Videometric research on deformation measurement of large-scale wind turbine blades

Utilization of wind energy is a promising way to generate power,and wind turbine blades play a key role in collecting the wind energy effectively.This paper attempts to measure the deformation parameter of wind turbine blades in mechanics experiments using a videometric method. In view that the blades experience small buckling deformation and large integral deformation simultaneously, we proposed a parallel network measurement(PNM) method including the key techniques such as camera network construction,camera calibration,distortion correction,the semi-automatic high-precision extraction of targets,coordinate systems unification,and bundle adjustment,etc. The relatively convenient construction method of the measuring system can provide an abundant measuring content,a wide measuring range and post processing.The experimental results show that the accuracy of the integral deformation measurement is higher than 0.5 mm and that of the buckling deformation measurement higher than 0.1mm.

Large-Eddy Simulation of Wind Turbine Wake and Aerodynamic Performance with Actuator Line Method

A hybrid method is presented to numerically investigate the wind turbine aerodynamic characteristics.The wind turbine blade is replaced by an actuator line model.Turbulence is treated using a dynamic one-equation subgrid-scale model in large eddy simulation.Detailed information on the basic characteristics of the wind turbine wake is obtained and discussed.The rotor aerodynamic performance agrees well with the measurements.The actuator line method large-eddy simulation(ALM-LES)technique demonstrates its high potential in providing accurate load prediction and high resolution of turbulent fluctuations in the wind turbine wakes and the interactions within a feasible cost.

Experimental study of rotating wind turbine breakdown characteristics in large scale air gaps

When a wind turbine is struck by lightning,its blades are usually rotating.The effect of blade rotation on a turbine＇s ability to trigger a lightning strike is unclear.Therefore,an arching electrode was used in a wind turbine lightning discharge test to investigate the difference in lightning triggering ability when blades are rotating and stationary.A negative polarity switching waveform of 250/2500 μs was applied to the arching electrode and the up-and-down method was used to calculate the 50%discharge voltage.Lightning discharge tests of a 1：30 scale wind turbine model with 2,4,and 6 m air gaps were performed and the discharge process was observed.The experimental results demonstrated that when a 2 m air gap was used,the breakdown voltage increased as the blade speed was increased,but when the gap length was 4 m or longer,the trend was reversed and the breakdown voltage decreased.The analysis revealed that the rotation of the blades changes the charge distribution in the blade-tip region,promotes upward leader development on the blade tip,and decreases the breakdown voltage.Thus,the blade rotation of a wind turbine increases its ability to trigger lightning strikes.

A Very Large Scale Wind Turbine

A very large scale wind turbine can be made as a circular large scale stator frame;the frame,which can reach some kilometers in diameter and some hundred meters in height,contains many circular sail trains.The stator frame can be made using a light-weight tubular design.Wind can almost freely blow through this frame.Train rails are fixed at the outer surface of the frame as horizontal rings.The distance between the rails of one ring can be made to be several meters.As a result,the number of the rings can be ten or more.Each rail ring supports one sail train that is moved with wind power around the frame.The energy of this movement is transformed to electric power and is transmitted to the base of the frame.This design can be realized in a very large scale,which is difficult to achieve using a traditional three-blade turbine.

Simulation of SLD Impingement on Wind Turbine Blade Airfoil

Accurate prediction of droplet impingement on wind turbine blade is one of the most important premises of anti-icing and de-icing system design.In a super-cooled large droplets(SLD)conditions,droplet no longer maintains a sphere shape,and it may deform,break up,and splash when moving or impinging on the surface.Semi-empirical models of droplet dynamic behaviours are embedded into the Eulerian droplet model to improve the accuracy of the numerical simulation of droplet impingement limits and local collection efficiency.Eulerian droplet model(Model 1)for small droplets and improved Eulerian droplet model(Model 2)for large droplet are both validated by comparing to the wind tunnel experiment results.Using the proposed methods,droplet impingement limitation and local collection efficiency on the S809 airfoil are calculated in various conditions.A detailed derivation of Model 1and Model 2is presented along with a comparison of numerical trajectories,drag coefficient and collection efficiency distributions.The results show that droplet dynamic behaviours,including splashing,break-up and deforming,must be considered to accurately simulate the impingement behaviour in the SLD conditions.And with the increase of the droplet diameters,the effects of the droplet dynamic behaviors on the impingement characteristics are more obvious.

Directional solidification casting technology of heavy-duty gas turbine blade with liquid metal cooling(LMC) process

In this work, some important factors such as ceramic shell strength, heat preservation temperature, standing time and withdrawal rate, which influence the formability of directionally solidified large-size blades of heavy-duty gas turbine with the liquid metal cooling(LMC) process, were studied through the method of microstructure analysis combining. The results show that the ceramic shell with medium strength(the high temperature flexural strength is 8 MPa, the flexural strength after thermal shock resistance is 12 MPa and the residual flexural strength is 20 MPa) can prevent the rupture and runout of the blade. The appropriate temperature(1,520 ℃ for upper region and 1,500 ℃ for lower region) of the heating furnace can eliminate the wide-angle grain boundary, the deviation of grain and the run-out caused by the shell crack. The holding time after pouring(3-5 min) can promote the growth of competitive grains and avoid a great deviation of columnar grains along the crystal orientation <001>, resulting in a straight and uniform grain structure. In addition, to avoid the formation of wrinkles and to ensure a smooth blade surface, the withdrawal rate should be no greater than the growth rate of grain. It is also found that the dendritic space of the blade decreases with the rise of solidification rate, and increases with the enlarging distance between the solidification position and the chill plate.

Performance Analysis of the Effects of Microgrooved Surface on A Marine Current Turbine with Underwater Mooring Platform

Marine current turbine(MCT),which is designed for the power supply of underwater mooring platform(UMP),is investigated in this article.To reduce its flow noise,the microgrooved surface is applied at the suction surface of the turbine blades.Comprehensive analyses of the effects of the UMP on MCT with microgrooved surface in different working conditions are presented.The transient turbulent flow field is obtained by incompressible large eddy simulation(LES),and then the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(FW-H)acoustic analogy is adopted to forecast the flow noise generated from the pressure fluctuations and loadings of the UMP shell and MCT blade surfaces.The numerical methods are first validated with experimental data and good agreements are obtained.Then,the influence of several key parameters on the performance of the MCT is then systematically studied,including interval distance,angle of pitch and angle of sideslip.For each case,the hydrodynamic parameters(thrust coefficient,torque coefficient and power coefficient),the vortical structures behind the model and the overall sound pressure level(OASPL)directionality are analyzed.Additionally,the noise reduction effect of the microgrooved surface is also presented.The present investigation could provide an overall understanding for the performance of MCT combined with UMP.

Application of LES in the study of inlet flow field in marine gas turbine

The structure and aerodynamics performance of gas turbine inlet system is an important part of technology of gas turbine installed on naval vessels. The design and numerical simulations of gas turbine inlet system are conducted and reliable foundation for design and manufacture of marine gas turbine inlet system of high performance is provided. Numerical simulations and experiments of two inlet system models of gas turbine are conducted with satisfactory results and are of significance to the actual application of the inlet system.

Advanced manufacturing technologies of large martensitic stainless steel castings with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness

The key manufacturing technologies associated with composition, microstructure, mechanical properties, casting quality and key process control for large martensitic stainless steel castings are involved in this paper. The achievements fully satisfeid the technical requirements of the large 700 MW stainless steel hydraulic turbine runner for the Three Gorges Hydropower Station, and become the major technical support for the design and manufacture of the largest 700 MW hydraulic turbine generator unit in the world developed through our own efforts. The characteristics of a new high yield to tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel with ultra low carbon and high cleanliness are also described. Over the next ten years, the large martensitic stainless steel castings and advanced manufacturing technologies will see a huge demand in clean energy industry such as nuclear power, hydraulic power at home and abroad. Therefore, the new high yield o tensile strength (R p0.2/R m ) ratio and high obdurability martensitic stainless steel materials, the fast and flexible manufacturing technologies of large size castings, and new environment friendly sustainable process will face new challenges and opportunities.

时序效应对高负荷低压涡轮边界层流动的影响研究

在多级涡轮内,时序效应和寂静效应会对涡轮内部的流动及气动效率产生重要影响。以两级高负荷低压涡轮为研究对象,采用高精度大涡模拟(LES)方法对该涡轮叶中截面的非定常流场进行了数值模拟,分析了5个不同静子时序位置下第二级静子的时均流场、时均性能和边界层流动非定常演化过程。结果表明:第一级静子的不同时序位置对第二级静子的总压损失产生明显影响,不同时序位置下总压损失的变化可达20%;不同时序位置下的流动差异主要归因于尾迹在通道中的输运过程,尾迹与边界层相互作用诱导边界层转捩发生变化;当第一级静子尾迹撞击第二级静子前缘时,第二级静子吸力面的分离区明显减小,第二级静子的总压损失达到最小值;相反地,当第一级静子尾迹在第二级静子通道中靠近吸力面侧约40%栅距位置时,一个转子通过周期内第二级静子吸力面后部出现多个分离泡,使得时均总压损失最大。

周期性脉动源对风力机功率的影响

针对WindPACT1.5 MW机组,通过大涡模拟探究风轮5°仰角时周期性脉动源(仰角、塔影效应、偏航、风剪切)对风力机总功率的影响,并结合逆叶素动量理论,进一步分析功率与升力系数之间的联系。结果表明,仰角、塔影效应加仰角与偏航加仰角均使得风力机总功率产生“3P”的波动规律,而风剪切加仰角使得总功率产生“锯齿状”的高频率波动规律,其中偏航是总功率损失的主要因素,塔影效应是功率波动的主要因素,且发现升力系数波动规律与功率单周期内的波动规律相似。

极端运行阵风对15 MW风力机叶片结构性能影响的分析

基于CFD方法,对极端运行阵风条件下IEA Wind 15 MW水平轴风力机气动性能进行分析。采用ANSYS APDL软件定义复合材料铺层方案建立15 MW风力机叶片有限元模型,并基于Workbench平台对风力机叶片进行模态分析和静力学分析,研究极端运行阵风对风力机叶片结构性能的影响。结果显示:极端运行阵风对风力机气动性能和叶片结构性能影响较大,风轮推力与转矩极值出现的时间点均迟于风速极值点,沿叶片展向叶片流动分离区域与风速呈正相关;在极端运行阵风期间,叶片位移均是从叶根至叶尖逐渐增大,叶片最大应力出现在叶片主梁并且距叶根0.6 R处,同时,由于叶片的叶尖位移和最大应力在短时间内大幅度变化,会使叶片破坏的概率增加。

湍流条件下风力机翼型动态气动特性研究

基于CDRFG方法生成湍流入口边界,采用大涡模拟(LES)研究湍流条件下风力机翼型的动态气动特性。结果表明:在翼型俯仰振荡过程中,相同攻角时,下俯过程的升力系数脉动较上仰过程更加明显。在湍流来流条件下,升力系数的分布相对紊乱,且带有不同幅度的突变特性,其脉动特性较均匀来流显著增加,迟滞环纵向波动范围增大,非定常特性加剧,且平均攻角越小,湍流对升力系数脉动特性的影响越明显。湍流对翼型表面压力波动的影响主要位于前缘区域,前缘点脉动压力对湍流来流的响应强烈,沿弦向逐渐往后,翼型表面脉动压力对湍流来流的响应逐渐减弱。

偏航风力机尾流特性和功率性能的大涡模拟研究

对偏航风力机尾流特性更好地了解有助于风电场偏航策略的使用,本文开展了偏航风力机尾流大涡模拟研究.首先,建立基于伪谱法的大涡模拟耦合新发展的滤波致动盘模型的模拟方法,使用EPFL偏航风力机尾流风洞实验数据验证了该方法的可行性和准确性.然后,模拟了不同偏航角下的风力机尾流,发现滤波致动盘模型对远尾流区的速度亏损、湍流度和尾流中心偏移有较高的预测精度.与非偏航情形不同,偏航情形大涡模拟重现了实验中观察到的“卷曲尾流”现象,这种现象造成了速度亏损和湍流度在垂直面出现不对称的分布.最后,模拟了两台风力机的尾流状况,并分析上游风力机偏航角对功率性能的影响.模拟结果显示风力机间距不宜过短,一方面,上游风力机尾流干扰造成下游风力机的功率下降,另一方面,在较短间距情况下上游风力机尾流中心偏移值在下游风力机处较小,总功率增加量减少.研究内容对在风电场使用偏航技术具有指导意义.

陆上风电碳足迹动态变化的国际比较研究

碳中和目标下国际风电产业将继续扩大规模,碳市场、碳关税等国际气候减排政策工具也在不断完善,未来可再生能源碳足迹对相关产业成本与发展将产生重要影响。本文以中国、欧洲、美国等风电产业优势国家和地区作为研究对象,构建陆上风电系统生命周期评价过程、生命周期清单,完成相关地区陆上风电碳足迹的参数比较并总结变化趋势,进一步分析趋势成因并阐明影响因素。结果表明,在风力机大型化加速、发电效率提高、工业生产清洁化的态势下,2011—2022年世界优势地区的陆上风电碳足迹均呈下降趋势,中国、欧洲、美国的平均降幅分别为49.2%、46.2%、20.8%,相应下降量均集中在设备生产阶段;中国已将碳足迹下降至与欧洲接近的水平,与美国的差距缩减到3.63 g/kW·h,其中工业生产清洁化水平不高、风机容量因子偏低分别是中国陆上风电碳足迹高于欧洲、美国的主要原因。中国在推进风电产业发展的过程中,需着重提高风电系统发电效率、加快改善产业清洁化生产水平、支持风电系统退役回收产业发展,以稳步降低陆上风电系统生命周期内的碳足迹。

用于风电钢塔筒的加劲钢管压弯性能试验研究

薄壁圆钢管广泛应用于风电机组锥筒型钢塔筒中,其在径厚比较大时易出现局部失稳,进而导致塔筒承载能力下降。该文提出了一种可用于风电钢塔筒的纵向加劲钢圆钢管结构形式,并进行了6个试件的压弯加载试验,以研究加劲肋形式及径厚比大小对加劲圆钢管压弯性能的影响。试验结果表明:在相同用钢量下,加劲肋有效改善了钢管的局部屈曲,改变了结构的破坏形态,增大了钢管的塑性发展程度,从而提升了钢管的承载力及延性,其中T型加劲肋的增强效果更为明显。并将试验模型与有限元建模进行对照,互相验证了准确性。最后使用现有设计标准对试验结果进行了初步评估,无加劲肋试件与各设计标准吻合良好,但现有计算方法低估了加劲试件的承载力。

上游山脉对风力机尾流和功率影响的模拟研究

更好地了解山地上风力机尾流和功率特性有助于山地风电场的布局设计。本研究采用高精度的大涡模拟(large-eddy simulation, LES)研究了上游山脉对下游山脉顶部风力机的尾流和功率性能的影响。在基于伪谱法的LES框架中,本文分别使用了滤波致动盘模型和浸入边界法模拟风力机和山脉对气流的作用。研究表明,LES结果与实验测量的速度和湍动能吻合很好,对湍动能的预测优于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(Reynolds average Navier-Stokes, RANS)方法。在山脉风力机尾流的模拟中,研究发现风力机尾迹中心轨迹在山顶下风处向下偏转。与孤立山地相比,双峰型山地的尾流恢复速度更快,其恢复速率随着山脉间距的增加先增加后减少。对于有山脉情况,尽管由于气流的加速效应,高斯分布与尾流速度亏损分布在尾流下边缘存在差异,但高斯曲线仍然适用于近似风力机尾流的速度亏损。此外,因为上游山脉尾迹会扩散且到达下游山脉迎风面时会被抬升,所以当山脉间距达到一定距离时,风轮会完全浸没在上游山脉尾迹中,导致风力机功率性能受到上游山脉的不利影响,随着山脉间距的增加先下降后上升。本研究加深了对山地风力机尾流特性和功率性能的认识,对山区风电场的布局设计具有指导意义。

不同叶高水平的透平叶片气动特性分析

为了能够通过CFD手段优化透平叶片气动性能,本文使用雷诺平均方法针对工程上应用的66、44以及22 mm共3种典型叶高水平的透平模型进行了数值模拟,并将计算结果同实验测量结果进行了对比。同时,使用大涡模拟数值方法对22 mm叶高的模型进行非定常计算,得到了与实验结果吻合更好的等熵效率、质量流量等流场宏观参数,在三维流场上透平叶片的叶根与叶顶处的流动更为复杂。研究结果表明:雷诺平均方法可以对66和44 mm叶高的透平模型进行较准确的评估,对于22 mm叶高的透平,只有大涡模拟方法才能够清晰地捕捉到端壁区域紊乱的流动细节。叶片端部区域损失较大,雷诺平均方法处理得到的短叶片端壁区域丢失了流动的脉动细节,导致无法进行准确计算其端壁区域的流动。

水泥土大直径单桩水平承载性能试验研究

为研究水泥土中大直径单桩的水平承载性能,开展了水泥土中大直径单桩水平承载性能离心机试验,分析了加固前后桩基水平承载力、弯矩和水平土抗力-水平位移(p-y)曲线的变化规律.基于黏土典型p-y曲线,考虑土体径向非均质性和桩径效应,修正初始地基反力模量和极限土抗力,提出了一种适用于水泥土加固桩水平承载力的计算模型.结果表明,相比未加固桩,加固桩的水平承载力明显提升,单桩初始刚度和极限承载力分别增加2.61倍和6.29倍.加固桩和未加固桩的桩身弯矩随荷载和深度变化趋势大致相同,但加固桩的最大弯矩位于泥面附近.水泥土加固可以提高桩身p-y曲线的初始刚度和极限土抗力,进而提高桩基水平承载力.计算值与实测值吻合较好,从而验证了所提计算模型的合理性.

压缩空气储能技术及工程发展概述

针对压缩空气储能技术的飞速发展和不断更新,该文详细介绍压缩空气储能技术的发展历程和各阶段的工程实例,给出各个路线的工艺系统,指明技术特点。蓄热式压缩空气储能技术具备大容量长时储能的属性,是我国大力发展的主流技术,目前正朝着300 MW容量等级方向发展,在建和拟建多个商业工程。随着关键组件制造能力的提升、设备和工质投资的减少,压缩空气储能必将朝着更大容量和更高参数的方向发展,并且会与更多系统耦合,具备更多的应用场景。