The environmental analysis and site selection of mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas based on high resolution remote sensing

Mussel aquaculture and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas and their environmental characteristics in Zhoushan were analyzed using satellite data and in-situ surveys.A new two-step remote sensing method was proposed and applied to determine the basic environmental characteristics of the best mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas.This methodology includes the first step of extraction of the location distribution and the second step of the extraction of internal environmental factors.The fishery ranching index(FRI1,FRI2)was established to extract the mussel and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan,using Gaofen-1(GF-1)and Gaofen-6(GF-6)satellite data with a special resolution of 2 m.In the second step,the environmental factors such as sea surface temperature(SST),chlorophyll a(Chl-a)concentration,current and tide,suspended sediment concentration(SSC)in mussel aquaculture area and large yellow croaker aquaculture area were extracted and analyzed in detail.The results show the following three points.(1)For the extraction of the mussel aquaculture area,FRI1 and FRI2 are complementary,and the combination of FRI1 and FRI2 is suitable to extract the mussel aquaculture area.As for the large yellow croaker aquaculture area extraction,FRI2 is suitable.(2)Mussel aquaculture and the large yellow croaker aquaculture area in Zhoushan are mainly located on the side near the islands that are away from the eastern open waters.The water environment factor template suitable for mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture was determined.(3)This two-step remote sensing method can be used for the preliminary screening of potential site selection for the mussels and large yellow croaker aquaculture area in the future.the fishery ranching index(FRI1,FRI2)in this paper can be applied to extract the mussel and large yellow croaker aquaculture areas in coastal waters around the world.

Acetylacetone-TiO_(2) Promoted Large Area Compatible Cascade Electron Transport Bilayer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

In designing efficient perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the selection of suitable electron transport layers(ETLs)is critical to the final device performance as they determine the driving force for selective charge extraction.SnO_(2)nanoparticles(NPs)based ETLs have been a popular choice for PSCs due to superior electron mobility,but their relatively deep-lying conduction band energy levels(ECB)result in substantial potential loss.Meanwhile,TiO_(2)NPs establish favorable band alignment owing to shallower ECB,but their low intrinsic mobility and abundant surface trap sites impede the final performance.For this reason,constructing a cascaded bilayer ETL is highly desirable for efficient PSCs,as it can rearrange energy levels and exploit on advantages of an individual ETL.In this study,we prepare SnO_(2)NPs and acetylacetone-modified TiO_(2)(Acac-TiO_(2))NPs and implement them as bilayer SnO_(2)/Acac-TiO_(2)(BST)ETL,to assemble cascaded energy band structure.SnO_(2)contributes to rapid charge carrier transport from high electron mobility while Acac-TiO_(2)minimizes band-offset and effectively suppresses interfacial recombination.Accordingly,the optimized BST ETL generates synergistic influence and delivers power conversion efficiency(PCE)as high as 23.14%with open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))reaching 1.14 V.Furthermore,the BST ETL is transferred to a large scale and the corresponding mini module demonstrates peak performance of 18.39%PCE from 25 cm^(2)aperture area.Finally,the BST-based mini module exhibit excellent stability,maintaining 83.1%of its initial efficiency after 1000 h under simultaneous 1 Sun light-soaking and damp heat(85℃/RH 85%)environment.

Spatial-temporal dynamics of bacterioplankton communities in the breeding area of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea in Sansha Bay,China

As an important spawning ground for large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea,Sansha Bay,South China Sea has been a research hotspot.However,studies on the influence of the bacterioplankton community and assessments of its seasonal succession of bacterioplankton in different sea areas in Sansha Bay are still limited.To address the issue,we use 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and functional prediction to investigate the spatial-temporal dynamics of the bacterioplankton community in three distinct areas,i.e.,Breeding Area(BA),Yantian Harbor(YH),and Bay Margin(BM)of Sansha Bay.Results show that the structure of the bacterioplankton community in Sansha Bay had a significant seasonal succession.Moreover,the representative zero-radius Operation Taxon Units in different seasons were significantly different among the three selected sea areas.Specifically,during the breeding season,bacterioplankton communities in BA were characterized by compound-degrading bacteria,such as Rhodococcus and Owenweeksia,while in YH and BM,animal parasites or symbionts such as Vibrio and Arcobacter were dominant.Furthermore,the redundancy analysis and Spearman correlation analysis further explained that water temperature,dissolved oxygen,and ammonia nitrogen were the main environmental factors responsible for the difference.In addition,the bioindicator functions screened by Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa and random forest machine learning mainly relied on compound degradation,nitrite oxidation,and photoheterotrophy.The compound-degradationcorresponded bacterioplankton genera such as Rhodococcus had relatively higher abundance in BM,while Nitrospina corresponding to nitrite oxidation tended to be abundant in YH and BA.Based on the spatial and temporal variation in the composition and function of bacterioplankton,our findings provide a basis for understanding the theory of bacterioplankton community structure in the inner-bay habitat of the large yellow croaker in Sansha Bay.

Trabeculectomy with large area mitomycin-C application as a first-line treatment in advanced glaucoma: retrospective review

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of trabeculectomy with large area mitomycin-C(MMC) application as a first line treatment in advanced glaucoma. ·METHODS: The records of 55 patients with severe visual field defects undergoing trabeculectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified as first-line therapy to either early trabeculectomy(initial trabeculectomy-Group 1) or long term medical therapy followed by trabeculectomy(primary trabeculectomy-Group 2). Trabeculectomy was performed with large-area MMC application. Intraocular pressure(IOP) values,visual acuities,mean deviations,morphology and function of the blebs,necessity for anti-glaucomatous medications and surgical complications were reported. ·RESULTS: There were 20 eyes of 18 patients in Group 1 and 37 eyes of 37 patients in Group 2. The mean preoperative IOPs in Groups 1 and 2 were 40.2±10.0mmHg(27-68mmHg) and 29.0±4.4mmHg(21-41mmHg),respectively(P=0.001). Average preoperative mean deviations(MD) in Groups 1 and 2 were 17.4±2.8dB(13.3-23dB) and 17.9± 2.4dB(13.7-23.2dB),respectively(P=0.441). Postoperative IOPs significantly decreased and were comparable in both Groups. The mean number of medications was significantly higher in Group 2(P =0.005). No cystic bleb formation was observed in Group 1,whereas 4 patients from Group 2(10.8%) developed cystic bleb(P =0.040). No visually devastating complication has occurred in both Groups. ·CONCLUSION: Initial trabeculectomy with large areaMMC application might be applied in patients with advanced glaucoma with low complication rates. Long-term topically applied anti-glaucomatous medications seem to increase the risk of cystic bleb formation.

Identifying sensitive areas of adaptive observations for prediction of the Kuroshio large meander using a shallow-water model

Sensitive areas for prediction of the Kuroshio large meander using a 1.5-layer,shallowwater ocean model were investigated using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation(CNOP) and first singular vector(FSV) methods.A series of sensitivity experiments were designed to test the sensitivity of sensitive areas within the numerical model.The following results were obtained:(1) the effect of initial CNOP and FSV patterns in their sensitive areas is greater than that of the same patterns in randomly selected areas,with the effect of the initial CNOP patterns in CNOP sensitive areas being the greatest;(2) both CNOP- and FSV-type initial errors grow more quickly than random errors;(3) the effect of random errors superimposed on the sensitive areas is greater than that of random errors introduced into randomly selected areas,and initial errors in the CNOP sensitive areas have greater effects on final forecasts.These results reveal that the sensitive areas determined using the CNOP are more sensitive than those of FSV and other randomly selected areas.In addition,ideal hindcasting experiments were conducted to examine the validity of the sensitive areas.The results indicate that reduction(or elimination) of CNOP-type errors in CNOP sensitive areas at the initial time has a greater forecast benefit than the reduction(or elimination) of FSVtype errors in FSV sensitive areas.These results suggest that the CNOP method is suitable for determining sensitive areas in the prediction of the Kuroshio large-meander path.

Linear Plasma Sources for Large Area Film Deposition:A Brief Review

By utilization of different excitation power sources, linear plasma sources can be differentiated into DC, RF, VHF, microwave and dual frequency types. Through installing several linear plasma sources in parallel or adopting the so-called roll-to-roll （air-to-air） process, scale uniform linear plasma sources were realized and successfully applied to the deposition of large area uniform dielectric thin films, Furthermore, the magnetic field system can effectively reduce the recombination losses on the wall of the vacuum chamber and enhance the plasma density. Linear plasma sources with approximately one square meter deposition area with the plasma density of 1011 cm 3 have been developed, some of which have been used for the deposition of dielectric layers and large area plasma etching.

A review on polishing technology of large area free-standing CVD diamond films

Recently,with the rapid development of chemical vapor deposition(CVD)technology,large area free-standing CVD diamond films have been produced successfully.However,the coarse grain size on the surface and the non-uniform thickness of unprocessed CVD diamond films make it difficult to meet the application requirement.The current study evaluates several existing polishing methods for CVD diamond films,including mechanical polishing,chemical mechanical polishing and tribochemical polishing technology.

Preparation of Large Area Double Sided YBCO Thin Films by DC Magneton Sputtering

Tc, Jc and Rs properties of large area double sided YBCO thin films deposited on LaAlO3 substrates by direct current sputtering were reported.Film thickness of the obtained thin films is over 300 nm, Tc > 90 K; Rs can be as low as less than 1.0 mΩ(77 K, 10 GHz).Homogenousity of the properties around the plane was studied.Under the measnous distributions.Influences of substrate temperature and Ar and O2 pressures on properties of the double-sided thin films were discussed.

Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Methods and Structures Using Analytical Hierarchy Process for a Large Scale Industrial Area

In India, with ever increasing population and stress on natural resources, especially water, rejuvenation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technique which was forgotten over the days is becoming very essential. Large number of RWH methods that are available in the literature are demand specific and site specific, since RWH system depends on the topography, land use, land cover, rainfall and demand pattern. Thus for each and every case, a detailed evaluation of RWH structures is required for implementation, including the analy-sis of hydrology, topography and other aspects like site availability and economics, however a common methodology could be evolved. The present study was aimed at evaluation of various RWH techniques in order to identify the most appropriate technique suitable for a large scale industrial area to meet its daily wa-ter demand. An attempt is made to determine the volume of water to be stored using mass balance method, Ripple diagram method, analytical method, and sequent peak algorithm method. Based on various satisfying criteria, analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is employed to determine the most appropriate type of RWH method and required number of RWH structures in the study area. If economy alone is considered along with hydrological and site specific parameters, recharging the aquifer has resulted as a better choice. However other criteria namely risk, satisfaction in obtaining required volume of water for immediate utilization etc. has resulted in opting for concrete storage structures method. From the results it is found that AHP, if used with all possible criteria can result in a better tool for evaluation of RWH methods and structures. This RWH structures not only meets the demand but saves transportation cost of water and reduces the dependability of the industry on irrigation reservoir. Besides monetary benefits it is hoped that the micro environment inside the industry will improve due to the cooling effect of the stored water.

A Novel Method of Fabricating Flexible Transparent Conductive Large Area Graphene Film

We fabricate flexible conductive and transparent graphene films on position-emission-tomography substrates and prepare large area graphene films by graphite oxide sheets with the new technical process. The multi-layer graphene oxide sheets can be chemically reduced by HNO3 and HI to form a highly conductive graphene film on a substrate at lower temperature. The reduced graphene oxide sheets show a high conductivity sheet with resistance of 476Ω/sq and transmittance of 76% at 550nm （6 layers）. The technique used to produce the transparent conductive graphene thin film is facile, inexpensive, and can be tunable for a large area production applied for electronics or touch screens.

Synthesis of Macro-Mesostructured γ-Al_2O_3 with Large Pore Volume and High Surface Area by a Facile Secondary Reforming Method

Through improving the aging process during synthesis of the support, γ-Al2O3 with large pore volume and high surface area was synthesized by a facile secondary reforming method. The synthesis parameters, such as the reaction temperature, the first aging temperature and the second aging temperature, were investigated. The textural properties of γ-Al2O3 were characterized by means of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray powder diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectroscopy and thermogravimetry （TG）. The experimental results indicated that AACH and amorphous A1OOH were the precursors of alumina, which were formed via precipitation from solutions after reaction of aluminum sulphate with ammonium hydrogen carbonate. The precursor nanocrystallites grew and re-assembled during the secondary reforming process, which resulted in an increased pore size and pore volume and a decreased bulk density. The as-synthesized γ-Al2O3 materials featured meso/macroporosity, large pore volume （2.175 cm^3/g）, high surface area （237.8 m^2/g）, and low bulk density （0.284 g/mL）.

Identifying the sensitive areas in targeted observation for predicting the Kuroshio large meander path in a regional ocean model

With the Regional Ocean Modeling System(ROMS),this paper investigates the sensitive areas in targeted observation for predicting the Kuroshio large meander(LM)path using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation approach.To identify the sensitive areas,the optimal initial errors(OIEs)featuring the largest nonlinear evolution in the LM prediction are first calculated;the resulting OIEs are localized mainly in the upper 2500 m over the LM upstream region,and their spatial structure has certain similarities with that of the optimal triggering perturbation.Based on this spatial structure,the sensitive areas are successfully identified,located southeast of Kyushu in the region(29°–32°N,131°–134°E).A series of sensitivity experiments indicate that both the positions and the spatial structure of initial errors have important effects on the LM prediction,verifying the validity of the sensitive areas.Then,the effect of targeted observation in the sensitive areas is evaluated through observing system simulation experiments.When targeted observation is implemented in the identified sensitive areas,the prediction errors are effectively reduced,and the prediction skill of the LM event is improved significantly.This provides scientific guidance for ocean observations related to enhancing the prediction skill of the LM event.

Meniscus fabrication of halide perovskite thin films at high throughput for large area and low-cost solar panels

Halide perovskites have rapidly attracted considerable attention due to unprecedented properties not seen in traditional semiconductors.In addition to their optoelectronic merits,one advantage of perovskite materials is their solution processability,which opens the door to low-cost and high throughput solution coating strategies for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Here we review perovskite film fabrication by meniscus coating—a simple and readily scalable manufacturing technique,including blade coating and slot-die coating.We outline the fundamental fluid mechanisms of meniscus coating,discuss drying and crystallization of perovskite in the coating process,and provide an overview of recent progress in meniscus-coated PSCs.

Electrical Performance Study of a Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer

In this paper, a new technique using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer has been used to study the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell at outdoor conditions. The electrical performance is mainly described by measuring both cell short circuit current and open circuit voltage. The measurements of this cell by using multimeters suffer from some problems because the cell has high current intensity with low output voltage. So, the solar cell short circuit current values are obtained by measuring the voltage developed across a known resistance Current Shunt. Samples of the obtained current values are accurately calibrated by using a Micropotentiometer (μpot) thermal element (TE) to validate this new measuring technique. Moreover, the solar cell open circuit voltage has been measured. Besides, the cell output power has been calculated and can be correlated with the measured incident radiation.

Temperature Effects on the Electrical Performance of Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Using the Current Shunt Measuring Technique

The temperature effects on the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell with back-contact technology have been studied in a desert area under ambient conditions using the current shunt measuring technique. Therefore, most of the problems encountered with traditional measuring techniques are avoided. The temperature dependency of the current shunt from 5oC up to 50oC has been investigated. Its temperature coefficient proves to be negligible which means that the temperature dependency of the solar cell is completely independent of the current shunt. The solar module installed in a tilted position at the optimum angle of the location, has been tested in two different seasons (winter and summer). The obtained solar cell short circuit current, open circuit voltage and output power are correlated with the measured incident radiation in both seasons and all results are discussed.

Characteristics of the Large Area Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge with a Multi-electrode Configuration

Surface gas discharge(SGD)plasmas have potential applications in the fields of active flow control,gas purification,heat transfer enhancement,etc.In order to obtain a uniform,stable and large-area SGD at atmosphere,a multi-electrode SGD plasma generator is designed in this paper.The major features of this newly-designed SGD plasma generator is as follows:the air-exposed upper grounded electrodes are made of nine tungsten wires and flush mounted on the dielectric PTFE barrier layer,while the lower powered electrode is made of a copper foil and encapsulated inside the PTFE material to avoid the ignition of the gas discharges below the dielectric barrier layer.The measurements on the electrical characteristics,fast imaging of discharges and the preliminary numerical analysis on the electric field distributions suggest that the multi-electrode configuration of the plasma generator plays a crucial role in enhancing the local electrical field,and subsequently,leads to the stable,quasi-uniform and large-area surface discharges.

A Tabu Search Algorithm for Fast Restoration of Large Area Breakdown in Distribution Systems

To restore the distribution systems in emergency states with the minimum load shedding, a novel Tabu search approach is put forward. The set of tripped switches is used as candidate solution. Some virtual tripped nodes are defined at the ends of the terminal nodes and by the source nodes. The neighborhood searching is committed by moving a tripped switch to the adjacent node of its upper stream and down stream, respectively. A Tabu list is formed for the tripped switches. The index is to energize as much as possible loads with as less as possible operated times. The electrical limitations and the voltage criterions are used as constrictions. The global aspiration criterion is adopted. An example is given, which shows that the proposed approach is feasible and can deal with complicated indexes.

Realizing high efficiency and large-area sterilization by a rotating plasma jet device

By tilting a plasma jet and rotating 360°,a large-area can be scanned and sterilized in a short time.Compared with the previous array device,this pipe has the significant advantages of high sterilization uniformity and low gas consumption.Firstly,a rotatable plasma jet device,which can control the swing and rotation of a jet pipe,is designed,and a corresponding theoretical model is established to guide the experiment.Secondly,with Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Escherichia coli(E.coli)as the target bacteria,the device achieves a short sterilization time of 158 s—the minimum sterilization flow of S.aureus and E.coli is 0.8 slm and 0.6 slm,respectively.The device is compared with an array plasma sterilization device in terms of sterilization speed and gas consumption.The results show that the device is not only better than an array plasma sterilization device with respect to scanning uniformity,but also far less than the array plasma sterilization device in gas consumption of 5 slm.Therefore,the device has great potential in applications involving efficient,large-area sterilization.

Large-area perovskite films for PV applications:A perspective from nucleation and crystallization

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant research interest due to the rapid rise in efficiency.However,a large efficiency gap still exists between laboratory-based small devices and industrialoriented large-scale modules.One of the main reasons for the efficiency losses is the degraded quality and morphology of the deposited large-area films,which is closely associated with crystallization processes.In this review,we discuss the nucleation and crystallization processes in solution and vaporbased up-scaling deposition methods for large-area perovskite films.We review recent scientific achievements and technical developments that have been made in the field of large-area cells.We present the existing problems that limit the performance of large devices and extensively discuss the key influencing parameters from the perspective of nucleation and crystallization over large areas.This review highlights the importance of crystallization control in up-scaling fabrications and presents promising strategies towards large-area perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

THE LARGE SKY AREA MULTI-OBJECT FIBER SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPE (LAMOST)

Ⅰ. THE SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE Abundant physical information about remote celestial bodies is contained in their optical spectra. The optical spectra of enormous amount of celestial bodies are critical in astronomical research of wide field of view and large samples that concerns various frontiers in astronomy and astrophysics. Up to now, however, among the tens of billions of all kinds of celestial bodies recorded by imaging surveys, only a very little part (about one ten thousandth)