Similar material simulation research on movement law of roof over-lying strata in stope of fully mechanized caving face with large mining height

Similar material simulation test W9-15 101 fully mechanized caving face with was carried out in a geological model of large mining height in the Liuhuanggou Colliery, in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height was studied and show that the roof overlying strata in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height can be formed into a stable arch structure; the fracture rock beam is formed resembling a ＂bond beam＂, but it has essentially the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂ under the big structure of the stable arch. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is similar to that of the common, fully mechanized caving stope, which is determined by the deformation and instability of the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂. But because of the differences between the mining heights, the peak pressure in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is smaller while the affected area of abutment pressure is wider in the front of the working face; this is the obvious difference in abutment pressure between the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height and that of the common.

Technological optimization of fully mechanized caving mining face with large mining heights

Fully mechanized cave mining with large mining height is a new mining method, due to its large mining thickness and lower roadway excavation, the technology has been widely used in China＇s thick seam mining. In order to improve the top-coal recovery ratio of fully mechanized cave mining with large mining height, a study was conducted on optimizing the caving process, based on the mechanized caving face 1302N in Longgu Coal Mine. This was achieved by improving the PFC numerical calculation methods, and establishing a more accurate model system. On this basis, the recovery ratio of the top coal in different drawing intervals and technologies was investigated in order to achieve a reasonable caving process. The top-coal tracking system was used for practical surveying of the recovery ratio of top coal.

Analysis and key control technologies to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines

In order to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines in China, we have analyzed the characteristics of spontaneous coal combustion and explain theoretically the factors affecting spontaneous coal combustion, such as rock bursts, high temperatures, high ventilation resistance, slow advancing speed and large obliquity mining. Key technologies to prevent spontaneous combustion occurring in sharply inclined seams in deep mines are pro- posed; these include pouring water, stopping leakage in upper and lower comers of the working face, choking off the goaf and cov- eting the coal. CO concentrations were controlled within two years to less than 15×10^-6 at the upper comer by applying these tech- nologies at the 1410 working face of the Huafeng coal mine. Our method has significant theoretical value and is of practical impor- tance in controlling spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines.

Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Development and prospect on fully mechanized mining in Chinese coal mines

Fully mechanized mining(FMM)technology has been applied in Chinese coal mines for more than 40 years.At present,the output of a FMM face has reached 10-million tons with Chinese-made equipment.In this study,the new developments in FMM technology and equipment in Chinese coal mines during past decades are introduced.The automatic FMM technology for thin seams,complete sets of FMM technology with ultra large shear height of 7 m for thick seams,complete sets of fully mechanized top coal caving technology with large shear height for ultra-thick seams of 20 m,complete sets of FMM technology for complex and difficult seams,including steeply inclined seams,soft coal seams with large inclination angle,and the mechanized filling mining technology and equipment are presented.Some typical case studies are also introduced.Finally,the existing problems with the FMM technology are discussed,and prospect of FMM technology and equipment applied in Chinese coal mines is put forward.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

Systematic principles of surrounding rock control in longwall mining within thick coal seams

Effective surrounding rock control is a prerequisite for realizing safe mining in underground coal mines.In the past three decades, longwall top-coal caving mining(LTCC) and single pass large height longwall mining(SPLL) found expanded usage in extracting thick coal seams in China. The two mining methods lead to large void space left behind the working face, which increases the difficulty in ground control.Longwall face failure is a common problem in both LTCC and SPLL mining. Such failure is conventionally attributed to low strength and high fracture intensity of the coal seam. However, the stiffness of main components included in the surrounding rock system also greatly influences longwall face stability.Correspondingly, surrounding rock system is developed for LTCC and SPLL faces in this paper. The conditions for simultaneous balance of roof structure and longwall face are put forward by taking the stiffness of coal seam, roof strata and hydraulic support into account. The safety factor of the longwall face is defined as the ratio between the ultimate bearing capacity and actual load imposed on the coal wall.The influences provided by coal strength, coal stiffness, roof stiffness, and hydraulic support stiffness,as well as the movement of roof structure are analyzed. Finally, the key elements dominating longwall face stability are identified for improving surrounding rock control effectiveness in LTCC and SPLL faces.

煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪研究

煤矿综采工作面空间小、照明环境复杂多变,采煤过程中伴随着大量的粉尘、大雾,导致采集的图像出现曝光、细节特征减弱等问题,难以对井下照明区域光照强度过大的图像进行有效的特征提取。针对上述问题,提出了一种煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法。首先,将视频截取为图像,判断图像是否需要进行光照抑制,将需要进行光照抑制的RGB图像拆分通道,并计算每个通道的光照调节因子,实现图像的整体光照调节;然后,将未进行整体光照抑制的图像和经整体光照抑制的图像进行反射分量提取,即将输入的图像转换为HSV空间图像,使用单尺度Retinex(SSR)算法对V通道图像中的光照分量进行单独处理,将V分量中的入射分量去除,保留反射分量,并对反射分量使用直方图均衡算法实现光照均衡化处理;最后,使用基于引导滤波的暗通道先验算法对经过光照处理后的图像进行去雾处理,并使用伽马校正函数重新调节亮度不均的图像。主观评价结果表明:提出的煤矿井下非均匀照度图像去噪算法有效抑制了因光照导致整体亮度较高的问题,且由于大雾、粉尘等因素导致图像模糊的部分更加清晰,图像的细节特征更加突出。采用信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率4种评价指标对提出的算法效果进行客观评价,结果表明,提出的算法在信息熵、均值、标准差、空间频率上较多尺度Retinex(MSR)算法分别平均提升了21.87%,-56.06%,153.43%,294.45%,较基于颜色保持的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCP)算法分别平均提升了1.18%,-39.56%,33.29%,-4.71%,较带色彩恢复的多尺度视网膜增强(MSRCR)算法分别平均提升了38.06%,-55.27%,462.10%,300.96%,说明提出的算法能更有效地增加图像信息量、抑制光照强度、提升边缘信息及图像清晰度。

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁失稳机理分析

大倾角大采高工作面煤壁灾变易诱使支架-围岩系统失衡,导致围岩稳定性控制复杂化,故煤壁灾变防控对保障工作面安全生产十分关键,而科学化防控技术的前提是明晰煤壁失稳孕育机制,为此采用数值计算及理论分析法展开研究。研究结果表明:大倾角大采高工作面煤壁承压倾向分区异化,下部区域应力集中程度较中部、上部高,集中区范围由下至上减小,垂向中部应力值较低,应力极值及走向位置与回采距具有正相关性,煤壁揭露前后邻域承压环境会突变,且承压态随煤体破坏演变异化,煤体承压结构会由非连续态经压实过渡为类连续状,而后整体移动至阈值后发生破断结构离散化。煤壁前方塑性区随采动作用不同幅度扩展,其稳定性受制于回采距及速度,低速回采、回采距离增加时煤壁稳定性逐步降低,塑性破裂发育区煤体为支承压力等动载、静载主承体,煤壁失稳是支承压力与扰动区内煤体自身抗压性能动态失衡,由运移、变形等承压行为量变诱发煤体结构质变而破断失稳,承压非对称性及多向耦合造成煤壁失稳分区及范围倾向扩展。

基于残差优化的综采工作面煤壁点云补全方法

煤矿综采工作面巷道的数字化三维重建过程中需要完整且密集的煤壁点云数据。受遮挡、视角限制等因素影响,采集的综采工作面煤壁点云数据往往不完整且稀疏,影响下游任务,需进行煤壁点云修复和补全。目前缺少针对井下点云补全任务的数据集和网络模型,现有模型用于煤壁点云补全时存在点云密度分布不均匀、点云特征信息丢失等情况。针对上述问题,设计了一种基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型,采用监督学习方式学习点云特征信息,通过最小化密度采样和残差网络迭代优化输出完整点云。采集煤矿井下真实综采工作面煤壁点云数据,预处理后筛选可用数据,通过模拟随机空洞制作煤壁点云缺失数据集,并用缺失数据集训练基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型。实验结果表明:与经典的FoldingNet,TopNet,AtlasNet,PCN,3D-Capsule点云补全网络模型相比,基于残差优化的煤壁点云补全网络模型针对构造的缺失煤壁点云和稀疏煤壁点云补全的倒角距离、地移距离及F1分数均能达到最优水平,整体补全效果最佳;针对实际缺失的煤壁点云,该模型能够实现有效补全。

特厚煤层工作面煤厚变化电磁波透视响应特征

目的为掌握煤厚变化对特厚煤层工作面电磁波透视探测的影响,以准确圈定地质异常区,保障工作面安全高效生产。方法根据煤层工作面地质条件,利用三维仿真软件,对煤厚变化进行了电磁波透视数值模拟,并结合工作面探查实例进行了分析。结果0~20m煤厚范围,随煤厚减小,电磁波透视场强值呈抛物线下降趋势,可分为缓慢降低(煤厚≥9m)、明显降低(9m>煤厚≥5m)和快速降低(煤厚<5m)3个范围。煤厚10m以上的工作面适合于依据相对煤层变薄程度和变薄区煤厚来分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/3正常煤厚且煤厚<8m的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄区煤厚越小,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。煤厚10m以下的工作面,可以仅依据相对煤层变薄程度分析透视电磁波响应:变薄程度>1/4正常煤厚的薄煤区有明显响应,变薄程度越大,透视电磁波场强降低越显著。陕西金源招贤矿业有限公司特厚煤层1304工作面探测实例表明:正常煤厚变化及薄煤区的电磁波响应特征与数值模拟结果一致;工作面物探圈定的落差1m以上断层及薄煤区范围,与实际揭露范围相吻合。结论利用煤厚变化电磁波响应特征能够可靠地探查特厚煤层工作面地质异常区范围。

厚煤层大采高综放工作面覆岩断裂演化规律研究

大采高综放开采易形成强烈的矿压显现,上覆岩层的断裂演化规律对工作面安全生产至关重要。以羊场湾煤矿160206工作面为工程背景,运用相似模拟试验、数值模拟和理论分析的综合研究方法,对大采高综放工作面覆岩的断裂过程与覆岩运移规律进行系统研究。研究表明:导水裂隙带内岩层随工作面推进表现为“台阶下沉”,同层岩层下沉趋势沿走向表现为“急剧下降—稳定(最大值)—快速上升—稳定(最小值)”。工作面覆岩运动场由两区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区)演化为三区分布(加速下沉区、缓慢下沉区、稳定区)。对离层演化与地表下沉规律进行了定量描述,运用理论计算表达式深入地剖析了地表的动态下沉机理及其相关因素。结合相似模拟与数值模拟的试验结果,提出了覆岩断裂演化的形态变化特征:覆岩断裂形态由“单等腰梯形”演化为“双等腰梯形”,表土层影响区由“矩形”演化为“倒梯形”。分析了覆岩中垮落区、离层区、压实区、裂隙富集区的动态演化过程:垮落区逐渐增大至一定程度,高度小幅度降低并趋于稳定,离层区由下至上逐渐发育并随工作面向前移动,离层区逐渐闭合形成压实区,且压实区逐渐增大并最终保持稳定,裂隙富集区位于采空区前后端部并随工作面向前移动。

基于微震监测的浅埋8 m超大采高综采面矿压规律现场监测研究

以陕北矿区某矿2203浅埋超大采高综采面为工程背景,采用微震监测技术,对浅埋超大采高综采面矿压规律进行了研究。结果表明:单日微震事件数达到峰值后,综采面继续回采8.25~11 m内,能量大于103J的事件增多,微震事件能量及支架压力达到峰值,随后顶板出现垮落现象。综采面初次来压前,微震总能量为6.40×10^(3)J,矿压显现期间为1.07×10^(4)J,总能量增长67%;由于综采面矿压显现与微震最大能量峰值出现一致,通过2次最大能量峰值时综采面位置可以确定综采面周期来压步距。2203综采面初次来压步距为24.75 m,周期来压步距为27~35.25 m,由此确定,顺槽超前支护距离为36 m,实践表明,2203综采面采用ZCZY10300/31/55D型超前液压支架满足巷道超前支护的要求。微震监测是矿压显现规律分析的有效手段,采用液压支架压力变化与微震能量协同分析的方法研究超大采高综采面的矿压规律是可行的。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

6~10 m厚煤层超大采高液压支架及其工作面系统自适应智能耦合控制

厚煤层储量及产量占我国原煤总储量及产量的一半,通过梳理厚煤层开采历史沿革,总结了我国厚煤层开采40年来的技术及装备研发实践,系统分析了以高端大采高液压支架及围岩智能耦合理论为代表的6~10 m大采高综采高效智能化综采技术及装备研究进展,提出了大采高支护理论及围岩智能耦合控制的突破是厚煤层一次开采高度突破的首要因素,完善的感知体系建立是液压支架自适应支护的前提,数字技术的应用为大采高工作面高效推进及装备智能协同控制提供了新的技术途径;阐明了大采高综放液压支架与围岩耦合关系,剖析了采高增加对硬煤层冒放性的有利影响,提出了基于煤矸识别、放煤机构控制的“纯煤段记忆放煤+煤岩分界模糊段人工反馈式干预放煤”的智能放煤控制策略;分析了大采高开采“采–运”协同智能耦合控制关键技术,构建了基于采煤机牵引速度与刮板输送机链速间联动调节的工作面装备间多机异构耦合自适应协同控制模型;研发了厚煤层开采中10 m超大采高液压支架,分析了厚煤层开采不断突破开采高度极限的新认识,从开采装备、控制系统等方面提出厚煤层一次开采高度的突破的研发方向。

深部特厚煤层综放沿空掘巷煤柱优化及巷道支护

为研究深部大采高综放工作面窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道矿压控制问题,以国能宁煤集团枣泉煤矿2^(-2)特厚煤层130203大采高综放工作面回风巷道为背景,基于实用矿山压力理论,建立了巷道围岩内、外应力场动态结构力学模型,运用理论计算和数值计算针对不同尺寸煤柱煤体应力对比分析,将原留设15 m护巷煤柱缩小至5 m进行了煤柱优化。结果表明:在稳定的内应力场掘巷有利于巷道的稳定性,避免了顶板事故及冲击地压相关灾害的发生,现场5 m小煤柱护巷工程应用中,130203回风巷道小煤柱侧变形量为1050 mm,实体煤帮变形量为400 mm,两帮呈现不对称性变形,底板局部底鼓量为1400 mm;深部特厚煤层综放开采沿空掘巷采用5 m小煤柱护巷方案设计正确,极大改善了巷道围岩的应力环境,整体设计满足生产要求,现场应用良好。130203工作面小煤柱沿空掘巷技术成功应用,为矿井开采提供了可靠的科学依据。

超大采高综采工作面支护技术及装备研究现状

超大采高一次采全厚开采具有开采效率高、资源回收率高等特点。为探求超大采高综采技术进一步突破,分析其工作面围岩稳定性控制可行性,在调研超大采高综采发展历程的基础上,总结了超大采高综采工作面围矿压显现及煤壁片帮规律,分析了现有超大采高液压支架整体技术特征及其适用性能,并介绍了10 m超大采高工作面液压支架基本情况。通过分析发现:工作面矿压显现强度与采高基本呈现正相关关系,采高越大,工作面支护阻力越大,且煤壁片帮是困扰超大采高开采高效推进的主要因素之一,通过提高工作面液压支架的初撑能力能有效减小煤壁应力;液压支架随工作面采高增加,选型工作阻力增大,支架中心距加宽,大梯度过渡方式在提供可靠支护的同时,能有效提升端头区资源回收率;为适应大体量开采装备运输,超大采高工作面煤巷断面增加,超前支架工作阻力增大;工作面配套液压支架通过设计手段、整体结构、制造工艺等方面优化升级以提升可靠性及适应性;相对较低采高工作面支护,超大采高开采更注重支护过程中的安全技术需求,需要完善架前煤矸防护、架间防尘降尘、安全的后期维检等安全措施;工作面围岩稳定性控制及其配套装备是超大采高综采技术发展及推广的重点,从支护参数选择、支护结构设计到液压支架制造、后期维检的超大采高液压支架全寿命开发是支撑超大采高开采高效推进的基础。

西部大采高工作面保护煤柱宽度优化研究

保护煤柱尺寸一直是三下开采研究的热点问题,特别是在西部大采高软弱覆岩特厚煤层开采条件下,其对地表建筑物安全的影响有待进一步研究。以榆树湾井田20119工作面为例,综合利用数值模拟和概率积分法确定了合理保护煤柱宽度,并进行现场验证。结果表明:随着煤柱宽度的减小,地表沿X方向的水平移动呈现倒“S”型趋势,沿Y方向的移动呈现倒“U”型趋势,地表的最大下沉量随煤柱宽度的减小而不断减少;结合概率积分法对保护煤柱宽度进行预计,确定优化后的煤柱宽度为180 m;对现场村庄进行实时监测,地表下沉和倾斜值均满足现场施工要求,验证了保护煤柱宽度的合理性。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

大采高工作面柔模沿空留墙掘巷技术

柔模混凝土沿空留巷技术已应用多年,在中厚煤层和薄煤层开采下均取得了较好的支护效果,但在厚煤层大采高工作面,因巷道高、巷旁支护压力大、混凝土早期强度低易受压损坏难以有效支撑顶板。大采高工作面矿压显现剧烈,巷旁维护难度大,故此提出一种新型的预浇墙柔模混凝土沿空留墙掘巷新技术,即在上工作面回采前,刷煤扩帮后提前预浇柔模混凝土墙体,提高煤帮整体支撑力的同时,解决柔模混凝土墙短期无法有效承载顶板来压的难题;待回采一定距离后,再沿墙滞后掘进下工作面回采巷道,且掘进方向与上工作面回采方向一致,缓解接续紧张,最终实现无煤柱开采。以王庄煤业3503工作面回采留设预浇墙为工程背景,建立了沿空留墙掘巷围岩结构力学模型,理论计算得出墙体力学支护参数,并通过现场应用验证了该技术的可实施性。结果表明:理论计算分析确定了墙体高宽比为5 m×1.5 m,混凝土强度C30即可满足留墙支护要求;沿墙掘进巷道总体变形量小,顶底板和两帮最大移近量仅为260 mm和125 mm,墙体最大受压18 MPa,小于墙体自身承载力;下工作面临近巷道掘进115 m后即趋于稳定。该技术应用全阶段效果良好,满足巷道使用要求,有效解决了大采高工作面沿空留巷重大技术难题,也可为相似工况无煤柱开采提供技术借鉴。