable for residence and social activities;（3） introducing the urban seismic coefficient;（4） promoting the enhancement of the seismic performance of buildings and civil structures;（5） easing the concentration of population and functions;（6） building communities that enable shelter and escape;（7） resilient technology of information and communication system and its effective utilization;（8） preparation and implementation of emergency response after earthquakes;（9） development and application of new structural seismic technology;（10） learning from domestic and foreign earthquake disasters and launching of international cooperation and knowledge sharing and（11） taking actions from a multidisciplinary perspective. The proposal is introduced in this paper.

Vulnerability of Large City and Its Implication in Urban Planning: A Perspective of Intra-urban Structure

Vulnerability is a new field and analytical tool in the study of urban safety. Analysis and assessment of vulnerability provide a new basis for urban planning. This study constructed a quantitative index system for assessing vulnerability, based on the city′s sensitivity and emergency response capacity. City size, density, and spatial form influence a city′s sensitivity to crises and risks, to which vulnerability is positively related. Levels of socio-economic development, infrastructures, and emergency management contribute to a city′s emergency response capacity, with which vulnerability is inversely associated. Vulnerability of 19 large Chinese cities was assessed. Harbin and Shenzhen demonstrated the highest and lowest vulnerability among 19 cities, while Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou ranked the 5th, the 9th and the 12th. Spatially, northern cities tended to be more vulnerable than southern cities. And the differences in vulnerability among cities were explored based on cities′ physical geography conditions, level of socioeconomic development, infrastructures, regional status, history of disaster, history of urban planning and development, government policies, etc.

Sustainable Development Research in Chinese Medium-Sized City Based on SLEUTH

Compared with megacity, the medium-sized city is playing a more and more important part in the rapid urbanization process in China. Due to the expanding scale of the medium-sized city, urban growth is sprawl and this way leads to ecological, social and environment problems that are unsustainable. To measure the urban growth of the medium sized city, cellular automata (CA) model is employed. CA has proven to be a popular and effective modeling approach to investigate dynamic urban growth systems and for evaluating the impacts of possible policy options. We use the SLEUTH model, which is a well known CA model, to simulate the future urban growth of Huaian, Jiangsu province of China. The results confirm the value of SLEUTH which provides a rich exploratory of knowledge for evaluating the effects of possible decision-making in local government.

Research on the Optimization Design of Intersections for Safe Operation of Large Trucks

When big trucks are running at urban road intersections,they are easy to interfere with other motor vehicles,and the turning big trucks are easy to have conflicts with non-motor vehicles and pedestrians,which will affect the safety of intersections.This paper first studied the intersection of trucks to the running trajectory,on this basis,through the establishment of mathematical model analysis of large truck steering conditions inside the wheel,and the influence of blind area to the driver.In the research of intersection safety design,the safety design is divided into three parts:Entrance road,internal operation and signal control.At the same time,the design method of the entrance road,the interior of the intersection and the signal control is given,which improves the safety of the truck driving at the intersection.Finally,the intersection of Jungong road and Zhoujiazui road in Yangpu district of Shanghai was selected as a case,and the optimal design of the intersection for large trucks was carried out through the investigation and analysis of actual data.The evaluation and analysis were carried out by using the multi-index matter-element model.The results show that the comprehensive safety correlation degree of the intersection is reduced to 0.42,and the safety level of is improved by one level.

以人为本推进超大特大城市户籍制度改革的路径选择

自上一轮户籍制度改革实施以来,常住人口300万以下城市的落户门槛已经完全放开,破解部分常住人口300万以上的大城市和超大特大城市的落户限制成为户籍制度改革接下来的突出任务。当前,户籍制度改革的福利扩散(落户)与福利剥离(居住证)二元并行路径面临困境,在政策上陷入了“落户悖论”:如果推进落户,在超大特大城市户籍门槛很难进一步降低,且在农业转移人口落户意愿不高的背景下,落户已很难继续推进;如果不推进落户转而依靠居住证,在核心公共服务难以进一步与户籍脱钩的条件下,农业转移人口仍需要通过落户实现市民化。破解“落户悖论”,推进以人为本的新型城镇化,可实施“愿落尽落+负面清单”改革方案:在完全放开超大特大城市落户限制的同时,将少数高含金量公共服务列入负面清单,落户者须满足负面清单中公共服务的提供部门所制定的附加条件,才能享受该公共服务。这一改革方案具备较好的经济性、道义性和可操作性,是放开超大特大城市落户限制的可行路径。

秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口系统优化方案研究与实践

针对西安市西咸新区秦汉新城渭河1#雨水出口流域面积过大,存在系统内涝安全风险的问题,研究1#雨水出口系统优化方案。依据陕西省省级城市内涝治理实施方案,分析1#雨水出口系统存在的一系列问题以及优化原则和目标,重点分析了大汇水分区下雨水系统安全以及雨污分流改造的思路,为解决城市水安全、水环境以及水资源利用提出了应对措施与建议。

大型体育赛事对城市国际化的影响机制研究

研究运用文献资料法、演绎逻辑法,首先讨论大型体育赛事的概念、特征以及城市国际化的内涵及指标结构,以此为基础,分别从经济发展水平、城市产业结构、基础设施水平、社会开放水平、经济对外交流水平五个方面论证大型体育赛事对城市国际化的影响。研究认为大型体育赛事以其特有的国际性、可观赏性、政府参与性、规模性、经济性等特征影响城市的国际化水平。

新兴体育赛事助力上海全球著名体育城市建设的历程、经验及启示——以上海赛艇公开赛为例

研究首先通过文献资料法对我国赛艇历史发展进行了梳理,论述了上海赛艇公开赛得以创办的历史源流,发现我国赛艇的发展主要分为两个阶段,分别是初步萌芽阶段(1852—1949年)和全面发展阶段(1949年至今),上海赛艇公开赛的举办对于处在全面发展阶段的中国赛艇事业具有里程碑意义。在此基础上通过实地调查法,案例分析法对上海赛艇公开赛助力上海全球著名体育城市建设的历程与经验进行分析,认为上海赛艇公开赛的发展历程得益于由上至下的政策支持与由下至上的群众参与相结合模式,赛事的举办对于促进城市更新,激发城市活力具有积极作用。上海赛艇公开赛的举办带来的经验有以下几点:(1)以人为本的赛事组织;(2)融赛于景的空间设计;(3)以赛营城的形象塑造;(4)赛事效益的开发利用。研究在此基础上得出启示:(1)新兴体育赛事成为促进城市更新的手段;(2)景观体育赛事成为宣传城市形象的名片;(3)人民体育赛事成为传承城市文化的中介。

基于情景构建的超大型城市地震应急任务研究

如何提高超大型城市地震巨灾应对能力,是我国现阶段地震应急研究的重要内容。在微观分析情景要素及其相互作用的基础上,利用知识元模型构建震害情景。为解决地震巨灾情景中信息的不确定性问题,建立模糊规则来匹配不确定信息,判断情景推演的结果及可能性。最后进行案例分析,将震后情景划分为5个应急响应阶段,通过情景推演实现地震巨灾应急任务的生成,验证了该研究方法的科学性和实用性,同时也为应急能力评估提供参考。

土地征收成片开发方案编制存在问题及优化建议——以福州市为例

《中华人民共和国土地管理法》于2019年重新修订,明确为公共利益需要组织的成片开发建设用地可依法实施征收。结合福州市土地征收成片开发方案编制实践,对方案编制过程中的公益性比例、用地规模设定、方案调整、规划实施、编制质量等五大共性问题进行剖析,并提出分类设定公益性比例、灵活确定开发面积、细化规则管控、规划先行确保可实施性和合理引导方案编制等优化建议,以更好地衔接国土空间规划体系,为项目落地提供用地要素保障。

大型城市电网负荷激增区域的源荷平衡方法研究

对于大型城市电网负荷激增区域的源荷平衡处理,往往采用协调调度的方式达到平衡的目的,但负荷变化的不确定性,严重影响了平衡方法的调度效果。针对这一情况,提出大型城市电网负荷激增区域的源荷平衡方法。依据负荷激增区域的负荷特性,以日前时间尺度和日内时间尺度作为分界线,搭建源荷实时调度框架,在此框架下制定源荷平衡的控制策略;并建立源荷平衡调度模型,对模型进行求解,得到的最优解即为最佳平衡方案。算例分析结果表明:提出的源荷平衡方法负荷调度效果好,能保证较高水平的能源利用率,整体适应性良好。

大型综合交通枢纽中市政交通工程数字化设计研究及应用

城市信息模型(CIM)的建立对于城市现代化治理具有重要意义,设计作为项目建设的龙头,是推进智慧城市建设的关键。市政交通行业数字化发展面临标准不一、软件支撑不足等诸多困难,大型枢纽机场配套市政交通工程相较于传统市政交通工程更为复杂,因其模型复杂性及模型工程量辅助计量的要求,任意BIM软件平台均无法独立实现正向设计。针对复杂的市政交通工程,研究提出了一种多专业软件协同的BIM正向设计解决方案,并在广州白云国际机场三期扩建工程-陆侧市政交通系统工程中进行了示范性应用,实现了市政交通全专业模型一体化、轻量化交付及BIM模型工程量辅助计量应用。相关结论可为类似市政交通工程数字化设计研究及应用提供参考。

“公园城市”视角下遗址及其周边区域更新建设策略

伴随我国“十三五”规划的圆满完成,对遗址及其周边空间的保护利用迈入全新阶段。但从我国大遗址保护利用现状来看,仍有一些问题亟待解决,“公园城市”所蕴含的部分原则与方法正是解决此类问题的有效手段。文章结合大遗址保护理念、“公园城市”理念及相关实践案例,总结出了整体统一、生态优先、文化为核、以人为本四条基本更新建设原则。从上述四条原则出发对遗址保护区域提出对应的绿化形式与展示手法,对遗址周边区域从地形、水系、植物、建筑、道路及设施六个方面出发,提出针对性的景观更新建设策略。以期对同类空间起到借鉴作用,使得遗址及其周边区域得以充分展现自身风韵,更好地服务居民生活,助力城市高效发展。

山地城市盾构连续皮带机力学分析及应用

针对山地城市轨道交通大纵坡渣土运输速度慢和易出现有轨运输溜车的难题,笔者采用有限元软件对隧道渣土连续皮带机进行了静力学分析,研究其应力、应变和位移分布规律,并对连续皮带机的现场应用效果进行总结。结果表明:输送带两端和中部位置处的应力、应变和位移较大,支架与托辊连接处易出现应力集中现象;支架可以有效为输送带提供支撑,减小输送带自身应力,限制输送带位移;采用连续皮带机出渣方式时的日平均进尺和日最高进尺相比渣土车出渣方式均有较大提高,盾构掘进效率得到明显提示。

基于国际比较的大中城市市域轨道交通发展图景研究

【目的】预判我国大中城市的轨道交通基础设施建设趋势,更好地指导城市轨网规划。【方法】采用城市比较的研究方法,归纳先发地区城际交通组织模式,分析中国大中城市市域轨道交通的发展前景。【结果】研究结果表明,城市区域空间结构特征是决定交通模式的核心因素,研判我国大中城市远景是否需要轨道交通,其前提是明晰其远景空间结构特征。【结论】特定地区市域轨道交通有较强的建设必要性,城市规模越大,对外辐射能力越强,市域轨道交通建设的必要性越强。在国土空间规划正在编制的背景下,建设轨道路有较强的紧迫性。

废弃矿山大坡度坡面生态修复实践——以常州市金坛区为例

金坛区隶属于江苏省常州市,近年来,为了改善矿区生态环境,实现高质量发展,金坛区有序推进废弃矿山大坡度坡面的生态修复。本文以常州市金坛区矿山坡面修复治理试点项目为例,分析废弃矿山大坡度坡面生态修复的可行性,提出修复工程实施的关键点,以期为废弃矿山大坡度坡面生态修复提供参考。结果表明,金坛区通过试点项目的实施,既可减少建设用地,为经济社会高质量发展腾出空间,又可新增生态用地,提升区域绿化水平,助力全区生态文明建设。