Extended state observer-based control with an adjustable parameter for a large ground-based telescope

The high-precision requirements will always be constrained due to the complicated operating conditions of the ground-based telescope. Owing to various internal and external disturbances, it is necessary to study a control method, which should have a good ability on disturbance rejection and a good adaptability on system parameter variation. The traditional proportional-integral(PI) controller has the advantage of simple and easy adjustment, but it cannot deal with the disturbances well in different situations. This paper proposes a simplified active disturbance rejection control law, whose debugging is as simple as the PI controller, and with better disturbance rejection ability and parameter adaptability. It adopts a simplified second-order extended state observer(ESO) with an adjustable parameter to accommodate the significant variation of the inertia during the different design stages of the telescope. The gain parameter of the ESO can be adjusted online with a recursive least square estimating method once the system parameter has changed significantly. Thus, the ESO can estimate the total disturbances timely and the controller will compensate them accordingly. With the adjustable parameter of the ESO, the controller can always achieve better performance in different applications of the telescope. The simulation and experimental verification of the control law was conducted on a 1.2-meter ground based telescope. The results verify the necessity of adjusting the parameter of the ESO, and demonstrate better disturbance rejection ability in a large range of speed variations during the design stages of the telescope.

A high-contrast imaging coronagraph for segmented-mirror large aperture telescopes using a spatial light modulator

The primary mirrors of current and future large telescopes always employ a segmented mirror configuration.The small but non-negligible gaps between neighboring segments cause additional diffraction,which restricts the performance of high-contrast coronagraph.To solve this problem,we propose a coronagraph system based on a single liquid crystal spatial light modulator(SLM).This spatial light modulator is used for amplitude apodization,and its feasibility and potential performance are demonstrated using a laboratory setup using the stochastic parallel gradient descent(SPGD)algorithm to control the spatial light modulator,which is based on point spread function(PSF)sensing and evaluation and optimized for maximum contrast in the discovery working area as a merit function.The system delivers a contrast in the order of 10−6,and shows excellent potential to be used in current and future large aperture telescopes,both on the ground and in space.

Pose Estimation of Space Targets Based on Model Matching for Large-Aperture Ground-Based Telescopes

With the development of adaptive optics and post restore processing techniques,large aperture ground-based telescopes can obtain high-resolution images(HRIs)of targets.The pose of the space target can be estimated from HRIs by several methods.As the target features obtained from the image are unstable,it is difficult to use existing methods for pose estimation.In this paper a method based on real-time target model matching to estimate the pose of space targets is proposed.First,the physicallyconstrained iterative deconvolution algorithm is used to obtain HRIs of the space target.Second,according to the 3D model,the ephemeris data,the observation time of the target,and the optical parameters of the telescope,the simulated observation image of the target in orbit is rendered by a scene simulation program.Finally,the target model searches through yaw,pitch,and roll until the correlation between the simulated observation image and the actual observation image shows an optimal match.The simulation results show that the proposed pose estimation method can converge to the local optimal value with an estimation error of about 1.6349°.

Site testing campaign for the Large Optical Telescope at the Ali site

The Large Optical/infrared Telescope(LOT)is a ground-based 12 m diameter telescope which is proposed to be built in western China.The site selection for LOT in China began in 2016,and Ali was listed as one of the three candidate sites.Remote studies and local surveys have been carried out for more than 15 years in western China,and the results show that Ali is a promising site with comprehensive quality in terms of atmospheric and supporting conditions.An overview of the site testing campaign at the Ali site from 2016 to 2019 is presented.After the two years of data collection,the overall median seeing value is found to be 1.17 arcsec,the observable nights are 81.71%and the good observable nights are 71.76%.The weather conditions as follows,the median night temperature value is-5.18℃,the median night relative humidity value is 41.25%,the median night atmospheric pressure value is 540.92 hPa,the median night wind speed value is 7.41 m s-1 and the mainly wind direction is southwestern(SW).The median night sky background value is 22.07 magV.We also discuss the wind speed at different locations on-site,the possibility of light pollution and the effect of wind speed on differential image motion monitor(DIMM)seeing measurements.

Error analysis and distribution of the driving mechanism for large spherical radio telescope active reflector

In order to reduce the cost,3-PRS mechanism is introduced into the application of supporting theactive reflector unit of large radio telescope.The kinematic model of 3-PRS mechanism with rotationaljoint errors is derived to solve the error problem in actual engineering application.Then based on the errormodel,inverse and forward kinematics are analyzed.Because the solutions can not be analytically ex-pressed,a numerical method is applied.Afterwards,the parasitic motion errors are analyzed using searchmethod and empirical formulas of the maximum parasitic motion error are put forward.Finally,the toler-ance is distributed using empirical formulas to avoid interference between adjacent reflector units.Theanalyses provide a theoretical basis for the design and installation of large radio telescope active reflector.

Non-uniform temperature distribution of the main reflector of a large radio telescope under solar radiation

The non-uniform temperature distribution of the main reflector of a large radio telescope may cause serious deformation of the main reflector,which will dramatically reduce the aperture efficiency of a radio telescope.To study the non-uniform temperature field of the main reflector of a large radio telescope,numerical calculations including thermal environment factors,the coefficients on convection and radiation,and the shadow boundary of the main reflector are first discussed.In addition,the shadow coverage and the non-uniform temperature field of the main reflector of a 70-m radio telescope under solar radiation are simulated by finite element analysis.The simulation results show that the temperature distribution of the main reflector under solar radiation is very uneven,and the maximum of the root mean square temperature is 12.3℃.To verify the simulation results,an optical camera and a thermal imaging camera are used to measure the shadow coverage and the non-uniform temperature distribution of the main reflector on a clear day.At the same time,some temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature at some points close to the main reflector on the backup structure.It has been verified that the simulation and measurement results of the shadow coverage on the main reflector are in good agreement,and the cosine similarity between the simulation and the measurement is above 90%.Despite the inevitable thermal imaging errors caused by large viewing angles,the simulated temperature field is similar to the measured temperature distribution of the main reflector to a large extent.The temperature trend measured at the test points on the backup structure close to the main reflector without direct solar radiation is consistent with the simulated temperature trend of the corresponding points on the main reflector with the solar radiation.It is credible to calculate the temperature field of the main reflector through the finite element method.This work can provide valuable references for studying the thermal deformation and the surface accuracy of the main reflector of a large radio telescope.

THE LARGE SKY AREA MULTI-OBJECT FIBER SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPE (LAMOST)

Ⅰ. THE SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE Abundant physical information about remote celestial bodies is contained in their optical spectra. The optical spectra of enormous amount of celestial bodies are critical in astronomical research of wide field of view and large samples that concerns various frontiers in astronomy and astrophysics. Up to now, however, among the tens of billions of all kinds of celestial bodies recorded by imaging surveys, only a very little part (about one ten thousandth)

Evaluation For Drive Precision of Large Telescope

It’s dissertated the relationship of the drive precision of large telescope, optical quality of the telescope and Seeing of atmosphere in the observatory in the article. And it gives the evaluation for drive precision of large telescope from mathematics matrix. If the value of evaluation for drive precision is high, it shows that the practical error of drive is small. Or it shows the practical error of drive is large. Based on 2 16 meter telescope, the right ascension drive gear system, optical system and Seeing in Xinglong observatory, a value of evaluation of this drive system in the current condition is calculated. Three other values of evaluation are calculated for supposed conditions. From that we can infer the basic and super standard limits of evaluation for drive precision of the drive precision error which is required when building large telescope.

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ORBIT TRACKING MOVEMENT OF FEED SYSTEM IN LARGE SPHERICAL RADIO-TELESCOPE

The curve equation and its mechanics analysis of suspended-cable under the condition of end load are given. Then on the basis of it, the mechanical analysis of suspended-cable system for large spherical radio-telescope is studied, and procedures of the control for the orbit tracking movement of the line feed in large spherical radiotelescope are given. The validity of the results mentioned above is confirmed by means of computer simulations.

Advances in optical engineering for future telescopes

Significant optical engineering advances at the University of Arizona are being made for design, fabrication, and construction of next generation astronomical telescopes. This summary review paper focuses on the technological advances in three key areas. First is the optical fabrication technique used for constructing next-generation telescope mirrors. Advances in ground-based telescope control and instrumentation comprise the second area of development. This includes active alignment of the laser truss-based Large Binocular Telescope(LBT) prime focus camera, the new MOBIUS modular cross-dispersion spectroscopy unit used at the prime focal plane of the LBT, and topological pupil segment optimization. Lastly, future space telescope concepts and enabling technologies are discussed. Among these, the Nautilus space observatory requires challenging alignment of segmented multi-order diffractive elements. The OASIS terahertz space telescope presents unique challenges for characterizing the inflatable primary mirror, and the Hyperion space telescope pushes the limits of high spectral resolution, far-UV spectroscopy. The Coronagraphic Debris and Exoplanet Exploring Pioneer(CDEEP) is a Small Satellite(Small Sat) mission concept for high-contrast imaging of circumstellar disks and exoplanets using vector vortex coronagraph. These advances in optical engineering technologies will help mankind to probe, explore, and understand the scientific beauty of our universe.

Analyzing the capability of a radio telescope in a bistatic space debris observation system

A bistatic space debris observation system using a radio telescope as the receiving part is introduced. The detection capability of the system at different working frequencies is analyzed based on real instruments. The detection range of targets with a fixed radar cross section and the detection ability of small space debris at a fixed range are discussed. The simulations of this particular observation system at different transmitting powers are also implemented and the detection capability is discussed. The simulated results approximately match the actual experiments. The analysis in this paper provides a theoretical basis for developing a space debris observation system that can be built in China.

A Reverse-Design Strategy for the Track Error of the Qi Tai Telescope Based on Pointing Accuracy

The Qi Tai Telescope(QTT),which has a 110 m aperture,is planned to be the largest scale steerable tele-scope in the world.Ideally,the telescope’s repeated pointing accuracy error should be less than 2.5 arc seconds(arcsec);thus,the telescope structure must satisfy ultra-high precision requirements.In this pur-suit,the present research envisages a reverse-design method for the track surface to reduce the difficulty of the telescope’s design and manufacture.First,the distribution characteristics of the test data for the track error were verified using the skewness coefficient and kurtosis coefficient methods.According to the distribution characteristics,the azimuth track error was simulated by a two-scale model.The error of the long period and short amplitude was characterized as large-scale and described by a trigonometric function,while the short period and high amplitude error was characterized as small-scale and simulated by a fractal function.Based on the two-scale model,effect of the error on the pointing accuracy was deduced.Subsequently,the relationship between the root mean square(RMS)of the track error and the RMS of the pointing accuracy error of the telescope was deduced.Finally,the allowable RMS value of the track error was derived from the allowable pointing accuracy errors.To validate the effectiveness of the new design method,two typical radio telescopes(the Green Bank Telescope(GBT)and the Large Millimeter Telescope(LMT))were selected as experimental examples.Through comparison,the theoretical calculated values of the pointing accuracy of the telescope were consistent with the measured values,with a maximum error of less than 10%.

大口径环形分段光学系统基准构建方法

为了更好地对大口径分段望远镜进行集成检测与稳定性保持基准构建,本文提出一种大口径环形分段光学系统基准构建方法。首先,采用局部光瞳投射的方式实现光瞳对准映射;其次,利用微透镜阵列构建系统共焦空间基准;之后,基于环带整体调控模式,采用共焦与曲率半径联合分析,实现曲率半径与系统对准的共同调节;最后,利用白光干涉所形成的条纹包络进行粗共相探测,并利用通道光谱方法实现粗共相与精共相间的精度衔接,空间共焦基准定位精度优于125μm,共相基准覆盖范围优于20μm,精度优于0.5μm,光谱基准不确定度优于5%。实现了不同时空特征扰动的分层次、多模态抑制,利用以上共基准原位测量新方法有效提升了光学系统原位计量检测精度并缩短了溯源链长度,增加了检测效率与准确度。

多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控方法

为了更好地实现多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜波前像差抑制、提升望远镜探测能力极限,本文基于望远镜视场边缘内置的错位型曲率传感器进行波前感知,并利用功率谱对波前感知结果进行分析,进而基于波前像差的空间频率特征进行调控。首先,基于复光场理论分析了非瞳面对系统波前调控的影响机理。其次,分析了本方法在多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控过程中的精度特性。再次,利用桌面实验对多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控的可行性进行了验证。最终,波前重建结果与理论波前相关性高于0.85。利用功率谱对各个视场的空间频率特性进行了分析,与单纯使用均方根对多镜面影响敏感度进行分析的方法相比,灵敏度提升了20%。

基于天文光子学的拼接主镜望远镜位相传感与对准

系统孔径的增加可以有效提高测量观察的灵敏度和分辨率,从而得到高质量的深场测量数据.然而孔径的增加不仅给系统尤其是具有拼接主镜的巡天望远镜系统引入了新的影响因素,从而使其变得更复杂,而且改变了现有组件的操作模式和效果.在这项研究中,我们将子孔径镜检测与曲率传感相结合,该策略可以利用焦平面前后的强度差异测量系统中的对齐倾斜和相位差,从而实现对齐调整和波前稳定性的维护.在子孔径之间使用波前信息来保持连续性,而在系统接口处使用条纹模式来调整对齐倾斜方向.最终实现了原始波前的相关系数大于0.8,子镜边缘区域的PV值减少了超过40%,并且实现了2″的共焦分辨率,以及在5μm范围内的0.08μm的共相位分辨率.此外,每个子镜的边缘干涉测量通道数量从6个减少到2个,吞吐量增加了3倍.为确保未来超大孔径拼接望远镜的最终条纹分辨率,必须有效地减小系统探测器的目标尺寸、体积和质量.而这种基于天文光子学器件的方法能够有效地增加系统的集成度,减少环境对地基系统的影响,降低天基系统的发射成本与风险.

行星际超低噪声三维能量粒子谱仪设计

太阳系能量粒子的起源和加速一直是空间物理学的重要前沿课题之一.在行星际空间中观测到的太阳系能量粒子主要分为两类:一类是持续存在的“太阳风能量粒子”,另一类是间歇性的“太阳能量粒子事件”.受限于以往行星际粒子探测器的灵敏度还不足够高,人类迄今仍未洞悉这些能量粒子起源和加速的物理过程与本质.本文设计了技术指标均为国际领先水平的行星际超低噪声三维能量粒子谱仪,采用双端望远镜结构(一端利用薄膜阻挡质子技术实现高灵敏电子探测,另一端利用磁场偏转电子技术实现高灵敏质子探测),结合多层、多像素半导体探测器阵列和覆盖近4π立体角的大视场设计,实现对行星际空间中20~1000 keV电子和25~12000 keV质子的三维分布进行高时间分辨率、高角度分辨率和高能量分辨率探测,用以揭示太阳系能量粒子起源和加速的机理,满足我国行星际探测和即将开展的深空探测的迫切需求.

大口径光学合成孔径系统研究进展

光学合成孔径技术是增大望远镜有效口径、提高望远镜分辨率、增强望远镜集光能力的有效途径,但是大口径光学合成孔径系统的技术难度随着子孔径离散程度的提高与自由度的释放呈指数级增长。文章比较了光学合成孔径系统的基本原理与结构形式,回顾了以拼接式、稀疏孔径式和分布式为代表的大口径光学合成孔径系统的发展历程,分析了大口径光学合成孔径系统在主动光学、编队与控制、路径规划等关键技术领域面临的技术难题,并提出下一代大口径光学合成孔径系统的发展方向。

南极大视场望远镜光学系统研究进展

南极特殊环境可为天文台址提供绝佳的天文观测条件且具有极高的空间碎片过境频率等特性,因此,南极大视场望远镜在天文观测、空间碎片管理和深空探测等领域具有重要研究意义。本文基于南极天文观测科学目标的需求,综合考虑南极天文台址视宁度数据要求,针对满足南极使用的大视场望远镜光学系统关键科学问题,首先总结与分析了南极天文台址的特征。其次,我国先后在南极地区部署的几批大视场光学望远镜,囊括了几类典型的大视场光学系统,本文详细探讨了南极大视场望远镜目前采用的多类典型大视场光学系统的设计理论,并对南极地区现有和规划中的大视场望远镜项目进行了全面的阐述,介绍了这些系统的关键技术特点。最后,深入探讨了南极大视场望远镜在天文探测科学研究领域所取得的重要进展,重点介绍该领域的前沿动态与一些关键性的突破。