Research progress of alkaline earth metal iron-based oxides as anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Anode materials are an essential part of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),which determine the performance and safety of LIBs.Currently,graphite,as the anode material of commercial LIBs,is limited by its low theoretical capacity of 372 mA·h·g^(−1),thus hindering further development toward high-capacity and large-scale applications.Alkaline earth metal iron-based oxides are considered a promising candidate to replace graphite because of their low preparation cost,good thermal stability,superior stability,and high electrochemical performance.Nonetheless,many issues and challenges remain to be addressed.Herein,we systematically summarize the research progress of alkaline earth metal iron-based oxides as LIB anodes.Meanwhile,the material and structural properties,synthesis methods,electrochemical reaction mechanisms,and improvement strategies are introduced.Finally,existing challenges and future research directions are discussed to accelerate their practical application in commercial LIBs.

Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Grid-Scale Energy Storage Systems

In the electrical energy transformation process,the grid-level energy storage system plays an essential role in balancing power generation and utilization.Batteries have considerable potential for application to grid-level energy storage systems because of their rapid response,modularization,and flexible installation.Among several battery technologies,lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)exhibit high energy efficiency,long cycle life,and relatively high energy density.In this perspective,the properties of LIBs,including their operation mechanism,battery design and construction,and advantages and disadvantages,have been analyzed in detail.Moreover,the performance of LIBs applied to grid-level energy storage systems is analyzed in terms of the following grid services:(1)frequency regulation;(2)peak shifting;(3)integration with renewable energy sources;and(4)power management.In addition,the challenges encountered in the application of LIBs are discussed and possible research directions aimed at overcoming these challenges are proposed to provide insight into the development of grid-level energy storage systems.

Empowering the Future: Exploring the Construction and Characteristics of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium element has attracted remarkable attraction for energy storage devices, over the past 30 years. Lithium is a light element and exhibits the low atomic number 3, just after hydrogen and helium in the periodic table. The lithium atom has a strong tendency to release one electron and constitute a positive charge, as Li . Initially, lithium metal was employed as a negative electrode, which released electrons. However, it was observed that its structure changed after the repetition of charge-discharge cycles. To remedy this, the cathode mainly consisted of layer metal oxide and olive, e.g., cobalt oxide, LiFePO4, etc., along with some contents of lithium, while the anode was assembled by graphite and silicon, etc. Moreover, the electrolyte was prepared using the lithium salt in a suitable solvent to attain a greater concentration of lithium ions. Owing to the lithium ions’ role, the battery’s name was mentioned as a lithium-ion battery. Herein, the presented work describes the working and operational mechanism of the lithium-ion battery. Further, the lithium-ion batteries’ general view and future prospects have also been elaborated.

Solid-state lithium-ion batteries for grid energy storage:opportunities and challenges

The energy crisis and environmental pollution drive more attention to the development and utilization of renewable energy.Considering the capricious nature of renewable energy resource,it has difficulty supplying electricity directly to consumers stably and efficiently,which calls for energy storage systems to collect energy and release electricity at peak periods.Due to their flexible power and energy,quick response,and high energy conversion efficiency,lithium-ion batteries stand out among multiple energy storage technologies and are rapidly deployed in the grid.Pursuing superior performance and ensuring the safety of energy storage systems,intrinsically safe solid-state electrolytes are expected as an ideal alternative to liquid electrolytes.In this review,we systematically evaluate the priorities and issues of traditional lithium-ion batteries in grid energy storage.Beyond lithium-ion batteries containing liquid electrolytes,solid-state lithium-ion batteries have the potential to play a more significant role in grid energy storage.The challenges of developing solid-state lithium-ion batteries,such as low ionic conductivity of the electrolyte,unstable electrode/electrolyte interface,and complicated fabrication process,are discussed in detail.Additionally,the safety of solid-state lithium-ion batteries is re-examined.Following the obtained insights,inspiring prospects for solid-state lithium-ion batteries in grid energy storage are depicted.

Intrinsic Self-Healing Chemistry for Next-Generation Flexible Energy Storage Devices

The booming wearable/portable electronic devices industry has stimulated the progress of supporting flexible energy storage devices.Excellent performance of flexible devices not only requires the component units of each device to maintain the original performance under external forces,but also demands the overall device to be flexible in response to external fields.However,flexible energy storage devices inevitably occur mechanical damages(extrusion,impact,vibration)/electrical damages(overcharge,over-discharge,external short circuit)during longterm complex deformation conditions,causing serious performance degradation and safety risks.Inspired by the healing phenomenon of nature,endowing energy storage devices with self-healing capability has become a promising strategy to effectively improve the durability and functionality of devices.Herein,this review systematically summarizes the latest progress in intrinsic self-healing chemistry for energy storage devices.Firstly,the main intrinsic self-healing mechanism is introduced.Then,the research situation of electrodes,electrolytes,artificial interface layers and integrated devices based on intrinsic self-healing and advanced characterization technology is reviewed.Finally,the current challenges and perspective are provided.We believe this critical review will contribute to the development of intrinsic self-healing chemistry in the flexible energy storage field.

Recent advances in 3D printed electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices

Electrochemical energy storage(EES)systems like batteries and supercapacitors are becoming the key power sources for attempts to change the energy dependency from inadequate fossil fuels to sustainable and renewable resources.Electrochemical energy storage devices(EESDs)operate efficiently as a result of the construction and assemblage of electrodes and electrolytes with appropriate structures and effective materials.Conventional manufacturing procedures have restrictions on regulating the morphology and architecture of the electrodes,which would influence the performance of the devices.3D printing(3DP)is an advanced manufacturing technology combining computer-aided design and has been recognised as an artistic method of fabricating different fragments of energy storage devices with its ability to precisely control the geometry,porosity,and morphology with improved specific energy and power densities.The capacity to create mathematically challenging shape or configuration designs and high-aspect-ratio 3D architectures makes 3D printing technology unique in its benefits.Nevertheless,the control settings,interactive manufacturing processes,and protracted post-treatments will affect the reproducibility of the printed components.More intelligent software,sophisticated control systems,high-grade industrial equipment,and post-treatment-free methods are necessary to develop.3D printed(3DPd)EESDs necessitate dynamic printable materials and composites that are influenced by performance criteria and fundamental electrochemistry.Herein,we review the recent advances in 3DPd electrodes for EES applications.The emphasis is on printable material synthesis,3DP techniques,and the electrochemical performance of printed electrodes.For the fabrication of electrodes,we concentrate on major 3DP technologies such as direct ink writing(DIW),inkjet printing(IJP),fused deposition modelling(FDM),and stereolithography3DP(SLA).The benefits and drawbacks of each 3DP technology are extensively discussed.We provide an outlook on the integration of synthesis of emerging nanomaterials and fabrication of complex structures from micro to macroscale to construct highly effective electrodes for the EESDs.

3D printing critical materials for rechargeable batteries: from materials, design and optimization strategies to applications

Three-dimensional(3D)printing,an additive manufacturing technique,is widely employed for the fabrication of various electrochemical energy storage devices(EESDs),such as batteries and supercapacitors,ranging from nanoscale to macroscale.This technique offers excellent manufacturing flexibility,geometric designability,cost-effectiveness,and eco-friendliness.Recent studies have focused on the utilization of 3D-printed critical materials for EESDs,which have demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performances,including high energy densities and rate capabilities,attributed to improved ion/electron transport abilities and fast kinetics.However,there is a lack of comprehensive reviews summarizing and discussing the recent advancements in the structural design and application of 3D-printed critical materials for EESDs,particularly rechargeable batteries.In this review,we primarily concentrate on the current progress in 3D printing(3DP)critical materials for emerging batteries.We commence by outlining the key characteristics of major 3DP methods employed for fabricating EESDs,encompassing design principles,materials selection,and optimization strategies.Subsequently,we summarize the recent advancements in 3D-printed critical materials(anode,cathode,electrolyte,separator,and current collector)for secondary batteries,including conventional Li-ion(LIBs),Na-ion(SIBs),K-ion(KIBs)batteries,as well as Li/Na/K/Zn metal batteries,Zn-air batteries,and Ni–Fe batteries.Within these sections,we discuss the 3DP precursor,design principles of 3D structures,and working mechanisms of the electrodes.Finally,we address the major challenges and potential applications in the development of 3D-printed critical materials for rechargeable batteries.

Development of High Areal Capacity Electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn Battery via an Iodine Mediator

The commercialization of electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn batteries is highly applauded owing to the advantages of cost-effectiveness,high safety,high energy density,and durable working performance.However,due to the low reversibility of the cathode MnO_(2)/Mn^(2+)chemistry at high areal capacities and the severe Zn anode corrosion,the practical application of MnO_(2)-Zn batteries is hampered by inadequate lifespan.Leveraging the full advantage of an iodine redox mediator,here we design a highly rechargeable electrolytic MnO_(2)-Zn battery with a high areal capacity.The MnO_(2)-Zn battery coupled with an iodine mediator in a mild electrolyte shows a high discharge voltage of 1.85 V and a robust areal capacity of 10 mAh cm^(-2)under a substantial discharge current density of 160 mA cm^(-2).The MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery with an areal capacity of 10 mAh cm^(-2)exhibits prolonged stability of over 950 cycles under a high-capacity retention of~94%.The scaled-up MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery reveals a stable cycle life under a cell capacity of~600 mAh.Moreover,our constructed MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery demonstrates a practical energy density of~37 Wh kg^(-1)and a competitive energy cost of<18 US$kWh^(-1)by taking into account the cathode,anode,and electrolyte.The MnO_(2)/I_(2)-Zn battery,with its remarkable reversibility and reasonable energy density,enlightens a new arena of large-scale energy storage devices.

Rational design on separators and liquid electrolytes for safer lithium-ion batteries

As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to develop intrinsically safe battery components,where the battery separators and liquid electrolytes are critical for the battery thermal runaway process.In this review,we summarize recent progress in the rational materials design on battery separators and liquid electrolyte towards the goal of improving the safety of LIBs.Also,some strategies for further improving safety of LIBs are also briefly outlooked.

Recent progress and perspectives on silicon anode:Synthesis and prelithiation for LIBs energy storage

The ever-increasing environmental/energy crisis as well as the rapid upgrading of mobile devices had stimulated intensive research attention on promising alternative energy storage and conversion devices.Among these devices,alkali metal ion batteries,such as lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) had attracted increasing research attention due to its several advantages including,environmental friendliness,high power density,long cycle life and excellent reversibility.It had been widely used in consumer electronics,electric vehicles,and large power grids et ac.Silicon-based(silicon and their oxides,carbides) anodes had been widely studied.Its several advantages including low cost,high theoretical capacity,natural abundance,and environmental friendliness,which shows great potential as anodes of LIBs.In this review,we summarized the recently progress in the synthetic method of silicon matrix composites.The empirical method for prelithiation of silicon-based materials were also provided.Further,we also reviewed some novel characterization methods.Finally,the new design,preparation methods and properties of these nano materials were reviewed and compared.We hoped that this review can provide a general overview of recent progress and we briefly highlighted the current challenges and prospects,and will clarify the future trend of silicon anode LIBs research.

Safer Lithium-Ion Batteries from the Separator Aspect:Development and Future Perspectives

With the rapid development of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),safety problems are the great obstacles that restrict large-scale applications of LIBs,especially for the high-energy-density electric vehicle industry.Developing component materials(e.g.,cathode,anode,electrolyte,and separator)with high thermal stability and intrinsic safety is the ultimate solution to improve the safety of LIBs.Separators are crucial components that do not directly participate in electrochemical reactions during charging/discharging processes,but play a vital role in determining the electrochemical performance and safety of LIBs.In this review,the recent advances on traditional separators modified with ceramic materials and multifunctional separators ranging from the prevention of the thermal runaway to the flame retardant are summarized.The component–structure–performance relationship of separators and their effect on the comprehensive performance of LIBs are discussed in detail.Furthermore,the research challenges and future directions toward the advancement in separators for high-safety LIBs are also proposed.

Internal short circuit evaluation and corresponding failure mode analysis for lithium-ion batteries

Internal short circuit(ISC)is the major failure problem for the safe application of lithium-ion batteries,especially for the batteries with high energy density.However,how to quantify the hazard aroused by the ISC,and what kinds of ISC will lead to thermal runaway are still unclear.This paper investigates the thermal-electrical coupled behaviors of ISC,using batteries with Li(Ni_(1/3)CO_(1/3)Mn_(1/3))O_(2) cathode and composite separator.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of customized battery that has no LiPF6 salt is utilized to standardize the resistance of ISC.Furthermore,this paper compares the thermal-electrical coupled behaviors of the above four types of ISC at different states-of-charge.There is an area expansion phenomenon for the aluminum-anode type of ISC.The expansion effect of the failure area directly links to the melting and collapse of separator,and plays an important role in further evolution of thermal runaway.This work provides guidance to the development of the ISC models,detection algorithms,and correlated countermeasures.

Porous V_2O_5-SnO_2 /CNTs composites as high performance cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Vanadium pentoxide （V205） exhibits high theoretical capacities when used as a cathode in lithium ion batteries （LIBs）, but its application is limited by its structural instability as well as its low lithium and electronic conductivities. A porous composite of V2Os-SnO2/carbon nanotubes （CNTs） was prepared by a hydrothermal method and followed by thermal treatment. The small particles of V205, their porous structure and the coexistence of SnO2 and CNTs can all facilitate the diffusion rates of the electrons and lithium ions. Electrochemical impedance spectra indicated higher ionic and electric conductivities, as compared to commercial V205. The VzOs-SnOz/CNTs composite gave a reversible discharge capacity of 198 mAh.g- 1 at the voltage range of 2.05-4.0 V, measured at a current rate of 200 mA.g-1, while that of the commercial V205 was only 88 mAh.g-1, demonstrating that the porous V2Os-SnOz/CNTs composite is a promising candidate for high-performance lithium secondary batteries.

The Full Load Voltage Compensation Strategy in Capacity Configuration of UPQC Integrated PV-BESS

Unified power quality conditioner(UPQC)with energy storage is commonly based on conventional capacity configuration strategy with power angle control.It has problems such as phase jumping before and after compensation.DC-link cannot continuously emit active power externally.Therefore,this paper presents the compensation strategy of full load voltage magnitude and phase in capacity configuration of UPQC.The topology of UPQC is integrated a series active power filter(SAPF),a shunt active power filter(PAPF)and a photovoltaic-battery energy storage system(PV-BESS).The principle of full load voltage compensation is analyzed based on the PV-BESS-UPQC topology.Themagnitude constant of load voltage ismaintained by controlling the appropriate shunt compensation current.Then the UPQC capacity configuration is carried out using the full load voltage compensation strategy.The compensation capacity of UPQC series and shunt units are reduced.Finally,the simulation results show that the proposed compensation strategy reduces the capacity configuration by 5.11 kVA(36.4%)compared to the conventional compensation strategy.The proposed strategy can achieve full compensation of the load voltage,which can effectively reduce the capacity allocation and improve the economy of UPQC.It also has the PV-BESS units’ability of providing active power and can stabilize the DC-link voltage.

Highly elastic energy storage device based on intrinsically super-stretchable polymer lithium-ion conductor with high conductivity

Stretchable power sources,especially stretchable lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),have attracted increasing attention due to their enormous prospects for powering flexible/wearable electronics.Despite recent advances,it is still challenging to develop ultra-stretchable LIBs that can withstand large deformation.In particular,stretchable LIBs require an elastic electrolyte as a basic component,while the conductivity of most elastic electrolytes drops sharply during deformation,especially during large deformations.This is why highly stretchable LIBs have not yet been realized until now.As a proof of concept,a super-stretchable LIB with strain up to 1200%is created based on an intrinsically super-stretchable polymer electrolyte as the lithium-ion conductor.The super-stretchable conductive system is constructed by an effective diblock copolymerization strategy via photocuring of vinyl functionalized 2-ureido-4-pyrimidone(VFUpy),an acrylic monomer containing succinonitrile and a lithium salt,achieving high ionic conductivity(3.5×10^(-4)mS cm^(-1)at room temperature(RT))and large deformation(the strain can reach 4560%).The acrylic elastomer containing Li-ion conductive domains can strongly increase the compatibility between the neighboring elastic networks,resulting in high ionic conductivity under ultra-large deformation,while VFUpy increases elasticity modulus(over three times)and electrochemical stability(voltage window reaches 5.3 V)of the prepared polymer conductor.At a strain of up to 1200%,the resulting stretchable LIBs are still sufficient to power LEDs.This study sheds light on the design and development of high-performance intrinsically super-stretchable materials for the advancement of highly elastic energy storage devices for powering flexible/wearable electronics that can endure large deformation.

An Analytical Method for Delineating Feasible Region for PV Integration Capacities in Net-zero Distribution Systems Considering Battery Energy Storage System Flexibility

To provide guidance for photovoltaic(PV)system integration in net-zero distribution systems(DSs),this paper proposes an analytical method for delineating the feasible region for PV integration capacities(PVICs),where the impact of battery energy storage system(BESS)flexibility is considered.First,we introduce distributionally robust chance constraints on network security and energy/carbon net-zero requirements,which form the upper and lower bounds of the feasible region.Then,the formulation and solution of the feasible region is proposed.The resulting analytical expression is a set of linear inequalities,illustrating that the feasible region is a polyhedron in a high-dimensional space.A procedure is designed to verify and adjust the feasible region,ensuring that it satisfies network loss constraints under alternating current(AC)power flow.Case studies on the 4-bus system,the IEEE 33-bus system,and the IEEE 123-bus system verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.It is demonstrated that the proposed method fully captures the spatio-temporal coupling relationship among PVs,loads,and BESSs,while also quantifying the impact of this relationship on the boundaries of the feasible region.

Analysis of Hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems in Series Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Simulations

In this paper, an extended analysis of the performance of different hybrid Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems (RESS) for use in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with a series drivetrain topology is analyzed, based on simulations with three different driving cycles. The investigated hybrid energy storage topologies are an energy optimized lithium-ion battery (HE) in combination with an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) system, in combination with a power optimized lithium-ion battery (HP) system or in combination with a Lithium-ion Capacitor (LiCap) system, that act as a Peak Power System. From the simulation results it was observed that hybridization of the HE lithium-ion based energy storage system resulted from the three topologies in an increased overall energy efficiency of the RESS, in an extended all electric range of the PHEV and in a reduced average current through the HE battery. The lowest consumption during the three driving cycles was obtained for the HE-LiCap topology, where fuel savings of respectively 6.0%, 10.3% and 6.8% compared with the battery stand-alone system were achieved. The largest extension of the range was achieved for the HE-HP configuration (17% based on FTP-75 driving cycle). HP batteries however have a large internal resistance in comparison to EDLC and LiCap systems, which resulted in a reduced overall energy efficiency of the hybrid RESS. Additionally, it was observed that the HP and LiCap systems both offer significant benefits for the integration of a peak power system in the drivetrain of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle due to their low volume and weight in comparison to that of the EDLC system.

Economic Feasibility of Micro-Grid Energy Storage and the Impact of Emerging Technologies on Its Viability

Currently, energy storage devices show great promise when used in micro-grid applications, and further advancements in this technology will lead to economically-viable and environmentally-friendly solutions in regards to residential energy consumption. Creating a 21st-century energy infrastructure will be fundamental to society in the coming decades and ensuring cost-effective means of doing so will lessen the burden on the average consumer. While current research has focused primarily on fundamental battery research, the economic viability for the average American consumer has been neglected in many cases. In this work, current and future methods of home energy storage are analyzed via a thorough literature review and the most promising current and near-future methods are explored. These methods include current Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB) technology, reused LIB from Electric Vehicles (EVs), Lithium Nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) cathode composition and the utilization of silicon as an anode material. After the potential of these technologies is explored, an analysis of their economic viability for the average consumer is presented. The literature review demonstrates that the current state of LIB is very close to economically feasible;reused LIBs are less viable than new LIBs, and future LIB compositions show great promise in viability. This shows that within the next decade, micro-grids will be a reasonable alternative to utility energy harnessing techniques, and a major step towards green energy consumption will be realized. Hybrid energy storage systems, on the other hand, are shown to be economically infeasible, in the near future, due to their high cost per kWh. However, when analyzing the energy storage capabilities of these systems, it is shown that they may be vital in updated energy infrastructure and provide a cost saving.

Catholyte engineering to release the capacity of iodide for high-energy-density iodine-based redox flow batteries

Due to the high solubility,high reversibility,and low cost of iodide,iodine-based redox flow batteries(RFBs)are considered to have great potential for upscaling energy storage.However,their further development has been limited by the low capacity of I−as one-third of the I−is used to form I3−(I2I−)during the charging process.Herein,we have demonstrated that the pseudohalide ion,thiocyanate(SCN−),is a promising complexing agent for catholyte of iodinebased RFBs to free up the I−by forming iodine-thiocyanate ions([I2SCN]−)instead of I3−,unlocking the capacity of iodide.Applying this strategy,we have demonstrated iodine-based RFBs with full utilization of iodide to achieve high capacity and high energy density.Both the zinc/iodine RFB and polysulfide/iodine RFB with SCN−complex agent achieve their theoretical capacity of around 160 A h Lposolyte^(−1)(6.0MI−in catholyte).Therefore,the zinc/iodine RFB delivers a high energy density of 221.34Wh Lposolyte^(−1),and the polysulfide/iodine RFB achieves a highenergy density of 165.62Wh Lposolyte^(−1).It is believed that this effective catholyte engineering can be further generalized to other iodine-based RFBs,offering new opportunities to unlock the capacity of iodide and achieve high energy density for energy storage.

Ni/Co bimetallic organic frameworks nanospheres for highperformance electrochemical energy storage

In addition to their many well-known advantages(e.g.,ultra-high porosity,good pore size distribution,easy functionalization,and structural tolerability),metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are a new class of advanced functional materials.However,their backbones are highly susceptible to deformation after exposure to acidic or alkaline conditions.As a result of lithium-ion batteries embedding or detaching directly from MOFs,they irreversibly collapse.As a result,they fail to maintain their electrochemical performance.These factors have hindered the development of MOFs as direct electrode materials,making the design of MOF materials with controlled morphology and stable dimensions a new challenge.In this study,we adopted a versatile and effective method to synthesize a novel MOF material(NiCo-BP(BP=BTC/phen and BTC=1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid))using the rigid ligands 1,10-phenanthroline and homobenzotrizoic acid,and the emergence of the Ni-O/N and Co-O/N coordination layers was observed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure(EXAFS)tests,indicating that Ni and Co were coordinated with heterocyclic N-given atoms to form a stable p-πconjugated structure.Meanwhile,the metal-ion is attached to the carboxylic acid ligand on the other side,making the metal-organic skeleton complete and robust.The nanosphere structure of NiCo-BP(~400 nm)allows for full exposure and utilisation of the active sites,especially the Ni,Co,and phenanthroline units,and exhibit impressively high specific capacity and cycling stability.At a high current density of 1.0 A·g^(−1),a high discharge specific capacity of 631.6 mAh·g^(−1)was obtained after 1000 cycles.The co-participation of two organic ligands in the coordination is in accordance with the theory of soft and hard acids and bases,which contributes to the ability of the material to maintain a high capacity in cycling as well as its cyclic stability.