Effects of process parameters on numerical control bending process for large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes

Numerical control(NC) bending experiments with different process parameters were carried out for 5052O aluminum alloy tubes with outer diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness of 1.5 mm, and centerline bending radius of 105 mm. And the effects of process parameters on tube wall thinning and cross section distortion were investigated. Meanwhile, acceptable bending of the 5052O aluminum tubes was accomplished based on the above experiments. The results show that the effects of process parameters on bending process for large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes are similar to those for small diameter thin-walled tubes, but the forming quality of the large diameter thin-walled aluminum alloy tubes is much more sensitive to the process parameters and thus it is more difficult to form.

Eliminating shrinkage defects and improving mechanical performance of large thin-walled ZL205A alloy castings by coupling travelling magnetic fields with sequential solidification

ZL205 A alloys with large thin-walled shape were continuously processed by coupling travelling magnetic fields(TMF)with sequential solidification,to eliminate the shrinkage defects and optimize the mechanical performance.Through experiments and simulations,the parameter optimization of TMF and the influence on feeding behavior,microstructure and properties were systematically studied.The results indicate that the magnetic force maximizes at the excitation current of 20 A and frequency of 200 Hz under the experimental conditions of this study,and increases from center to side-walls,which is more convenient to process thin-walled castings.TMF can break secondary dendritic arm and dendrites overlaps,widen feeding channels,prolong the feeding time,optimize the feeding paths,eliminate shrinkage defects and improve properties.Specifically,for as-cast state,TMF with excitation current of 20 A increases ultimate tensile strength,elongation and micro-hardness from 186 MPa,7.3%and 82.1 kg/mm^(2) to 221 MPa,11.7%and 100.5 kg/mm^(2),decreases porosity from 1.71%to 0.22%,and alters brittle fracture to ductile fracture.

Significance-based optimization of processing parameters for thin-walled aluminum alloy tube NC bending with small bending radius

Thin-walled aluminum alloy tube numerical control （NC） bending with small bending radius is a complex process with multi-factor coupling effects and multi-die constraints. A significance-based optimization method of the parameters was proposed based on the finite element （FE） simulation, and the significance analysis of the processing parameters on the forming quality in terms of the maximum wall thinning ratio and the maximum cross section distortion degree was implemented using the fractional factorial design. The optimum value of the significant parameter, the clearance between the tube and the wiper die, was obtained, and the values of the other parameters, including the friction coefficients and the clearances between the tube and the dies, the mandrel extension length and the boost velocity were estimated. The results are applied to aluminum alloy tube NC bending d50 mm×1 mm×75 mm and d70 mm×1.5 mm×105 mm （initial tube outside diameter D0 × initial tube wall thickness t0 × bending radius R）, and qualified tubes are produced.

Die Casting Mold Design of the Thin-walled Aluminum Case by Computational Solidification Simulation

Recently, demand for the lightweight alloy in electric/electronic housings has been greatly increased. However, among the lightweight alloys, aluminum alloy thin-walled die casting is problematic because it is quite difficult to achieve sufficient fluidity and feedability to fill the thin cavity as the wall thickness becomes less than 1mm. Therefore, in this study, thin-walled die casting of aluminum （Al-Si-Cu alloy： ALDC 12） in size of notebook computer housing and thickness of 0.8 mm was investigated by solidification simulation （MAGMA soft） and actual casting experiment （Buhler Evolution B 53D）. Three different types of gating design, finger, tangential and split type with 6 vertical runners, were simulated and the results showed that sound thin-walled die casting was possible with tangential and split type gating design because those gates allowed aluminum melt to flow into the thin cavity uniformly and split type gating system was preferable gating design comparing to tangential type gating system at the point of view of soundness of casting and distortion generated after solidification. Also, the solidification simulation agreed well with the actual die-casting and the casting showed no casting defects and distortion.

Microstructure and properties of 35 kg large aluminum alloy flywheel housing components formed by squeeze casting with local pressure compensation

The squeeze casting method with local pressure compensation was proposed to form a flywheel housing component with a weight of 35 kg.The numerical simulation,microstructure observation and phase characterization were performed,and the influence of local pressure compensation on feeding of thick-wall position,microstructure and mechanical properties of the formed components were discussed.Results show that the molten metal keeps a good fluidity and the filling is complete during the filling process.Although the solidification at thick-wall positions of the mounting ports is slow,the local pressure compensation effectively realizes the local forced feeding,significantly eliminating the shrinkage cavity defects.In the microstructure of AlSi9Mg alloy,α-Al primarily consists of fragmented dendrites and rosette grains,while eutectic Si predominantly comprises needles and short rods.The impact of local pressure compensation on strength is relatively minimal,yet its influence on elongation is considerable.Following local pressure compensation,the average elongation at the compensated areas is 9.18%,which represents a 44.90%higher than that before compensation.The average tensile strength is 209.1 MPa,and the average yield strength is 100.6 MPa.The local pressure compensation can significantly reduce or even eliminate the internal defects in the 35 kg large-weight components formed by squeeze casting.

Forming limits under multi-index constraints in NC bending of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes with large diameters

With increasing diameters of aluminum alloy thin-walled tubes (AATTs), the tube forming limits, i.e. the minimum bending factors, and their predictions under multi-index constraints including wrinkling, thinning and flattening have been being a key problem to be urgently solved for improving tube forming potential in numerical control (NC) bending processes of AATTs with large diameters. Thus in this paper, a search algorithm of the forming limits is put forward based on a 3D elastic-plastic finite element (FE) model and a wrinkling energy prediction model for the bending processes under axial compression loading (ACL) or not. This algorithm enables to be considered the effects of process parameter combinations including die, friction parameters on the multi-indices. Based on this algorithm, the forming limits of the different size tubes are obtained, and the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are also revealed. The followings are found: the first, within the appropriate ranges of friction and clearances between the different dies and the tubes enabling the bending processes with smaller bending factors, the ACL enables the tube limit bending processes after a decrease of the mandrel ball thickness and diameters; then, without considering the effects of the tube geometry sizes on the tube constitutive equations, the forming limits will be decided by the limit thinning values for the tubes with diameters smaller than 80 mm, while the wrinkling for the tubes with diameters no less than 80 mm. The forming limits obtained from this algorithm are smaller than the analytical results, and reduced by 57.39%; the last, the roles of the process parameter combinations in enabling the limit bending processes are verified by experimental results.

Cross-sectional distortion behaviors of thin-walled rectangular tube in rotary-draw bending process

The cross-sectional distortion usually appears during rotary-draw bending process of thin-walled rectangular tube with small bending radius.To study the cross-sectional distortion of the tube,a three-dimensional finite-element model of the process was developed based on ABAQUS/Explicit code and its reliability was validated by experiment.Then,the cross-sectional distortion behaviors of the tube were investigated.The results show that a zone of larger circumferential stress appears on the tube when bending angle reaches 30°.And in the larger circumferential stress zone,the sagging phenomenon is produced obviously.The maximum cross-sectional distortion is located in the larger circumferential stress zone and the angle between the plane of maximum cross-sectional distortion and the bending reference plane is about 50°.The position of the maximum cross-sectional distortion keeps almost unchanged with the variation of the clearances between dies and tube.

Experimental and numerical assessment of energy absorption capacity of thin-walled Al 5083 tube produced by PTCAP process

The energy absorption capacity of the Al5083 thin-walled tube produced by parallel tubular angular pressing(PTCAP) process was evaluated. Also, microstructure, mechanical properties, and anisotropy coefficients were studied in the peripheral and axial directions. Results showed that values of energy absorption decreased with processing pass increasing and the values for the unprocessed, first and second passes were obtained to be 167, 161.4 and 160.7 J, respectively. The differences between the simulation results for the energy absorption values and their experimental values for the unprocessed, the first and the second PTCAP passes samples are about 5%, 10%, and 13%, respectively. The energy absorption capacity was related to the anisotropy coefficient and microstructure. The results demonstrated that grain refinement occurred and ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and microhardness after the first and second PTCAP passes were enhanced, while the increase rate in the first pass was much severer. Also, by applying PTCAP, the deformation modes were altered, such that the deformation mode of the annealed tube was quite symmetrical and circular while for the first and second passes there have been triple and double lobes diamond. The results of the numerical simulation for the deformation mode of the annealed and PTCAPed tubes were consistent with the experimental results. The deformation mode of tubes is dependent on their mechanical properties and variation of the mechanical properties during PTCAP process.

Machining Deformation Prediction of Thin-Walled Part Based on Finite Element Analysis

For the problems of machining distortion and the low accepted product during milling process of aluminum alloy thin-walled part,this paper starts from the analysis of initial stress state in material preparation process,the change process of residual stress within aluminum alloy pre-stretching plate is researched,and the distribution law of residual stress is indirectly obtained by delamination measurement methods,so the effect of internal residual stress on machining distortion is considered before finite element simulation. Considering the coupling effects of residual stress,dynamic milling force and clamping force on machining distortion,a threedimensional dynamic finite element simulation model is established,and the whole cutting process is simulated from the blank material to finished product,a novel prediction method is proposed,which can availably predict the machining distortion accurately. The machining distortion state of the thin-walled part is achieved at different processing steps,the machining distortion of the thin-walled part is detected with three coordinate measuring machine tools,show that the simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Residual Stress Relaxation of Thin‑walled Long Stringer Made of Aluminum Alloy 7050‑T7451 under Transportation Vibration

Thin-walled long stringer made of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 is prone to deformation during transportation,so a research of residual stress relaxation was launched in this paper.The transport resonance stress of long stringer was analyzed based on the power spectral density of road transport acceleration.The residual stress relaxation experiment of aluminum alloy 7050-T7451 under different equivalent stress levels was designed and carried out.According to the amount of residual stress relaxation in the experiment,an analytical model was established with the equivalent stress level coefficient.The deflection range of long stringer was evaluated under different damping ratios.The results show that when the equivalent stress exceeds 0.8σ0.2,the residual stress relaxation of the thin-walled samples occurs.The residual stress relaxation increases linearly with the equivalent stress,which is logarithmically related to the loading cycle.The deformation caused by residual stress relaxation of the long stringer is proportional to the square of the length and the bending moment caused by stress rebalance,and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the structure.As the damping ratio decreases from 0.03 to 0.01,the total deflection of the long stringer increases from 0 to above 1.55 mm.

Influences of processing routine on mechanical properties and structures of 7075 aluminum alloy thick-plates

7075 aluminum alloy thick plates were produced by three processing routines: commercial hot rolling followed by heat treatment of quenching and ageing (HR+QA), combination of large deformation processing of multi directional warm forging and subsequent warm rolling followed by heat treatment of quenching and ageing (LD+QA), and that followed by annealing at moderate temperature (LD+AN). Tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were measured by tension test, and the metallographic structures were examined by optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), also the fracture morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is shown that higher tensile strength and yield strength are obtained from (LD+QA) processing in comparison with those from (HR+QA) and (LD+AN) processings. Tensile strength and yield strength obtained from (LD+QA) processing are 9.9% and 8.6% higher respectively than those from (HR+QA) processing, and 48.6% and 57.7% higher respectively than those from (LD+AN) processing; while the elongations of all the samples show no significant difference and keep 10%12%. Analyses of OM and TEM reveal that the mechanical behaviors are deeply associated with the formation of refined structures with fine grains and very fine precipitates, leading to fine grained hardening and excellent age hardening.

Effect of blank quenching on shear spinning forming precision of 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components

The quenching-spinning(Q-S)process,i.e.,shear spinning after blank quenching,has been increasingly utilized to form 2219 aluminum alloy complex thin-walled components.However,the changes in material property,shape and stress of the blanks after quenching will affect the spin-ning forming precision.In this study,the rules and mechanisms of these effects are investigated based on a combined finite element(FE)model including blank quenching and component spinning process.The results indicate that the increase of material strength and the existence of distortion of the quenched blank lead to a notable increase in the non-uniformity of the circumferential compres-sive stress in the spinning area and the increase of the flange swing height during spinning.These changes result in an increase in the wall thickness and component-mandrel gap of the components.The quenching residual stress has little effect on wall thickness and roundness but can noticeably reduce the component-mandrel gap.This is because that the existence of quenching residual stress of the blank can lead to the decrease of the maximum circumferential compressive stress of the workpiece in spinning and an obvious drop in the maximum compressive stress after reaching the stress peak.Quenching distortion is the main factor affecting the roundness.Moreover,the opti-mized installation way of the blank for spinning is obtained.

6082-T6铝合金构件及其超大跨空间结构的受力性能与设计方法

针对6082-T6铝合金,从材料力学性能、轴压与偏压构件稳定承载力、受弯构件受力性能方面进行了系统试验和数值仿真研究;建立了国产铝合金构件试验数据库,评估了中、欧、美规范及DSM、CSM共5种设计方法的可靠度水平;对6082-T6铝合金圆管及泡沫铝填充复合管开展侧向冲击试验与数值仿真研究,提出了构件动态响应计算方法,并建立了冲击下构件变形的预测方法;针对超大跨度铝合金巨型网格结构开展了探索性研究,提出了适用于超大跨度结构的新型节点形式及稳定受力性能分析。研究成果将对6082-T6铝合金构件及结构在工程中的推广应用、提升结构的承载与抗冲击防御能力提供依据与技术支撑。

大厚度铝合金板疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究现状及关键问题探讨

试样厚度增加引发的裂纹扩展“马鞍效应”是厚度与三维裂纹端部应力应变场内在联系的表象反映,在未得出这种内在联系机理与规律的情况下,基于传统模型对大型机械设备中的厚板及变厚度板进行损伤容限评定必然存在很大的风险。以大厚度铝合金板为研究对象,从三维裂纹端部应力应变场与裂纹扩展形貌之间的关系、疲劳裂纹扩展的厚度效应、腐蚀与疲劳共同作用下裂纹扩展机理与模型等三个方面,对裂纹扩展相关问题的研究现状进行了总结分析,对大厚度铝合金板疲劳裂纹扩展特性研究的关键问题进行了探讨。

火灾下铝合金艇体结构热力耦合响应研究

为了开展气垫船的铝合金艇体结构在火灾高温作用场下的甲板结构热力耦合响应研究,基于大涡模拟方法FDS(Fire Dynamic Solution)构建艇体火灾场景模型,获取热释放功率不同的油池火灾下的高温作用场特性,获得结构表面的单位热通量数据并通过自编温度载荷映射程序并采用顺序热力耦合计算方法开展火灾场景下铝合金结构热力耦合响应的研究,分析火灾下艇体的甲板结构的失效模式与舱段的极限承载能力变化,为后续船体的铝合金结构轻量化设计与抗火设计方案提供技术依据。

航空航天大型锻件质量与生产能耗检测方法

锻造工艺作为航空航天领域生产制造企业至关重要的精密成形方法,被广泛应用于大飞机和火箭上多品种锻件的批量生产,但是对锻件质量要求很高,且锻造工艺能耗巨大,直接影响企业的经济效益,间接造成众多环境污染问题。为争取早日实现我国“双碳”目标以及持续推进制造业转型和能源结构调整的目标,亟需在保证锻件质量要求的基础上采取节能降耗措施。针对航空航天领域以铝合金材料为代表的大型锻件常见缺陷与核心质量要求,将锻造生产流程分解为原材料、备料、加热、锻压和锻后热处理5个主要环节,归纳总结了锻件缺陷及其产生原因和影响机制;系统阐明外观质量、力学性能、晶粒度/平均晶粒尺寸、断裂韧性、残余应力和抗腐蚀能力等质量要求的检测方法的研究现状,为铝合金等金属大型锻件的重要质量检测研究提供指导;同时,针对大型金属锻件锻造工艺能耗管控粗放的特点,从工厂层、装备层、产品层3个层面梳理能耗检测方法并提供提高能效的相关研究思路,为实现航空航天大型锻件节能降耗生产提供指导。在锻造行业高质低耗生产转型发展过程中,该理论方法在以铝合金为代表的大型金属锻件关键质量检测和生产能耗检测方面,具有一定的指导意义。

大型7085铝合金筒形件淬火残余应力及其消减工艺研究

以大型7085铝合金筒形件为研究对象,研究了在最大程度保证铝合金大锻件性能的同时尽可能减小其淬火残余应力的方法。基于Abaqus平台,分别建立了大型筒形件淬火有限元模型和淬火后冷胀形有限元模型,考虑了淬火工艺和冷胀形工艺间的数据继承关系,分析了工艺参数对锻件性能及残余应力的影响规律。针对大型7085铝合金筒形件的淬火过程,将7085铝合金的等温转变曲线和时间-温度-性能曲线写入Abaqus用户子程序USDFLD中,计算了大型筒形件在不同淬火工艺条件下的析出相含量和分布、对应的硬度变化以及残余应力分布,获得了35℃的淬火水温是最优的选择。在消减淬火残余应力的冷胀形工艺中,基于不同的淬火水温条件开展了胀形量、胀形道次和每道次之间环转动角度的正交模拟实验,结果显示胀形量对残余应力消减的影响最显著,胀形量为4.5%时大型7085铝合金筒形件的应变均匀性最好且残余应力消减最充分。将仿真获得的优化淬火工艺和胀形方案应用于生产试制,所获得的大型筒形件各项力学性能达到设计要求,其残余应力实测结果与仿真结果对比具有较好的一致性。

树形柱支撑铝合金屋盖结构综合施工技术

某医院总建筑面积约19.8万m^(2),门诊大厅采用钢制树形柱+单层铝合金屋盖结构体系,采用Z字形单层铝合金屋盖结构,东西向长度为104.963 m,南北向最宽处为47.427 m。为了营造轻松的视觉氛围,在南北主楼中间的位置采用铝合金门诊大厅“飘带”,形成一个以流畅曲面覆盖的公共大厅,作为患者踏入医院的起始点和主要交通空间。用流畅的曲面“飘带”作为院区的视觉中心,体现轻盈、现代、时尚的理念,空间通透明亮,极具现代感。虽然大跨度铝合金结构应用越来越多,但目前我国暂无Z字形大跨度钢铝组合屋盖结构安装案例可参考,因此研究轻材质大跨度铝合金屋盖结构综合施工技术具有重要的意义。

大规格铝合金棒料工艺研究

通过对大规格铝合金制件进行缺陷分析、试验验证以及结构分析,确定出合理的设计选材方式、机械加工方式以及热处理方式,将其应用到生产中,可以解决大规格铝合金制件发生阳极化发黑、芯部组织和力学性能不合格等问题,确保大规格铝合金棒料制件热处理后的性能和组织能够满足产品要求。

航空集装箱用7021铝合金大扁锭产生裂纹的原因及对策

7021铝合金以其优良的特性广泛应用于航空集装箱.随着产品尺寸增加,所需的超大规格扁锭易出现裂纹缺陷.本试验观察了7021铝合金扁锭裂纹形貌,系统分析了合金熔铸过程中的化学成分、熔体质量、铸造工具和工艺对裂纹的影响,提出了解决7021铝合金扁锭裂纹的工艺优化方向以及有效控制措施.