Calibration of Camera with Large Field-of-View Based on Flexible Planar Target

For high precision calibration of camera with large field-of-view,massive calibration points will be needed if traditional methods are selected,which makes the calibration complex and time-consuming.In order to solve this problem,a calibration method based on flexible planar target is proposed.In this method,distortion factor is firstly acquired by the invariance of cross ratio,and existing feature points are adjusted with the distortion factor.Then,a large number of points that will be used for the calibration are constructed with the adjusted feature points.Simultaneously,Tsai method is modified so as to reduce the complexity of calibration,which makes the process linear.The simulation and real experiments show that the method proposed in this paper is simple,linear,accurate and robust,and the precision of this method is close to that of Tsai method using abundant points.The method can satisfy the requirement of high precision calibration for camera with large field-of-view.

Constructing a Virtual Large Reference Plate with High-precision for Calibrating Cameras with Large FOV

It is well known that the accuracy of camera calibration is constrained by the size of the reference plate,it is difficult to fabricate large reference plates with high precision.Therefore,it is non-trivial to calibrate a camera with large field of view(FOV).In this paper,a method is proposed to construct a virtual large reference plate with high precision.Firstly,a high precision datum plane is constructed with a laser interferometer and one-dimensional air guideway,and then the reference plate is positioned at different locations and orientations in the FOV of the camera.The feature points of reference plate are projected to the datum plane to obtain a virtual large reference plate with high-precision.The camera is moved to several positions to get different virtual reference plates,and the camera is calibrated with the virtual reference plates.The experimental results show that the mean re-projection error of the camera calibrated with the proposed method is 0.062 pixels.The length of a scale bar with standard length of 959.778mm was measured with a vision system composed of two calibrated cameras,and the length measurement error is 0.389mm.

Near-Range Large Field-of-View Three-Dimensional Photon-Counting Imaging with a Single-Pixel Si-Avalanche Photodiode

Large field-of-view（FoV） three-dimensional（3 D） photon-counting imaging is demonstrated with a single-pixel single-photon detector based on a Geiger-mode Si-avalanche photodiode. By removing the collecting lens（CL）before the detector, the FoV is expanded to ±10°. Thanks to the high detection efficiency, the signal-to-noise ratio of the imaging system is as high as 7.8 dB even without the CL when the average output laser pulse energy is about 0.45 pJ/pulse for imaging the targets at a distance of 5 m. A 3 D image overlaid with the reflectivity data is obtained according to the photon-counting time-of-flight measurement and the return photon intensity.

Study of a millimeter-wave squint indirect holographic algorithm suitable for imaging with large field-of-view

In this paper a millimeter-wave （MMW） squint indirect holographic method is presented, which is suitable for imaging with a large field-of-view. The proposed system employs the squint operation mode to remove the background and twin- image interferences, which achieves a similar effect to off-axis holography but leaves out the large-aperture quasi-optical component. The translational scanning manner enables a large field of view and ensures the image uniformity, which is difficult to realize in off-axis holography. In addition, a corresponding imaging algorithm for the presented scheme is developed to reconstruct the image from the recorded hologram. Some imaging results on typical objects, obtained with electromagnetic simulation, demonstrate good performance of the imaging scheme and validate the effectiveness of the image reconstruction algorithm.

Electrical Performance Study of a Large Area Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer

In this paper, a new technique using a Current Shunt and a Micropotentiometer has been used to study the electrical performance of a large area multicrystalline silicon solar cell at outdoor conditions. The electrical performance is mainly described by measuring both cell short circuit current and open circuit voltage. The measurements of this cell by using multimeters suffer from some problems because the cell has high current intensity with low output voltage. So, the solar cell short circuit current values are obtained by measuring the voltage developed across a known resistance Current Shunt. Samples of the obtained current values are accurately calibrated by using a Micropotentiometer (μpot) thermal element (TE) to validate this new measuring technique. Moreover, the solar cell open circuit voltage has been measured. Besides, the cell output power has been calculated and can be correlated with the measured incident radiation.

Temperature control for thermal treatment of aluminum alloy in a large-scale vertical quench furnace

The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature control system which integrates temperature calibration and temperature uniformity control is developed for the thermal treatment of aluminum alloy workpieces in the large-scale vertical quench furnace. To obtain the aluminum alloy workpiece temperature, an air heat transfer model is newly established to describe the temperature gradient distribution so that the immeasurable workpiece temperature can be calibrated from the available thermocouple temperature. To satisfy the uniformity control of the furnace temperature, a second order partial differential equation(PDE) is derived to describe the thermal dynamics inside the vertical quench furnace. Based on the PDE, a decoupling matrix is constructed to solve the coupling issue and decouple the heating process into multiple independent heating subsystems. Then, using the expert control rule to find a compromise of temperature rising time and overshoot during the quenching process. The developed temperature control system has been successfully applied to a 31 m large-scale vertical quench furnace, and the industrial running results show the significant improvement of the temperature uniformity, lower overshoot and shortened processing time.

一种应用于大尺寸测量系统的坐标系自动标定方法

针对现有方法在标定过程中过于繁琐的问题,提出了一种应用于大尺寸测量系统的坐标系全自动标定方法。该方法通过固定两个在测量单元局部坐标系已知坐标的测量节点作为标记靶,测量单元之间相互测量彼此的标记靶获得标记靶上的测量点在不同坐标系下的坐标值,利用这些坐标值建立三维几何约束,从而自动标定不同坐标系之间的坐标转换关系。借助于精密激光定位系统平台进行实验验证,结果表明,所提方法可以实现测量单元局部坐标系之间的自动标定,降低了坐标系标定过程中的人工成本。在距离测量单元布站区域约2 m,大小为5 000 mm×5 000 mm×500 mm的测量空间中长度测量的精度在0.46 mm/m以内,测试点三维坐标测量的标准偏差在0.026 mm以内,可以满足绝大部分工业测量的需求。该方法极大的提高了系统的标定效率,有望为具有自动标定功能的大尺寸测量设备的产品化提供新的理论基础。

基于激光干涉仪同步测量的动态校准装置

为满足时变几何量的瞬时动态测试需求,研制了一种基于激光干涉仪同步测量的动态校准装置。该装置采用直线运动导轨和运动发生器、长度标准器激光干涉仪,以基于GNSS驯服时钟的同步触发器实现同步测量并确保时间准确稳定,并使用动态校准软件实现控制一体化。经综合分析激光干涉仪的最大允许误差、直线运动导轨的直线度、环境因素、触发信号间时延及激光干涉仪测量时延等因素,该装置的长度示值的测量不确定度为Q[1.8μm,3×10^(-7)L](k=2)。与同型号激光干涉仪的比对实验和激光跟踪仪瞬时长度测试实验,证明了不确定度评定的合理性以及该装置在瞬时动态准确度测试中的可行性。

大视场相机最优投影模型识别及星光标定方法

针对在轨摄影测量中近距离大尺寸测量需求,提出利用星光约束的大视场角摄影测量相机最优投影模型识别及标定方法。首先,构建了具备调节系数的星光几何投影分段函数模型。随后,针对分段星光投影模型开发多站位自标定光束平差算法。通过将光束平差算法与北方苍鹰寻优策略相结合,对投影模型调节系数、相机内方位参数、相机外方位参数及镜头畸变系数同步优化,直到星点像面重投影均方根误差达到全局最小,得到最优投影模型及其参数。实测实验表明,大视场角相机星光标定后,星点像面坐标的重投影均方根误差为1/9 pixel。在连续帧星光标定实验中,通过卡尔曼滤波算法对相机参数随机误差进行了有效消除。该方法可在相机星光标定过程中识别最优投影模型并标定全部成像参数,具备连续帧标定及参数校准能力。

一种大视场红外相机的畸变校正方法

本文针对大视场红外相机的畸变校正过程复杂的问题,提出了一种新的畸变校正方法。首先,选择单参数除法模型(division model,DM)作为相机畸变模型,使用改进的加速特征稳健算法(speed-up robust features,SURF)自动获取两幅有相同场景的畸变红外图像的特征点对,然后利用九点非迭代算法和核密度估计方法获取图像的畸变参数,最后根据求得的畸变参数使用基于边缘保持的灰度插值方法对图像进行畸变校正。在整个过程中,不需要预先知道相机的参数和场景信息,通过输入两幅具有相同场景的图像,完成畸变校正,为大视场红外相机的畸变校正提供了一种新的解决方法。实验结果表明,使用该方法对大视场红外相机进行畸变校正具有可行性和鲁棒性。

一种大视场汇聚型双目立体视觉标定方法

双目摄像机汇聚型摆放易导致标记点出现散焦模糊和透视形变,使标记点定位出现偏差,在大视场环境下会引发不可忽视的标定误差,进而影响测量精度。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于标记点定位偏差度加权的大视场汇聚型双目立体视觉标定方法。首先,利用靶标在摄像机坐标系下的位姿,计算标记点散焦模糊量和透视形变度;其次,根据标记点定位偏差度设置相应权重;最后,将标记点权重系数加入目标函数,引导标定参数优化。实验结果表明:在观测值为505 mm的情况下,该方法测距均方根误差和标准差可达0.809和0.290,不但有效提高了大视场汇聚型双目立体视觉标定精度,而且具有良好的稳定性。

一种小型激光跟踪测量系统的研制

为实现大尺寸范围内的坐标跟踪测量,研制了一种小型激光跟踪测量系统。设计了光机电一体化的机械结构,实现减小系统体积与提高抗干扰能力。设计了系统的光学模块,通过优化基于位置敏感探测器的目标偏差量采集部分的光路,实现目标允许最大偏差量的增大。通过开展位置敏感探测器的标定实验,完成位置敏感探测器的线性区间与偏差比例系数的测量,为跟踪控制算法开发提供了关键参数。进行了跟踪控制模块的设计,并完成跟踪控制算法的开发,实现系统的快速跟踪测量。开发了系统三维可视化测量软件,实现用户对系统与目标的空间位置及运动状态的实时掌控。实验结果表明,系统的跟踪稳定性与位移分辨力分别为20μm和40μm,系统的跟踪速度最高可达480 mm/s,加速度最高可达506 mm/s^(2),跟踪距离范围不小于70 m,具有三维坐标测量与三维可视化功能,与现有跟踪仪相比具有体积、重量以及测角范围上的优势,具有良好的跟踪性能与应用前景。

逐像元自适应增益成像系统的星上辐射定标方法

逐像元自适应增益成像系统通过在每个像元的电子链路中集成四档不同容积的积分电容,可以在确保高信噪比的前提下实现大动态范围的遥感成像需求。此成像系统在发射前测试时,由于甚低增益(ULG)的动态范围过大而实验室积分球能量有限,只能通过与低增益(LG)的比例系数递推来间接对ULG后半量程的输出特性标定;星载太阳定标器反射能量过大会导致高增益(HG)和中增益(MG)输出饱和也无法直接测定辐射定标系数,只可通过比例系数推定。提出一种星上增益比例系数测定的方案,分别利用四档增益的输出作为特征对实验图像分类,将不同成像目标的输出码值作为多个定标能级,利用最小二乘法线性拟合相邻增益输出后得到相邻增益的比例系数。此方案验证了实验室增益比例系数测定结果,同时在外场成像实验中用该方法计算得到的比例系数用于相邻两档增益中较低增益图像反演较高增益图像,结果与实际较高增益图像对比归一化均方误差大部分小于0.01、两图像结构相关系数基本在90%左右、数据相关系数达到90%。证明该方法测定的相邻两增益比例相关系数有较高准确性,在星上辐射定标时用于高增益辐射定标系数的递推求取有极大的可行性,解决了星上不能直接对HG、MG辐射定标的问题。

一种大型相控阵雷达外场高精度相位校正方法

针对大型相控阵雷达外场相位校正受风影响无法保证校正精度的难题,本文提出了一种外场高精度相位分级校正方法。采用激光标定法测量标校源风载条件下的晃动曲线和最大晃动速度,根据雷达工作频段及校正精度要求,计算出标校源最大晃动速度条件下的最小保精度校正时间,以最小保精度校正时间作为分级子阵规模划分的依据,通过多级校正完成全阵外场校正。仿真测试结果表明:在5级风载条件下,X波段相位校正精度均方根小于5.8°,最大栅瓣电平降低了9 dB,达到模拟移相器可以实现的精度要求。

大腔体压机腔体压强28 GPa的标定方法

在大腔体压机中,一般利用压标物质相变时的电阻变化进行腔体压强标定,但目前仍缺少在22.5~34.5 GPa区间的相变压标物质。地球深部矿物50%MgSiO_(3)-_(50)%Al_(2)O_(3)(En_(50)Cor_(50))在高温高压下转变为钙钛矿结构,且在27 GPa以上钙钛矿结构MgSiO_(3)中溶解的Al_(2)O_(3)含量随压力升高而增加。为此,选取En_(50)Cor_(50)作为大腔体压机中28 GPa的压标物质进行高压腔体压强的间接标定。首先,利用常用压标物质的相变进行腔体压强标定,得到低压区系统油压-腔体压强的校正曲线(6.0~22.5 GPa);随后,根据低压区校正曲线及前人对En_(50)Cor_(50)的研究结果,估算28 GPa腔体压强对应的系统油压;将En_(50)Cor_(50)在预估油压、2000 K温度条件下保温3~7 h;最后,利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、电子探针等手段对En_(50)Cor_(50)进行测试分析。结果表明:在该条件下成功合成了布里奇曼石,且Al2O_(3)的溶解度大于13.7%,对照前人的研究结果,确定样品腔体压强约为29 GPa。该方法成功标定了大腔体压机在28 GPa附近的腔体压强,填补了大腔体压机在该压强范围的标定空白。

基于Lasso-Huber的近红外光谱特征波长选择方法及应用

在近红外光谱(NIRS)波长筛选过程中,当变量数目远大于样本量时,特征波长的选择是一个极具挑战性的问题。Lasso与Elastic Net算法虽被用于大维小样本数据的变量选择,但二者均以最小平方误差作为损失函数的度量方法来选择特征变量。因此,当样本中含有异常点时,经两种算法建立的模型对异常点更加敏感,导致模型向异常点偏移,鲁棒性降低。针对上述问题,采用Huber函数作为损失函数,提出了Lasso-Huber法进行近红外特征波长选择,结合偏最小二乘(PLS)方法建立安胎丸质控指标成分的定量校正模型,并与全波长建模、 Lasso与Elastic-Net方法波长选择后建模的模型性能进行对比。本实验采集21批安胎丸的近红外光谱数据共116条,其中101条数据作为校正集,采用留一交叉验证法对模型进行内部验证,另外15条数据则作为验证集用于外部验证。对于校正集中的异常光谱,使用基于主成分分析(PCA)的马氏距离法(MD)进行检测。以安胎丸的质控指标成分之一阿魏酸为例,采用Lasso、 Elastic-Net和Lasso-Huber方法分别筛选了安胎丸样品无异常光谱中69、 155和87个特征波长。其中Lasso-Huber法结合PLS建立的预测模型效果最佳,外部验证的RP2和SEP分别为0.953 1和0.058 7。此外,通过对校正集中是否包含异常光谱的校正模型预测性能对比发现,Lasso-Huber法在包含异常光谱的建模中更具优势。结果显示,Lasso-Huber算法优选出最佳波长点数为88,结合PLS建立的模型性能R_(v)^(2)为0.967 3,而Lasso方法的R_(v)^(2)为0.840 5, Elastic-Net方法的R_(v)^(2)为0.834 7,全波长建模的R_(v)^(2)为0.852 0。可见,在含有异常光谱的样本中,Lasso-Huber法不仅减少了特征波段的数量,同时降低了算法对异常光谱的敏感性,提高了模型的准确度和鲁棒性。从简化模型的角度上比较,Lasso法和Elastic-Net法的建模时间分别为61.826 0和79.959 9 s,而Lasso-Huber建模时间仅为1.360 8 s,因此,该算法更有望未来集成于实际生产应用的近红外光谱建模软件中。

大曲率沉管隧道安装测控技术研究

大连湾海底隧道曲线沉管为国内最大曲率,为实现大曲率沉管的高精度安装定位与轴线控制,需对原有直线段沉管安装测控技术进行改进与优化。文章主要针对沉管标定、浮运安装测控系统与沉管线形拟合3部分对直线与曲线沉管安装测控的不同点与相应优化方案进行研究,并在E14—E18管节安装过程中进行实践验证。最终实现曲线管节高精度安装,至E18管节尾端轴偏15 mm,为最终接头顶推提供有利条件。

超深大位移井高效井筒清洁与预校深一体化提效工艺

超深大位移井的井眼轨迹复杂、井斜大、稳斜段长,常规套管程序为ϕ244.5 mm套管与ϕ177.8 mm尾管复合,且刮管洗井阶段存在随钻预校深为射孔备用的需求,常规采用两趟管柱分别实现井筒清洁、随钻预校深的功能,造成井筒清洁效率低、作业周期长。通过集成优化组合多功能清洁工具、可变径刮管器、随钻测井工具和分流转向阀工具,设计形成了高效井筒清洁与预校深一体化管柱结构,重点开展了水力学模拟、管柱安全评价、工艺流程优化,实现复合井筒一趟式高效清洁和随钻预校深一体化功能,相比常规两趟式方案提效30%。该技术在东海3口超深大位移井中成功应用,井下工具工作正常,相比同类井型常规工艺单井平均缩短43.6 h,具有显著的提速提效作用。

分开排气系统特性校准试验研究

飞行试验时,采用燃气发生器法间接获取航空发动机飞行推力。为提高飞行推力计算精度,需准确获取航空发动机排气系统特性。采用某大涵道比分开排气系统缩比模型开展了实验室校准箱吹风试验及数值模拟研究,结果表明:采用实验室校准箱吹风试验、数值模拟获取的单独内涵喷管特性趋势一致、数值接近,最大内涵喷管压比为1.44时,喷管流量和推力偏差分别为0.73%、0.18%;通过试验和数值模拟获取的内外涵分开排气系统特性趋势一致、数值接近,最大外涵喷管压比为1.46时,喷管流量和推力偏差分别为0.64%、0.18%;对大涵道比分开排气系统物理模型与几何模型进行合理简化后,试验和数值模拟获取的分开排气系统特性偏差满足工程精度要求。

一种三维人体模型快速测量方法

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