A theoretical analysis of vertical dynamic response of large-diameter pipe piles in layered soil

Considering the viscous damping of the soil and soil-pile vertical coupled vibration,a computational model of large-diameter pipe pile in layered soil was established.The analytical solution in frequency domain was derived by Laplace transformation method.The responses in time domain were obtained by inverse Fourier transformation.The results of the analytical solution proposed agree well with the solutions in homogenous soil.The effects of the shear modulus and damping coefficients of the soil at both outer and inner sides of the pipe pile were researched.The results indicate that the shear modulus of the outer soil has more influence on velocity admittance than the inner soil.The smaller the shear modulus,the larger the amplitude of velocity admittance.The velocity admittance weakened by the damping of the outer soil is more obvious than that weakened by the damping of the inner soil.The displacements of the piles with the same damping coefficients of the outer soil have less difference.Moreover,the effects of the distribution of soil layers are analyzed.The results indicate that the effect of the upper soil layer on dynamic response of the pipe pile is more obvious than that of the bottom soil layer.A larger damping coefficient of the upper layer results in a smaller velocity admittance.The dynamic response of the pipe pile in layered soil is close to that of the pipe pile in homogenous soil when the properties of the upper soil layer are the same.

A Theoretical Analysis of the Bearing Performance of Vertically Loaded Large-Diameter Pipe Pile Groups

This paper aims to present a theoretical method to study the bearing performance of vertically loaded large-diameter pipe pile groups.The interactions between group piles result in different bearing performance of both a single pile and pile groups.Considering the pile group effect and the skin friction from both outer and inner soils,an analytical solution is developed to calculate the settlement and axial force in large-diameter pipe pile groups.The analytical solution was verified by centrifuge and field testing results.An extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the bearing performance of the pipe pile groups.The results reveal that the axial forces in group piles are not the same.The larger the distance from central pile,the larger the axial force.The axial force in the central pile is the smallest,while that in corner piles is the largest.The axial force on the top of the corner piles decreases while that in the central pile increases with increasing of pile spacing and decreasing of pile length.The axial force in side piles varies little with the variations of pile spacing,pile length,and shear modulus of the soil and is approximately equal to the average load shared by one pile.For a pile group,the larger the pile length is,the larger the influence radius is.As a result,the pile group effect is more apparent for a larger pile length.The settlement of pile groups decreases with increasing of the pile number in the group and the shear modulus of the underlying soil.

An Approach to Stability Analysis of Embedded Large-Diameter Cylinder Quay

The large-diameter cylinder structure, which is made of large successive bottomless cylinders placed on foundation bed or partly driven into soil, is a recently developed retaining structure in China. It can be used in port, coastal and offshore works. The method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder structure, especially for stability analysis of the embedded large-diameter cylinder structure, is an important issue. In this paper, an idea is presented that is, embedded large-diameter cylinder quays can be divided into two types, i.e. the gravity wall type and the cylinder pile wall type. A method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the cylinder pile wall type is developed and a method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the gravity wall type is also proposed. The effect of significant parameters on the stability of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the cylinder pile wall type is investigated through numerical calculation.

Drivability of Large Diameter Steel Cylinders During Hammer-Group Vibratory Installation for the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge

The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge(HZMB)involved the installation of 120 mega-cylinders with a diameter of 22 m,weights up to 513 t,and penetration depths up to 33 m using an eight-vibratory hammer group.Due to the lack of engineering experience on the drivability of large-diameter cylinders under multiple vibratory hammers,predicting the penetration rate and time of steel cylinders is an open challenge that has a considerable impact on the construction control of the HZMB.In this study,the vibratory penetration of large-diameter steel cylinders in the HZMB is investigated based on geological surveys,field monitoring,and drivability analysis.The vibratory penetration rate,installation accuracy,and dynamic responses of the steel cylinders at both the eastern and western artificial islands are analyzed.The dynamic soil resistance has a great influence on the cylinder drivability.However,the current design methods for estimating the vibratory driving soil resistance are proven inaccurate without considering the scale effects.Therefore,a modified method with a normalized effective area ratio A_(r,eff)is proposed in this study to calculate the vibratory soil resistance for open-ended thin-wall cylinders under unplugged conditions.Considering the scale effects on the vibratory driving soil resistance,the proposed method leads to closer results to the measured data,providing a reference for future engineering practice.

High-frequency interference in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe piles

The high-frequency interference exists obviously in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe pile when a transientpoint load is applied. An analytical solution of vertical vibratory response of large-diameter pipe piles in low strain testing isdeduced in this paper. The analytical solution is verified by both numerical simulation and model test results. The time-domainvelocity responses on pile top are analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the time-domain responses at various pointssuffer different high-frequency interferences, thus the peak values and phases of different points are different. The influence ofvibratory modes on high-frequency interference is analyzed. It is found that the high-frequency interference at 90° point main-ly derives from the second flexural mode, but for other points it mainly originates from the first flexural mode. The factors af-fecting the frequency and peak value of interference waves have been investigated in this study. The results indicate that thelarger radius angle between the receiving and 90° points leads to greater peak value of high frequency wave crest. The leasthigh-frequency interference is detected at the angle of 90°. The frequency of interference waves is decreased with the increaseof pile radius, while the peak value is almost constant. The frequency is also related to pile modulus, i.e. the larger pile modu-lus results in greater frequency. The peak value varies with impulse width and soil resistance, i.e., the wider impulse width andlarger soil resistance cause smaller peak value. In conclusion, the frequency of interference waves is dependent on the geomet-rical and mechanics characteristics of the piles such as pile radius and modulus, but independent of the external conditionssuch as impulse width and soil resistance. On the other hand, the peak value of interference waves is mainly dependent on theexternal conditions but independent of the geometrical and mechanics characteristics of the piles. In practice, some externalmeasures should be adopted to weaken high-frequency interference such as using soft hammer, hammer cushion and adoptingsuitable receiving point.

扩底桩抗拔承载力的安全估算方法研究

扩底桩因扩大头的作用使其抗拔承载力大幅提升。根据扩底桩抗拔过程的受力特点,将扩大头对土体的挤压过程分为两个阶段,即桩土界面摩擦阶段和土体破裂面产生阶段。通过建立等截面桩与扩底桩的简化力学模型,采用莫尔-库仑强度准则研究上述两阶段的摩擦特性,建立了考虑锥形效应的扩底桩抗拔承载力的安全估算方法,并与工程实例和相关数值模拟结果进行了对比分析,以验证计算方法的可靠性和有效性。结果表明:考虑锥形效应的扩底桩抗拔承载力的估算结果与工程实际情况基本相符,说明该计算方法可快速有效地预测扩底桩的抗拔承载力,且计算方法简洁、计算结果偏安全。研究结果可为扩底桩设计与施工提供依据。

深厚软土地层超长超大直径扩底桩承载力性状及机理研究

深厚软土地区超长超大直径扩底桩荷载传递机理复杂,且国内相关工程数量少,可供施工人员参考资料有限,传统桩基理论已无法合理的分析其工作机理和受力特性。文章依托深圳大运枢纽超长超大直径扩底桩工程,通过现场静载试验与数值仿真分析,研究了在深厚软土地层中超长超大直径扩底桩在静载作用下的荷载传递机理及沉降规律。基于荷载传递法,针对深厚软土地基的特殊性质,考虑了桩侧土初始剪应力、软化特性以及桩端土加工硬化特性,进行了沉降公式的推导。并基于MATLAB,开发了高性能的迭代算法以研究单桩的承载力性状。结果表明:现场试验、数值模拟与理论算法得到的荷载-沉降曲线线型吻合较好。当传递深度达到约0.4倍桩长时,下部桩身基本不产生压缩变形;桩基极限承载力大于设计值,存在较大的承载潜力,桩基设计较合理,满足承载力要求,可以为同类地区桩基工程设计与施工提供参考。

扩底楔形桩竖向抗压和负摩阻力特性研究

扩底楔形桩是基于结合常规扩底桩和楔形桩的优点而开发的一种新桩型,能同时提高桩侧正摩阻力和桩端阻力,并能有效降低土体沉降引起的负摩阻力对基桩的影响。简要介绍了扩底楔形桩的受力机制和施工方法;基于FLAC3D有限差分软件,通过针对实际工程的数值模拟验证数值模拟的可靠性,对该新桩型在竖向抗压和负摩阻力特性方面的力学特性进行了初步探讨,并与等体积混凝土的常规扩底桩、楔形桩和等截面桩进行了对比分析;进而研究了桩端土体与桩周土体模量比、楔形角、扩大头直径以及桩体模量等因素对扩底楔形桩力学特性的影响。研究结果表明,同等级地面堆载作用下,扩底楔形桩中桩侧负摩阻力引起的桩顶下拽位移最小、桩身下拽力值介于常规楔形桩和扩底桩两者之间。

软岩桩基承载性能试验研究

地王商会中心和佳得鑫广场是南宁市两座相邻的高层建筑,其基础均采用人工挖孔扩底桩,桩端嵌入第三系泥岩。广西南宁盆地广泛分布的第三系泥岩是典型的软岩,通常被选择作为建筑物桩基的持力层。为掌握软岩桩基的工程性质,采用自平衡试桩法进行上述2个工程共8根嵌岩桩的承载性能试验。考虑到各试桩的嵌岩深度和尺寸不同,为获得较好的试验结果,桩身荷载箱的设置采用不同型式。通过试验解决大吨位软岩扩底桩承载力测试难题,为工程设计提供所需的重要参数。对试验数据进行对比分析结果表明,浸水对软岩桩基的承载性能有较大的削弱。根据试验研究结论,施工中采取有效措施防止泥岩浸水,为今后类似工程的建设积累了宝贵的经验。

桩侧截面形式对扩底桩竖向抗压特性影响分析

针对常规楔形桩桩底进行注浆或夯扩施工形成的扩底楔形桩,具有单位材料利用率高、竖向桩侧摩阻力和桩端阻力较常规等截面桩高的技术优点。然而针对该新型桩竖向承载力提高幅度的定量试验研究相对较少。基于室内模型试验方法,开展两种桩周土(砂性土和黏性土)情况下扩底楔形桩竖向抗压承载力特性试验,测得桩顶荷载-沉降关系曲线,不同荷载等级下桩侧摩阻力、桩端阻力的分布规律及分担比;同时,开展等体积混凝土用量情况下的常规扩底桩的竖向抗压承载力特性试验作为对比分析。研究结果表明,试验条件下,砂性土中,等混凝土用量扩底楔形桩的极限承载力约为常规扩底桩的1.25倍;黏性土中扩底楔形桩和常规扩底桩的极限承载力比砂土中分别提高了11.1%和66.7%。

人工挖孔扩底桩承载力试验研究

本文通过１１根有埋设测试元件的现场试验，研究了软土地区人工挖孔扩底桩的荷载传递机理及侧阻力、端阻力的变化规律，文中统计和分析了３００根人工挖孔桩的静载试验资料，提出了承载力的计算方法和桩端常用土层的极限承载力取值范围。

负摩阻力引起的桩身下拽力和桩顶下拽位移研究进展

简要介绍了土体沉降引起的桩侧负摩阻力导致桩身下拽力和桩顶下拽位移的原因、力学机制以及工程危害性;总结了近年来国内外负摩阻力问题的现场试验、模型试验、数值模拟和理论计算方法等方面的研究现状;指出了目前存在的主要问题——针对考虑桩顶下拽位移、地基土固结时间效应等因素影响以及减少负摩阻力措施方面的研究相对较少;介绍了一种既可以提高桩基竖向承载力又能有效降低负摩阻力对桩基影响的新桩型——扩底楔形桩.

一种大直径扩底桩的沉降计算实用方法

根据大直径扩底桩桩端应力的分布特征,利用Mindlin基本解推导了扩底桩桩端沉降计算公式,并给出了沉降影响系数。公式中桩端持力层土体的变形模量用深层平板静力载荷试验测定,但深层载荷试验有时难以实现。为此根据收集的扩底桩工程实测沉降和原型扩底桩静载试验结果,建立了工程中常用的压缩模量与变形模量间的关系,并给出了两者的换算关系。大量的工程实测表明,得出的扩底桩沉降计算公式是实用的。

软土地区大直径中掘扩底法管桩承载性能现场试验分析

基于软土地区大直径中掘扩底法管桩静载荷试验，分析软土地区大直径中掘扩底法（简称中掘法）管桩承载特性，研究成果表明：在等桩径等桩长条件下，中掘扩底法管桩的单桩极限承载力较常规锤击法管桩低10％左右，但较钻孔灌注桩可提高30％以上；中掘法管桩桩顶荷载沉降曲线均呈现缓降型，单桩竖向桩基极限承载力应根据桩顶沉降量确定；在桩顶达到极限承载力时，中掘法管桩桩端阻力有明显提高，桩端阻力可占桩顶荷载40％-50％，呈现为端承摩擦桩，竖向承载能力得到明显提高。文中研究成果可为软土地区大直径中掘扩底法管桩的理论研究和工程应用提供参考价值。

水平荷载下纵截面异形桩承载特性试验

针对纵截面异形桩(扩底桩和楔形桩)、等混凝土用量常规等直径桩的水平向承载特性进行对比模型试验研究,测得不同水平荷载等级下扩底桩和楔形桩的内力、变形、极限承载力和桩侧土压力分布等变化规律特性;初步探讨3种桩型的水平极限承载特性和桩侧土压力分布规律。考虑纵向截面异形效应,基于水平土抗力与水平位移(p-y)曲线法建立纵截面异形桩水平向承载特性理论计算方法,进一步分析弯矩分布规律,并开展影响因素分析。研究结果表明,在当前试验条件下,等混凝土用量楔形桩的水平向承载力比等直径桩的高,砂性土和黏性土中楔形桩水平向极限承载力约分别为等直径桩的1.25倍和1.33倍。相关研究成果可为今后类似土层下水平受荷纵截面异形桩的设计与计算提供参考依据。

大直径扩底桩承载力和沉降变形分析

本文介绍了大直径扩底桩的地基变形特点，讨论了桩端面积效应问题，阐述了按变形确定竖向承载力的原理和方法。文中提出的承载力取值和沉降计算是一套适合于我国大直径扩底桩的设计方法。

深厚软土中大直径灌注扩底桩受力性状试验研究

通过对深厚软土地基中大直径深长灌注桩及扩底桩的桩孔孔径的实测及静载荷试验下桩身埋设钢筋计的测量,得到了桩身轴力实测资料和静载荷试验数据。基于以上实测资料研究了软土中持力层为粉质黏土、粉砂的大直径深长灌注桩及扩底桩的承载特性和荷载传递机理,重点分析了大直径深长灌注扩底桩与普通灌注桩承载特性及荷载传递的不同点,并得到了扩底桩桩端阻力、桩侧摩阻力发挥规律。研究表明,深厚软土地区大直径深长钻孔灌注扩底桩的侧阻先于端阻发挥,同时其荷载传递与一般的灌注桩不同,扩底桩的桩端扩大部分对承载能力影响较大,不仅影响到桩端阻力的发挥,还影响到桩侧阻力的发挥。这都为今后大直径灌注扩底桩的理论研究和设计应用提供了重要的参考作用。

人工挖孔扩底桩竖向承载性状

本文根据埋设测试元件的人工挖孔扩底桩基础现场静载试验 ,对黄土中端承于厚层非湿陷性黄土和卵石层的扩底桩竖向承载性状分别进行了讨论。分析了荷载传递规律和地基破坏模式 ,探讨了端承于土层时浸水饱和对侧阻和端阻的影响 。

大直径扩底桩承载力的沉降变形控制设计法初探

鉴于现有承载力确定方法存在的不足之处 ,通过对大直径扩底桩承载力确定原则的探讨 ,给出了按沉降变形控制确定承载力的方法 ,并推导出了确定无静载试验桩承载力的计算公式 .工程实例验证表明 ,按作者提出方法得到的结果与工程实测值符合较好 ,能充分发挥大直径扩底桩的潜力 ,可以供工程设计时参考使用 .

基于透明土材料的异形桩拔桩过程对比模型试验

随着地下空间的逐步开发,既有桩基拔除问题及其拔桩过程对周围构件物影响的问题日渐突出;针对拔桩过程中桩对周围土体的位移场及影响范围的研究相对较少,而针对异形桩的研究更少。基于透明土材料和PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)技术,开展扩底楔形桩的拔桩过程模型试验,测得拔桩过程中桩周土体的位移场变化规律以及拔桩影响范围;同时进行等直径圆形桩和楔形桩的拔桩模型试验并对比分析。研究结果表明:扩底楔形桩的拔桩扰动范围明显比楔形桩和等直径圆形桩大,其数值接近等直径圆形桩的2.0倍;楔形桩拔桩过程中水平向位移扰动比等直径圆形桩大,竖向位移扰动比等直径圆形桩小。