Effects of process parameters on numerical control bending process for large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes

Numerical control(NC) bending experiments with different process parameters were carried out for 5052O aluminum alloy tubes with outer diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness of 1.5 mm, and centerline bending radius of 105 mm. And the effects of process parameters on tube wall thinning and cross section distortion were investigated. Meanwhile, acceptable bending of the 5052O aluminum tubes was accomplished based on the above experiments. The results show that the effects of process parameters on bending process for large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes are similar to those for small diameter thin-walled tubes, but the forming quality of the large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes is much more sensitive to the process parameters and thus it is more difficult to form.

Warm bending mechanism of extrados and intrados of large diameter thin-walled CP-Ti tubes

In order to develop the warming bending technology of the large diameter thin-walled（LDTW） commercial pure titanium alloy CP-Ti tubes, the warm bending mechanism of the extrados and intrados of LDTW CP-Ti tubes was researched. By EBSD analysis and Vickers hardness test, the changes of microstructure and strength of the tubes at different bending temperatures of 293, 423 and 573 K, were analyzed. The results show： 1） The extrados of the bent tube deforms mainly by slip, along with few twinning, and the preferred orientation is similar to that of the initial tube; the intrados of the bent tube experiences compression deformation mainly by {1 012} tensile twinning, and the twinning makes the preferred orientation of wall materials change sharply. 2） The Vickers hardness values of both the extrados and intrados of the samples after bending increase greatly; the Vickers hardness values of the intrados are much higher than those of the extrados, and Vickers hardness values of the RD-TD planes are always higher than those of the RD-LD planes, which are related to the different deformation mechanisms.

Forming Characteristics of Al-alloy Large-diameter Thin-walled Tubes in NC-bending Under Axial Compressive Loads

Tube thinning control without wrinkling occurring is a key problem urgently to be solved for improving the forming qualities in numerical control （NC） bending processes of large-diameter Al-alloy thin-walled tubes （AATTs）. It may be a way solving this problem to exert axial compression loads （ACL） on the tube end in the bending. Thus, this article establishes a three-dimensional （3D） elastic-plastic explicit finite element （FE） model for the bending under ACL and has its reliability verified. Through a multi-index orthogonal experiment design, a combination of process parameters, each expressed by a proper range, for this FE model is derived to overcome the compression instability on tube ends. By combining the FE model with a wrinkling energy prediction model, an in-depth study is conducted on the forming characteristics of large-diameter AATTs with small bending radii and it can be concluded that （1） The larger the tube diameters and the smaller the bending radii, the larger the induced tangent tension stress zones on tube intrados, by which the tube maximum tangent compression stress zones will be partitioned in the bending processes; thus, the smaller the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees and the larger the compression instability possibilities on tube ends. （2） The tube wrinkling possibilities under ACL are larger than without ACL acting in the earlier forming periods, and smaller in the later ones. （3） For the tubes with a size factor less than 80, the ACL roles in decreasing thinning degrees are stronger than in increasing wrinkling possibilities.

Experimental and numerical assessment of energy absorption capacity of thin-walled Al 5083 tube produced by PTCAP process

The energy absorption capacity of the Al5083 thin-walled tube produced by parallel tubular angular pressing(PTCAP) process was evaluated. Also, microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy coefficients were studied in the peripheral and axial directions. Results showed that values of energy absorption decreased with processing pass increasing and the values for the unprocessed, first and second passes were obtained to be 167, 161.4 and 160.7 J, respectively. The differences between the simulation results for the energy absorption values and their experimental values for the unprocessed, the first and the second PTCAP passes samples are about 5%, 10%, and 13%, respectively. The energy absorption capacity was related to the anisotropy coefficient and microstructure. The results demonstrated that grain refinement occurred and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and microhardness after the first and second PTCAP passes were enhanced, while the increase rate in the first pass was much severer. Also, by applying PTCAP, the deformation modes were altered, such that the deformation mode of the annealed tube was quite symmetrical and circular while for the first and second passes there have been triple and double lobes diamond. The results of the numerical simulation for the deformation mode of the annealed and PTCAPed tubes were consistent with the experimental results. The deformation mode of tubes is dependent on their mechanical properties and variation of the mechanical properties during PTCAP process.

Forming limits under multi-index constraints in NC bending of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes with large diameters

With increasing diameters of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs), the tube forming limits, i.e. the minimum bending factors, and their predictions under multi-index constraints including wrinkling, thinning and flattening have been being a key problem to be urgently solved for improving tube forming potential in numerical control (NC) bending processes of AATTs with large diameters. Thus in this paper, a search algorithm of the forming limits is put forward based on a 3D elastic-plastic finite element (FE) model and a wrinkling energy prediction model for the bending processes under axial compression loading (ACL) or not. This algorithm enables to be considered the effects of process parameter combinations including die, friction parameters on the multi-indices. Based on this algorithm, the forming limits of the different size tubes are obtained, and the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are also revealed. The followings are found: the first, within the appropriate ranges of friction and clearances between the different dies and the tubes enabling the bending processes with smaller bending factors, the ACL enables the tube limit bending processes after a decrease of the mandrel ball thickness and diameters; then, without considering the effects of the tube geometry sizes on the tube constitutive equations, the forming limits will be decided by the limit thinning values for the tubes with diameters smaller than 80 mm, while the wrinkling for the tubes with diameters no less than 80 mm. The forming limits obtained from this algorithm are smaller than the analytical results, and reduced by 57.39%; the last, the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are verified by experimental results.

大直径薄壁TA24钛合金管中频感应加热弯曲工艺研究

根据某船舶管路系统用大直径薄壁TA24钛合金弯管的产品特点,开展了φ426 mm×10 mm规格管材中频感应加热弯曲成形工艺试验。对成形弯管表面质量、壁厚减薄率、截面圆度进行了分析,对比研究了热弯成形态、750℃热处理、800℃热处理3种状态下弯管的力学性能和金相组织。结果表明,采用给定的热弯工艺参数能够制备出满足要求的TA24合金弯管。

大尺寸薄壁钛合金筒体旋压成形质量影响因素

针对大尺寸薄壁TC4钛合金筒体旋压成形,分析了工件质量影响因素,并研究了旋压成形典型缺陷成形机理和控制方法。结果表明旋压道次和变形量对工件质量影响显著,旋压道次增多,变形量过大,工件精度降低;采用微扩径反旋、坯料分区温度控制等措施,可以有效解决旋压过程中易出现的壁厚和直径超差、反挤、鼓包等缺陷。

热穿轧工艺制备大口径TC4钛合金无缝管

采用热穿轧工艺试制大口径TC4钛合金无缝管,测试分析了试制的160 mm×8 mm TC4钛合金无缝管的加工精度、表面质量、显微组织与力学性能。结果表明:热穿轧TC4钛合金无缝管的表面质量、尺寸精度和力学性能均合格;管材的加工态组织主要由变形魏氏组织和少量网篮状组织构成,其冲击韧性好,延伸率达到16%以上,无需热处理就可进行冷轧加工,以获得更高精度和表面质量的钛合金无缝管;热穿轧工艺可用来制备大口径TC4钛合金无缝管,具有金属利用率高、流程短、能耗低等优点,能够满足工业生产要求。

低温钛合金管数控弯曲的回弹机理与补偿(英文)

采用数值模拟方法研究外径为85mm、壁厚为2.5mm(D85mm×t2.5mm)的大直径薄壁CT20钛合金管的回弹机理。结果表明,弯曲段内外脊线与中性层之间区域的中部卸载最严重,而中性层附近区域卸载最不明显,导致弯管内外侧部分区域回弹后出现反向加载,而弯管中性层附近区域出现明显的拉压应力集中区。研究了回弹角和回弹半径随弯曲半径以及弯曲角的变化规律,进而提出了一种同时考虑弯曲角和弯曲半径的回弹补偿方法,并通过实例验证了该方法是有效的。

大口径AZ31镁合金管材宽展分流挤压工艺仿真研究

宽展分流挤压工艺(SDEP)是宽展挤压和分流挤压有机结合的新挤压工艺。它可以利用小吨位设备挤压大口径管材。使用DEFORM-3D有限元软件对大口径AZ31镁合金圆管宽展分流挤压(宽展比率α=2.54)过程中的挤压力、挤压温度以及焊合压力变化规律进行了仿真。结果表明:宽展分流挤压AZ31镁合金圆管(外径360 mm,壁厚10 mm)的挤压力为22.7 MN,比普通分流挤压的挤压力降低28%;AZ31镁合金管材(外径360 mm,壁厚10 mm)宽展分流挤压过程中焊合压力达到了225 MPa,宽展分流挤压的金属材料焊合质量良好。

基于ABAQUS的铸态耐热合金钢热挤压成形数值模拟研究

目的以大口径厚壁管短流程铸挤成形工艺为背景,通过ABAUOS有限元模拟软件研究铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压过程中的变形情况。方法对软件进行二次开发,采用热力耦合分析,研究不同热挤压条件下挤压过程中应力场、应变场及成形件动态再结晶率的变化,最终得出有利于指导工业生产的热挤压工艺参数。结果模拟结果表明:应力和应变随时间不断增大,增长率在凹模锥角区达到最大值,当材料在挤压力作用下流出挤压筒后,应力不断减小而应变趋于稳定;以成形件流出挤压筒时的径向截面为参考,动态再结晶率分布为中心高两边低,且随着挤压比、初始挤压温度和挤压速度的增大,成形件整体动态再结晶率差别降低;挤压速度越大,成形件应力分布越不均匀。结论铸态T/P91合金钢热挤压最优工艺参数为:初始挤压温度为1150~1200℃,挤压比为9,挤压速度为25 mm/s。

大直径薄壁铝合金导管的充液弯曲成型工艺研究

设计了大直径薄壁铝合金导管充液弯曲的成型工艺方法,通过三步弯曲成型,实现了大直径薄壁铝合金导管的充液弯曲。对导管弯曲后的弯曲形貌、椭圆度、减薄率进行了分析,三项指标均符合设计要求。并对导管的金相显微组织进行了观察,发现导管弯曲后的金相组织和母材无明显变化,同时对导管进行了液压强度试验,试验结果满足工作压力的要求,从而验证了该工艺方法的可行性。

薄壁大口径Gr12钛合金超长无缝管生产工艺的研究

从Gr12钛合金铸锭的杂质含量的变化对管材加工性能的影响、不同温区斜轧穿孔加热速度对管材表面氧化程度的影响、三辊冷轧最佳轧制速度的选择及成品管材最佳矫直方式的确定等4个方面,研究了薄壁大口径Gr12钛合金超长无缝管的生产工艺。结果表明,严格控制Gr12钛合金铸锭的化学成分,使其N≤0.01%,C≤0.03%,H≤0.005%,Fe≤0.08%,O≤0.08%,可保证该合金的冷加工性能,轧出薄壁大口径超长无缝管;斜轧穿孔加热时不同的温区应选择不同的加热速度,低于650℃,氧化层较致密,氧化速度较慢,氧和氮不容易被吸入,升温速度要慢,在5～5.5℃/min,在650～820℃,氧化层开始疏松,氧化速度加快,氧、氮较容易被吸入,升温速度要稍快些,在6.8～7.2℃/min;在820℃以上,氧化层更为疏松,氧化速度更快,氧和氮吸入更容易,表面将更氧化严重,升温速度进一步提高,在7.6～8.5℃/min,避免管材严重氧化;三辊冷轧的合适的轧制速度应为60～70r/min;成品管最佳矫直方式是先进行预平整,使其不直度∠2mm/m,再在矫直机上进行精矫,这样不会矫凹或成椭圆形。

动支撑双面FSW焊技术在大口径铝合金螺旋管上的应用

首次将动支撑双面搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)技术应用于大口径铝合金螺旋管的焊接生产,成功实现了一次性连续生产出直径900 mm、长度20 m的螺旋管样管,且焊接过程稳定可靠。对管体全焊缝进行了着色探伤、超声波探伤及局部焊缝X射线探伤检测,并测量焊缝减薄量及管体圆度,结果表明:管体焊缝三项探伤检测均未发现缺陷,焊缝减薄量严格控制在0.3~0.5 mm,管体圆度0.15~2 mm。这有效避免了传统熔焊工艺方法存在的效率低、缺陷多、变形大、成本高、环境差等缺点,真正实现了大口径铝合金螺旋管高效、高产、高质、绿色环保的焊接生产。

现代交通用大型铝合金型材生产工艺与设备的研制开发

铝合金材料是促进交通运输轻量化、高速化和现代化的理想材料和有效途径。本文在综合分析国外先进技术的基础上,结合我国的生产实践和研究开发成果,对现代交通运输用大型扁宽薄壁复杂实心和空心型材(管材)的特点、生产工艺、设备及关键技术难点进行了全面系统的分析讨论,并根据国家计委批复的由西南铝业(集团)有限责任公司承担的《车辆用大型铝合金型材产业化前期关键技术研制开发》项目,介绍研制开发进展情况,攻克的一大批生产大型材的关键技术和取得的主要成果。西南铝业(集团)公司通过三年多的艰苦攻关,建成了我国第一条具有国际水平的80/95MN 大型材挤压生产线,并为广-深高速和国产地铁车辆研制成功我国首批合格的优质大型材,填补了国内空白。

含镍30%铁锰白铜大口径拉制管材的研制

针对含镍30%的铁锰白铜合金及工艺装备的特点,采用空心铸锭挤压大口径白铜管和适当减小道次拉伸加工率连续拉伸的研制工艺,成功地打通了BFe30-1-1大口径拉制管材研制的瓶颈,研制出海洋工程和海水管道装置用大口径白铜管。

大孔径钛合金管深孔套料钻削技术及应用

以大孔径钛合金管的加工为背景,针对大孔径钛合金管深孔套料钻削过程中出现排屑出口堵屑、入钻不稳定、切削振动、刀具崩刃等问题。从钛合金材料的切削特性、深孔套料钻削的工艺特点、深孔套料刀具、排屑系统和工艺参数等方面进行了研究,设计了大孔径钛合金管深孔套料钻削工艺,并对大孔径钛合金管进行深孔套料钻削试验。试验结果表明,切削过程稳定可靠,通过套料加工可显著提高钛合金的材料利用率,减少机床的功率消耗,为大孔径钛合金套料提供了一套有效的加工工艺方法。

大径厚比非对称5083铝合金弯管充液弯曲成形

针对大尺寸大径厚比非对称铝合金薄壁弯管弯曲成形过程中的起皱难题,提出了两端仅压板约束、两端固定约束、两端采用封头3种充液弯曲成形方案,通过有限元数值模拟分析了管件的起皱缺陷、壁厚分布以及应力状态,并进行了实验验证。研究表明:采用两端仅压板约束时,压板与管材之间的摩擦力提供的管材轴向拉应力较小,只有当充液内压大于3.6 MPa时,才能消除起皱缺陷;采用两端固定约束和两端封头时,可在较低充液内压下成形出合格的大径厚比非对称的铝合金弯管件,其原因为:轴向约束与封头均会使管坯内产生轴向拉应力,其平衡了弯曲过程中产生的内侧轴向压应力,从而避免了起皱缺陷的产生。

退火温度对大口径TC4合金无缝管组织与性能的影响

利用真空自耗电弧炉+电子束冷床炉双联工艺熔铸TC4合金圆锭,采用铸坯直接斜轧穿孔工艺获得219 mm×16 mm大口径TC4合金无缝管,研究了不同退火温度对管材组织演变与力学性能的影响。结果表明:轧制态管材组织主要由变形魏氏体组织构成,退火处理后片层α相粗化并逐渐相互交错分布,β相晶界消失;随着退火温度不断升高,魏氏体组织转变为网篮组织,管材抗拉强度和屈服强度呈先下降后缓慢增大趋势,而伸长率呈先增大后减小趋势。综合分析认为,所制备的大口径TC4合金无缝管适宜退火温度为850℃左右,此时抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率平均值分别为919 MPa、838 MPa和13.1%。

退火温度对TA31钛合金大口径无缝管组织与性能的影响

利用真空自耗电弧炉+电子束冷床炉熔铸了Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo(TA31)钛合金圆锭,通过铸坯直接斜轧穿孔制备出Ф178 mm×12 mm大口径无缝管,研究了不同退火温度(800、850、900、950℃)对TA31钛合金组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明:轧制态无缝管为变形的魏氏组织,主要由片层状α相集束和原始β相晶界组成;退火处理后,片层状初生α相减少,原始β相晶界消失,组织逐渐均匀化,但当退火温度超过900℃后,α相集束粗化并转变为网篮组织;随退火温度的升高,抗拉强度与屈服强度先略微降低后缓慢增大,而伸长率呈先增大后减小趋势,断口形貌由韧性+准解理混合型断裂逐渐变为韧性断裂再转变为韧性+准解理混合型断裂。综合分析认为,短流程制备的TA31钛合金大口径无缝管适宜退火温度为900℃左右,此时抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率平均值分别为873 MPa、785 MPa和12.8%。