Spatial and Temporal Variation and Trend Analysis of Water Quality in Large Reservoirs in Ji’an City

Based on the water quality monitoring data of 5 large reservoirs in Ji’an City,Jiangxi Province from 2015-2021,the temporal and spatial variation characteristics and trends of water quality of the reservoirs were analyzed by single-factor evaluation method and seasonal Kendall test to evaluate the trophic status of the reservoirs and explore the influencing factors of characteristic pollutants.The results showed that:①the water quality of the reservoirs was good and could meet the water needs of various functions;②the water quality of the reservoirs had generally changed from bad to good in recent years,indicating that the implementation of“river chief system”has achieved certain results;③Kendall test analysis showed that,except for individual projects which showed an upward trend in water quality,other projects showed no obvious change trend or downward trend,indicating that the water quality of the reservoirs is indeed improving;④the causes of water pollution in reservoir area were further analyzed by exploring the natural and human factors of the characteristic pollutant total phosphorus.It is recommended to strengthen supervision in the later stage to control point and non-point source pollution.

Formation mechanisms,potentials and exploration practices of large lithologic gas reservoirs in and around an intracratonic rift:Taking the Sinian-Cambrian of Sichuan Basin as an example

By examining structures,sediments,reservoirs and accumulation assemblages in the Deyang-Anyue rift and its surrounding area,four new understandings are obtained.First,during the initiation period of Deyang-Anyue rift,multiple groups of faults developed in the rift due to the effect of tensile force,bringing about multiple mound and shoal belts controlled by horsts in the second member of the Sinian Dengying Formation;in the development stage of the rift,the boundary faults of the rift controlled the development of mound and shoal belts at the platform margin in the fourth member of Dengying Formation;during the shrinkage period of the rift,platform margin grain shoals of the Cambrian Canglangpu Formation developed in the rift margin.Second,four sets of large-scale mound and shoal reservoirs in the second member of Dengying Formation,the fourth member of Dengying Formation,Canglangpu Formation and Longwangmiao Formation overlap with several sets of source rocks such as Qiongzhusi Formation source rocks and Dengying Formation argillaceous limestone or dolomite developed inside and outside the rift,forming good source-reservoir-cap rock combinations;the sealing of tight rock layers in the lateral and updip direction results in the formation model of large lithologic gas reservoirs of oil pool before gas,continuous charging and independent preservation of each gas reservoir.Third,six favorable exploration zones of large-scale lithologic gas reservoirs have been sorted out through comprehensive evaluation,namely,mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts in the northern part of the rift in the second member of Dengying Formation,isolated karst mound and shoal complex of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south of the rift,the superimposed area of multi-stage platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation and Canglangpu Formation in the north slope area,the platform margin mounds and shoals of the second and fourth members of Dengying Formation in the west side of the rift,the platform margin mound and shoal bodies of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in the south slope area,etc.Fourth,Well Pengtan-1 drilled on the mound and shoal complex controlled by horsts of the second member of Dengying Formation in the rift and Well Jiaotan-1 drilled on the platform margin mound and shoal complex of the North Slope have obtained high-yield gas flows in multiple target layers,marking the discovery of a new gas province with reserves of(2-3)×10^(12) m^(3).This has proved the huge exploration potential of large lithologic gas reservoir group related to intracratonic rift.

Formation conditions and exploration direction of large natural gas reservoirs in the oil-prone Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a typical oil-prone basin, in which natural gas geological reserves have a small proportion. In this basin, the gas source rock is largely medium-deep lake mudstone with oil-prone type Ⅱ2-Ⅱ1 kerogens, and natural gas preservation conditions are poor due to active late tectonic movements. The formation conditions of large natural gas fields in the Bohai Bay Basin have been elusive. Based on the exploration results of Bohai Bay Basin and comparison with large gas fields in China and abroad, the formation conditions of conventional large-scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin were examined from accumulation dynamics, structure and sedimentation. The results show that the formation conditions of conventional large natural gas reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin mainly include one core element and two key elements. The core factor is the strong sealing of Paleogene "quilt-like" overpressure mudstone. The two key factors include the rapid maturation and high-intensity gas generation of source rock in the late stage and large scale reservoir. On this basis, large-scale nature gas accumulation models in the Bohai Bay Basin have been worked out, including regional overpressure mudstone enriching model, local overpressure mudstone depleting model, sand-rich sedimentary subsag depleting model and late strongly-developed fault depleting model. It is found that Bozhong sag, northern Liaozhong sag and Banqiao sag have favorable conditions for the formation of large-scale natural gas reservoirs, and are worth exploring. The study results have important guidance for exploration of large scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin.

Depth distribution and ecological preferences of periphytic algae in Kenyir Lake,the largest tropical reservoir of Malaysia

We studied the depth distribution of periphyton,growing on inundated dead trees in Kenyir Lake,Malaysia in June 1995.The algal floral composition and structure manifested changes down the depth gradient in terms of species richness,abundance,diversity and cell density.In regression analysis,all these algal attributes were negatively correlated with the depth gradients at P<0.05.In terms of species richness,the bacillariophytes showed dominance over the cyanophytes and chlorophytes;whereas with respect to standing crop,the cyanophytes showed dominance over the bacillariophytes and chlorophytes.The chlorophyll a was higher at the mid and bottom-depths than the surface-depth in both the downstream and upstream sites,which showed that vertical productivity or biomass accumulation was greater in low light irradiance.The product-moment correlation analysis showed that conductivity,turbidity,dissolved oxygen,reactive phosphate and ammonium-nitrogen were highly correlated with the algal assemblage data.However,photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) showed poor correlation with the community data.These observations have cast some light on the autoecological characteristics,habitat preferences and environmental responses of tropical periphytic communities.

Interaction Mechanism between Formation Process of Bank Collapse Disaster Chain and Territorial Space Utilization of Large Reservoirs

Number of reservoirs in China ranks the first in the world. Due to the complex geology, and superimposing rainfall and reservoir water fluctuation, the bank collapse chain is prone to disasters. The Yangtze River Reservoir is key geological disaster prevention area. Studying the process of reservoir disaster is significant because of the limited territorial space utilization. Scientific and technological issues, i.e., the mechanism of bank collapse disaster chain of large reservoirs, the interaction mechanism of bank collapse disaster chain and territorial space utilization, the early identification, monitoring technology and ecological prevention and control technology system of disaster chain, and the territorial space geological safety and control technology system are focused. We consider the material transformation, energy transfer and information transmission in disaster chain;adopt the survey, Space-Air-Ground integrated monitoring, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and the multidisciplinary research methods;reveal the chain source development, evolution process of secondary and derivative disasters;explore the interaction mechanism of disaster chain and territorial space utilization;construct the system of early identification, monitoring, early warning, control and ecological preven-tion to achieve Emission Peak and Carbon Neutrality;provide theoretical and technical support for the territorial space geological safety, regulation and utilization of large reservoirs.

Efficient development strategies for large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China

Through analyzing the development of large ultra-deep structural gas fields in China,strategies for the efficient development of such gas fields are proposed based on their geological characteristics and production performance.According to matrix properties,fracture development degree and configuration between matrix and fractures,the reservoirs are classified into three types:single porosity single permeability system,dual porosity dual permeability system,and dual porosity single permeability system.These three types of gas reservoirs show remarkable differences in different scales of permeability,the ratio of dynamic reserves to volumetric reserves and water invasion risk.It is pointed out that the key factors affecting development efficiency of these gas fields are determination of production scale and rapid identification of water invasion.Figuring out the characteristics of the gas fields and working out pertinent technical policies are the keys to achieve efficient development.The specific strategies include reinforcing early production appraisal before full scale production by deploying high precision development seismic survey,deploying development appraisal wells in batches and scale production test to get a clear understanding on the structure,reservoir type,distribution pattern of gas and water,and recoverable reserves,controlling production construction pace to ensure enough evaluation time and accurate evaluation results in the early stage,in line with the development program made according to the recoverable reserves,working out proper development strategies,optimizing pattern and proration of wells based on water invasion risk and gas supply capacity of matrix,and reinforcing research and development of key technologies.

Distribution and exploration direction of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the analysis of the basic characteristics of medium-and large-sized marine gas fields in Sichuan Basin, combined with the division of major reservoir forming geological units in the marine craton stage and their control on key hydrocarbon accumulation factors, the distribution law of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in the basin was examined and the exploration direction was pointed out. Through the analysis of the periodic stretching-uplifting background, it is concluded that five large scale paleo-rifts, three large scale paleo-uplifts, five large scale paleo erosion surfaces were formed in the marine craton stage of Sichuan Basin, and these geological units control the key reservoir forming factors of medium and large sized gas fields:(1) Large-scale paleo-rifts control the distribution of high-quality hydrocarbon generation centers.(2) The margin of large-scale paleo-rifts, high position of paleo-uplifts and paleo erosion surfaces control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.(3) Large-scale paleo-rifts, paleo-uplifts, paleo erosion surfaces and present tectonic setting jointly control the formation of many types of large and medium-sized traps.(4) Natural gas accumulation is controlled by the inheritance evolution of traps in large geological units. Based on the comparative analysis of the distribution characteristics of medium-and large-sized gas fields and large geological units, it is proposed that the superimposition relationship between single or multiple geological units and the present structure controls the distribution of medium-and large-sized gas fields, and the "three paleo" superimposed area is the most advantageous. According to the above rules, the main exploration fields and directions of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin include periphery of Deyang-Anyue paleo-rift, eastern margin of Longmenshan paleo-rift, margins of Kaijiang-Liangping oceanic trough and Chengkou-western Hubei oceanic trough, the high part of the subaqueous paleo-uplifts around Central Sichuan, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of Maokou Formation in eastern and southern Sichuan Basin, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of the Leikoupo Formation in central and western Sichuan Basin.

四川盆地东部上石炭统黄龙组规模储层形成主控因素与发育模式

石炭系黄龙组是四川盆地东部地区(以下简称川东地区)重要的天然气产层之一,石炭系储层是控制气藏发育的关键因素。为了深入评价川东地区黄龙组储层,拓展勘探新领域,寻找接替区,在前人研究的基础上,应用大量钻井、岩心、露头和分析化验等资料,系统研究了黄龙组储层发育的主控因素和发育模式,并预测规模储层的展布。研究结果表明:(1)黄龙组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩、角砾白云岩和晶粒白云岩,储集空间主要为晶间孔/晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔/粒内溶孔、溶洞和裂缝,颗粒滩为有利储集体,裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型储层质量好;(2)储层发育主要受乐山—龙女寺古隆起和开江古隆起、沉积作用及成岩作用的共同控制,古隆起控制颗粒滩分布和准同生期成岩作用,是规模成储的基础,准同生期白云石化作用、层间岩溶和风化壳岩溶作用的叠加是形成规模储层的关键,喜马拉雅构造运动产生大量构造裂缝,提高了储层的渗滤性和规模性;(3)一定厚度和较大面积的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类储层可形成规模储层区,对5个规模储层发育区进行了评价,已发现气藏主要分布在这5个区域的背斜构造部位。结论认为,川东地区石炭系仍有较大的天然气勘探开发潜力,向斜区发育大面积的规模储层,是下一步天然气增储上产的重要方向。

沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气储层特征及开发技术对策

为了实现沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发,以郑庄北-沁南西区块为研究对象,基于参数井取心分析测试、注入/压降测试、地应力循环测试结果和大量动静态数据,通过与浅部对比,阐述了中深部煤储层特征,分析了从浅部到中深部煤层直井压裂和水平井分段压裂两种开发技术的改进,进而提出了中深部煤层气主体开发技术。结果表明,郑庄北-沁南西区块3号煤平均埋深1200 m左右,为中深部煤层气储层。随着埋深增加,研究区含气量和吸附时间均先增加后降低,含气量和吸附时间峰值分别位于埋深1100~1200 m和800~1000 m;随着埋深增加,研究区地应力场类型发生了2次转换,埋深小于600 m时,为逆断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成水平缝,利于造长缝;埋深大于1000 m时为走滑断层型地应力场类型,水力压裂易形成垂直缝,裂缝延伸较短;埋深为600~1000 m时,地应力场由逆断层型向走滑断层型转换阶段,水力压裂形成的裂缝系统较为复杂。与浅层相比,中深部储层含气量、解吸效率和应力场发生明显转变。随着埋深增加,无论是直井(定向井)还是水平井,均应采用更大的压裂规模才能获得较好的效果。对于直井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂液量达到1500 m^(3)以上、排量12~15 m^(3)/min以上、砂比10%~14%以上,单井日产气量可以达到1000 m^(3)以上;对于水平井,埋深大于800 m后,压裂段间距控制在70~90 m以下,单段液量、砂量分别达到2000、150 m^(3)以上,排量达到15 m^(3)/min以上开发效果较好,单井产量突破18000 m^(3)。随着埋深增加,水平井开发方式明显优于直井,以二开全通径水平井井型结构、优质层段识别技术和大规模、大排量缝网压裂为核心的水平井开发方式是适用于沁水盆地南部中深部煤层气高效开发的主体工艺技术。

双峰寺水库大坝上游柔性防渗设计和施工要点分析

碾压混凝土大坝上游防渗设计和施工是这类坝型需要重视的关键环节,而碾压混凝土层面结合质量直接影响坝体的抗渗性,往往是碾压混凝土大坝防渗的薄弱环节。从碾压混凝土上游防渗设计、表面辅助防渗方案选择、原材料性能和施工要点等方面开展研究,最后选定双峰寺水库大坝上游防渗设计方案,明确施工要点,保证工程顺利实施。

基于稳定同位素技术的洈水水库鱼类群落营养结构

为调查山谷型水库的鱼类群落营养结构及其食物资源利用情况,基于碳(δ^(13)C)、氮(δ^(15)N)稳定同位素技术研究了湖北省洈水水库2020年夏季与秋季鱼类群落结构特征,并运用贝叶斯混合模型评价4种潜在碳源(颗粒有机物、陆生植物、周丛藻类和有机碎屑)对不同食性鱼类的贡献。结果表明:洈水水库鱼类群落的营养结构存在季节差异,鱼类群落的营养层次(NR)、基础食物来源(CR)、生态位总空间(TA)、群落的整体密度(NND)、聚集均匀程度(SDNND)和核心生态位空间(SEAc)等参数为夏季高于秋季,表明夏季食物源多样性高、营养冗余程度低、食物网结构更加复杂而稳定。洈水水库夏季和秋季鱼类均依赖外源性碳源,但两个季节的利用方式存在显著差异(P<0.05)。整体上,陆生植物在两个季节对洈水水库鱼类的碳源贡献最大,但夏季周丛藻类为次重要碳源,秋季有机碎屑为次重要碳源,颗粒有机物(POM)在两个季节均不重要。夏季和秋季对外源碳的依赖程度最高的鱼类均为黄尾鲴(碎屑食性鱼类),对外源碳的依赖程度最低的鱼类为鳙(滤食性鱼类)和团头鲂(植食性鱼类)。在夏季和秋季共有的9种鱼类中,肉食性鱼类(鳜、蒙古鲌)、杂食性鱼类(鲤、鲫)与碎屑食性鱼类(黄尾鲴)营养级变化显著。夏季鱼类营养级范围为2.5—3.5,平均3.01,而秋季鱼类营养级范围为2.9—3.8,平均3.32。基于稳定同位素技术分析不同食性鱼类的营养级发现,秋季鱼类的营养级普遍高于夏季(P<0.05)。研究揭示洈水水库鱼类夏季和秋季的碳源利用存在显著差别,鱼类的营养级秋季普遍高于夏季,这主要是由于洈水水库秋季的低水位不利于陆生植物进入水生食物网,鱼类食物资源竞争加剧、捕食作用加强所致。基于贝叶斯混合模型分析鱼类食物资源的利用情况表明:植食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类的鱼苗投放时间应选在早春(2—3月),碎屑食性鱼类鱼苗的投放时间在秋、冬季更加合适,这将为研究山谷型水库鱼类群落的营养结构及渔业结构调整方案提供科学依据。

三峡库区弯曲河段大偏角船桥碰撞力分析

为研究船舶在大角度和高流速下与大跨度斜拉桥发生的碰撞响应,结合国内外相关规范对船桥碰撞中最大撞击力计算方法和撞击方式,对内河航运过程中可能发生的碰撞角度和方式进行分析,并以重庆外环江津长江大桥作为依托工程,采用附加质量法建立了7 000 t级散货船和等比例斜拉桥模型,计算了船舶在四种通航水位下的正撞、侧撞和漂撞的最大撞击力,比较各规范的计算值与数值模拟结果,对不同情况下的计算结果进行对比研究。结果表明,国内外各规范更适用于船舶撞击桥塔,撞击点位于桥梁承台时最大撞击力将远高于规范计算值;在船舶与桥梁正面碰撞中,《美国公路桥梁设计规范》(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, AASHTO)计算值与模拟值吻合程度高;在侧撞中,尤其在撞击角度为10°~25°时,建议采用《公路桥梁抗撞设计规范》;船舶漂撞桥塔产生的撞击力大约为正向撞击的1/4,该情况可采用《铁路桥涵设计规范》进行计算。多角度船桥碰撞研究结果可为三峡库区高变幅水位下船桥碰撞安全风险评估和桥梁抗撞设计提供参考。

水库近坝高位滑坡滑带抗剪强度参数综合确定研究

滑坡滑带的抗剪强度参数是进行滑坡稳定性评价和滑坡涌浪等灾害链研究必需的数据基础,科学合理确定滑带物理力学参数至关重要.本研究以澜沧江GS水电站MLS滑坡为依托,采用现场调查、大型原位剪切试验、室内重塑样剪切试验、室内原状样剪切试验、工程地质类比法及参数反分析法,综合确定滑带抗剪强度参数.采用数值模拟软件运用所得参数对滑坡进行变形破坏分析.数值计算结果与现场滑坡监测变形数据相吻合,验证了采用多方法综合选取滑带抗剪强度参数的准确性和合理性.研究成果可为MLS滑坡稳定评估和防治工程设计等提供技术支撑和参考借鉴依据.

页岩气藏暂堵转向压裂裂缝扩展规律模拟

暂堵转向压裂技术是提高非常规油气产能的重要方法之一,在非常规油气藏储层改造中已经得到了广泛应用。为进一步认识威远地区页岩气藏暂堵转向压裂裂缝扩展特征,文中通过真三轴大物模实验研究了暂堵转向压裂压力响应与岩样破裂形态,验证了暂堵产生复杂缝网结构的可行性,明确了在不同应力差条件下的暂堵后裂缝起裂规律;同时采用ABAQUS软件黏结单元模拟裂缝的起裂与扩展,研究了不同水平应力差、不同偏转角下暂堵转向压裂裂缝扩展规律。研究结果表明:水平应力差对初次裂缝与暂堵转向裂缝的开启与扩展均具有显著的影响,水平应力差越小时,一次和二次压裂时岩样的破裂压力就越大,岩样越不容易被压碎。裂缝扩展阻力的不断增加,提升了缝内净压力与裂缝宽度;相交缝二次扩展后开启的新裂缝与一次压裂夹角越小,新裂缝扩展效果越好。该研究对威远地区现场压裂和缝网形态预测具有一定的理论指导和借鉴意义。

东江流域控制性水工程联合调度策略与机制探讨

近年,东江流域旱涝事件并存,防洪与供水安全形势严峻,三大水库和干流梯级电站是东江流域水旱灾害防御中的重要水利工程。收集流域水工程多年运行经验、案例、数据,综述东江流域控制性水工程联合调度在管理体制、防洪调度、水量调度等方面的研究、实践现状,通过数学模型、统计等方法,对现状调度体制与机制中存在的问题进行分析。从管理、技术、研究等角度提出建议与对策。

琼东南盆地宝岛凹陷南部渐新统陵水组三段三角洲的发现及石油地质意义

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