High-strain dynamic model of large-diameter pipe piles with soil plug for vertical vibration analysis

A rigorous analytical model is developed for simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter openended pipe piles(OEPPs)and surrounding soil undergoing high-strain impact loading.To describe the soil behavior,the soil along pile shaft is divided into slip and nonslip zones and the base soil is modeled as a fictitious-soil pile(FSP)to account for the wave propagation in the soil.True soil properties are adopted and slippage at the pile-soil interface is considered,allowing realistic representation of largediameter OEPP mechanics.The developed model is validated by comparing with conventional models and finite element method(FEM).It is further used to successfully simulate and interpret the behaviors of a steel OEPP during the offshore field test.It is found that the variation in the vertical vibrations of shaft soil along radial direction is significant for large-diameter OEPPs,and the velocity amplitudes of the internal and external soil attenuate following different patterns.The shaft soil motion may not attenuate with depth due to the soil slippage,while the wave attenuation at base soil indicates an influence depth,with a faster attenuation rate than that in the pile.The findings from the current study should aid in simulating the vibration behaviors of large-diameter OEPP-soil system under high-strain dynamic loading.

A Theoretical Analysis of the Bearing Performance of Vertically Loaded Large-Diameter Pipe Pile Groups

This paper aims to present a theoretical method to study the bearing performance of vertically loaded large-diameter pipe pile groups.The interactions between group piles result in different bearing performance of both a single pile and pile groups.Considering the pile group effect and the skin friction from both outer and inner soils,an analytical solution is developed to calculate the settlement and axial force in large-diameter pipe pile groups.The analytical solution was verified by centrifuge and field testing results.An extensive parametric analysis was performed to study the bearing performance of the pipe pile groups.The results reveal that the axial forces in group piles are not the same.The larger the distance from central pile,the larger the axial force.The axial force in the central pile is the smallest,while that in corner piles is the largest.The axial force on the top of the corner piles decreases while that in the central pile increases with increasing of pile spacing and decreasing of pile length.The axial force in side piles varies little with the variations of pile spacing,pile length,and shear modulus of the soil and is approximately equal to the average load shared by one pile.For a pile group,the larger the pile length is,the larger the influence radius is.As a result,the pile group effect is more apparent for a larger pile length.The settlement of pile groups decreases with increasing of the pile number in the group and the shear modulus of the underlying soil.

A theoretical analysis of vertical dynamic response of large-diameter pipe piles in layered soil

Considering the viscous damping of the soil and soil-pile vertical coupled vibration,a computational model of large-diameter pipe pile in layered soil was established.The analytical solution in frequency domain was derived by Laplace transformation method.The responses in time domain were obtained by inverse Fourier transformation.The results of the analytical solution proposed agree well with the solutions in homogenous soil.The effects of the shear modulus and damping coefficients of the soil at both outer and inner sides of the pipe pile were researched.The results indicate that the shear modulus of the outer soil has more influence on velocity admittance than the inner soil.The smaller the shear modulus,the larger the amplitude of velocity admittance.The velocity admittance weakened by the damping of the outer soil is more obvious than that weakened by the damping of the inner soil.The displacements of the piles with the same damping coefficients of the outer soil have less difference.Moreover,the effects of the distribution of soil layers are analyzed.The results indicate that the effect of the upper soil layer on dynamic response of the pipe pile is more obvious than that of the bottom soil layer.A larger damping coefficient of the upper layer results in a smaller velocity admittance.The dynamic response of the pipe pile in layered soil is close to that of the pipe pile in homogenous soil when the properties of the upper soil layer are the same.

Screening of plane S waves by an array of rigid piles in poroelastic soil

An array of rigid piles used as a screening barrier for plane shear (S) waves is investigated in a homogeneous unbounded space. The dynamic poroelastic theory of Biot is employed, under the assumption of an incompressible solid grain. Using Fourier-Bessel series, the problem of multiple scattering is solved by imposing continuity conditions and equilibrium conditions at the soil-pile interfaces with the translational addition theorem. A parametric analysis is conducted to investigate the influence of the permeability of poroelastic soil, separation between piles, number of piles and frequency of incident waves on screening effectiveness of the barrier, and the results are compared with those in an elastic soil medium. Computed results show that the intrinsic permeability of the soil medium displays an apparent effect on the screening of plane S waves.

An Approach to Stability Analysis of Embedded Large-Diameter Cylinder Quay

The large-diameter cylinder structure, which is made of large successive bottomless cylinders placed on foundation bed or partly driven into soil, is a recently developed retaining structure in China. It can be used in port, coastal and offshore works. The method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder structure, especially for stability analysis of the embedded large-diameter cylinder structure, is an important issue. In this paper, an idea is presented that is, embedded large-diameter cylinder quays can be divided into two types, i.e. the gravity wall type and the cylinder pile wall type. A method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the cylinder pile wall type is developed and a method for stability analysis of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the gravity wall type is also proposed. The effect of significant parameters on the stability of the large-diameter cylinder quay of the cylinder pile wall type is investigated through numerical calculation.

Combined load bearing capacity of rigid piles embedded in a crossanisotropic clay deposit using 3D finite element lower bound

In this study,an iterative-based three-dimensional finite element lower bound in association with the second-order cone programming method is adopted to evaluate the limit load of a single pile embedded in cross-anisotropic soils under general loading condition.The lower bound solutions of the pile embedded in an anisotropic soil deposit can be found by formulating the element equilibrium,equilibrium of shear and normal stresses along discontinuities,boundary conditions,yield function,and optimizing the objective function through the second-order cone programming method in conjunction with an iterative-based update procedure.A general loading condition is considered to profile the expansion of the safe load in the vertical-horizontal-moment(V-H-M)space.The results of this study are compared and validated against three different cases including an isotropic lateral loading,anisotropic end bearing capacity,and a pile embedded in an isotropic soil deposit under general loading condition.A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the impact of different influencing factors.It was found that the effect of anisotropy on the variation of lateral limit load of a single pile is more pronounced than the corresponding vertical and bending moment limit loads,whereas the interface properties have more significant effects on the vertical and bending moment limit loads in comparison to the lateral limit load.

Development technology of rigidity-drain pile and numerical analysis of its anti-liquefaction characteristics

Pile foundation is widely used in the offshore engineering. The pile can be seriously destroyed by the soil liquefaction during strong earthquakes. The potentials of liquefaction and damages of pile foundation due to the liquefaction can be reduced by the implementation of the drainage in the liquefiable foundation. A patented pile technology, named rigidity-drain pile, was introduced. The partial section of the pile body was filled by materials with higher penetrability which forms some effective drainage channels in the pile. The principles and construction methods were presented. 3D models for both rigidity-drain pile and ordinary pile were built in FLAC3D code. The dynamic loadings were applied on the bottom of the model. According to the numerical results, in the case of the rigidity-drain pile, the water in the relevant distance range around the pile flows toward the pile drainage, the contour of the pore pressure shows a funnel form. Contrast to the ordinary pile, the rigidity-drain pile can dissipate the accumulated excess pore water, maintain effective stress and obviously reduce the possibility of surrounding soil liquefaction.

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser- Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_(c) are revealed,and the calculation method of N_(c) is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.

Simplified analytical solution for stress concentration ratio of piled embankments incorporating pile–soil interaction

Piled embankments have been extensively used for high-speed rail over soft soils because of their effectiveness in minimizing differential settlement and shortening the construction period.Stress concentration ratio,defined as the ratio of vertical stress carried by pile heads(or pile caps if applicable)to that by adjacent soils,is a fundamental parameter in the design of piled embankments.In view of the complicated load transfer mechanism in the framework of embankment system,this paper presents a simplified analytical solution for the stress concentration ratio of rigid pile-supported embankments.In the derivation,the effects of cushion stiffness,pile–soil interaction,and pile penetration behavior are considered and examined.A modified linearly elastic-perfectly plastic model was used to analyze the mechanical response of a rigid pile–soil system.The analytical model was verified against field data and the results of numerical simulations from the literature.According to the proposed method,the skin friction distribution,pile–soil relative displacement,location of neural point,and differential settlement between the pile head(or cap)and adjacent soils can be determined.This work serves as a fast algorithm for initial and reasonable approximation of stress concentration ratio on the design aspects of piled embankments.

Experimental Study of Stockpiles of Iron Ore Fines

Storage of iron ore pellet feed fines (with 90% minimum granulometry of <45 μm and 100% <150 micron) can be studied through the mechanics of granular materials. Geotechnical inputs are not able to explain the failure phenomenon comprehensively. Yet, in the industry the trend is to work with geotechnical inputs and an exaggerated degree of visual interpretation. The first part of this article briefly shows some articles in which authors emphasize the mechanics of granular materials and an article placing emphasis on the geotechnical features of granular materials. The second part shows the solution to the equation developed by [1] applied to the geometry of iron ore storage piles. The scale model study of stress variation on the model’s axis is done and the comparison of the stress variation and Thamwattana’s analytical resolution is commented. The third part shows a stress distribution study formulating centered finite differences by applying the Itasca Consulting Group’s PFC2D software to the iron ore stockpile within the same footprint as the stockpile in the analytical model. This study’s conclusions are as follows: 1) The differential between the models is the differences between tangential and normal rigidity. These differences between tangential rigidity Kt and normal rigidity Kn make the stockpile unstable. We can state that when Kn = Kt the stockpiles are more stable. 2) The models and all the work done show that the stockpiles are not stable. The stockpiles are at times temporarily stable, but even after formation, these stockpiles are unstable and the particles are always moving.

重庆官栈河大桥主桥主墩基础锁口钢管桩围堰加固

重庆官栈河大桥主桥为(62+110+62)m三跨连续刚构桥,主墩基础采用锁口钢管桩围堰施工。围堰施工正常水位+325.300 m,施工期控制水位+330.500 m。在该桥主墩围堰完成四周锁口钢管桩插打及前4道内支撑安装后,因极端天气原因,长寿湖水位上涨到+332.200 m,危及围堰安全。为解决钢管桩围堰的安全问题,提出采用水下施工内支撑的加固方案。待围堰内部水头与外部保持一致后,将已经插打的锁口钢管桩加高至标高+334.000 m,拆除已安装好的4道内支撑,重新安装6道内支撑。采用MIDAS Civil软件分别建立加固前、后钢管桩围堰结构有限元模型,分析钢管桩及内支撑的受力安全与稳定性。结果表明:施工控制水位+330.500 m下,围堰结构最大正应力由加固前的162.6 MPa下降到加固后的82.3 MPa,下降了49.3%;承载水位可从施工控制水位+330.500 m增加到目标控制水位+333.500 m,且强度和刚度等均留有一定储备。水下施工内支撑的加固方案可提升围堰的承载能力。该桥围堰加固后整体受力效果良好,已顺利完成承台浇筑施工。

模块化建筑刚性桩复合地基共同作用试验分析

本文依据某模块化示范楼,制作了简化后的1∶10的模块化建筑刚性桩复合地基的室外缩尺模型,考虑了上部模块结构与地基基础共同作用。通过模型试验分析了上部模块刚度变化对上部模块钢柱、筏板基础和刚性桩复合地基各受力体的影响。结果表明:模块化建筑中部柱轴力>边部柱轴力>角部柱轴力;随上部模块刚度的增加,中部柱轴力逐渐减小,边部柱和角部柱轴力逐渐增大;筏板基础中部沉降最大,边部沉降最小,整体沉降随上部模块楼层的增加逐渐增大;角部桩身轴力>边部桩身轴力>中部桩身轴力,桩身轴力沿着桩深度方向先增大后减小;桩身上部一定范围内产生负摩阻力。分析结果能够为模块化建筑单元构件设计及刚性桩复合地基基础优化设计提供参考。

不均匀地层中刚性桩复合地基变形及加固措施分析

刚性桩复合地基凭借其工后沉降小、施工周期短、整体稳定性强、社会经济效益高等优势,逐渐得到广泛应用,但也伴随着一些工程问题,如在不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基路堤容易出现稳定性问题。本文针对不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基典型工程案例展开研究,采用有限元软件建立三维模型,揭示改进方案前后不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基的变形规律,研究3种加固方式对于刚性桩复合地基稳定性的增强效果。结果表明:不均匀地层下刚性桩复合地基会产生偏应力进而引起路堤差异沉降,结构稳定性较差,改进方案可以有效降低路堤沉降,提高结构整体稳定性,横梁加固可以有效提高刚性桩复合地基的水平稳定性。

刚性桩复合地基的载荷试验问题

《建筑与市政地基基础通用规范》(GB 55003—2021)对刚性桩复合地基承载力验收的条文是:复合地基承载力的验收检验应采用复合地基静载荷试验,对有粘结强度的复合地基增强体尚应进行单桩静载荷试验。在实际工程中,可能会遇到这样的情况:(1)复合地基静载荷试验合格,单桩静载荷试验不合格,复合地基承载力真的不合格吗?(2)复合地基和单桩静载荷试验都合格,复合地基承载力就一定合格吗?本文对此进行了分析讨论,认为与地质条件有关,规范方法主要是针对单一均匀地基的情况,对于多层土地基,规范方法有局限性,由于试验压板尺寸小,压板试验还不能反映深层土的影响。对于大尺寸的基础,还要进行科学的分析,应对实际尺寸的基础沉降进行计算分析,才能判断和保证工程的安全,仅靠小尺寸的压板载荷试验是不够完善的。

High-frequency interference in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe piles

The high-frequency interference exists obviously in low strain integrity testing of large-diameter pipe pile when a transientpoint load is applied. An analytical solution of vertical vibratory response of large-diameter pipe piles in low strain testing isdeduced in this paper. The analytical solution is verified by both numerical simulation and model test results. The time-domainvelocity responses on pile top are analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the time-domain responses at various pointssuffer different high-frequency interferences, thus the peak values and phases of different points are different. The influence ofvibratory modes on high-frequency interference is analyzed. It is found that the high-frequency interference at 90° point main-ly derives from the second flexural mode, but for other points it mainly originates from the first flexural mode. The factors af-fecting the frequency and peak value of interference waves have been investigated in this study. The results indicate that thelarger radius angle between the receiving and 90° points leads to greater peak value of high frequency wave crest. The leasthigh-frequency interference is detected at the angle of 90°. The frequency of interference waves is decreased with the increaseof pile radius, while the peak value is almost constant. The frequency is also related to pile modulus, i.e. the larger pile modu-lus results in greater frequency. The peak value varies with impulse width and soil resistance, i.e., the wider impulse width andlarger soil resistance cause smaller peak value. In conclusion, the frequency of interference waves is dependent on the geomet-rical and mechanics characteristics of the piles such as pile radius and modulus, but independent of the external conditionssuch as impulse width and soil resistance. On the other hand, the peak value of interference waves is mainly dependent on theexternal conditions but independent of the geometrical and mechanics characteristics of the piles. In practice, some externalmeasures should be adopted to weaken high-frequency interference such as using soft hammer, hammer cushion and adoptingsuitable receiving point.

排水桩-网复合地基处置可液化路堤地基的振动台试验研究

排水刚性桩融合了刚性桩基础承载力高和具有排水性能的双重优点。为研究排水刚性桩处置可液化路堤地基的抗液化作用效果,采用7#硅砂作为路堤地基模型材料,3×5群桩布置形式,在水平向和竖直向施加双向动力荷载,对排水桩-网复合地基和普通桩-网复合地基处理可液化路堤地基开展了振动台模型试验研究。从超孔隙水压力、加速度、沉降等动力响应对排水桩-网复合地基的抗液化作用效果进行了分析。试验结果表明:排水桩-网复合地基的处置效果明显优于普通桩-网复合地基的加固效果。排水桩工况超孔压比峰值最大值为0.79,最小值为0.61,普通桩工况超孔压比峰值均达到1.0,处于完全液化状态。排水桩工况水平向峰值加速度放大系数沿路堤模型底部至顶部呈现明显的放大效应,峰值加速度放大系数最大值为1.60。普通桩工况峰值加速度放大系数呈现一定的液化地基减震效应,峰值加速度放大系数最大值为1.07。排水桩工况沉降平均值为11.4 mm。普通桩工况沉降平均值为25.7 mm,排水桩工况最终沉降量平均值较普通桩工况减小55.6%。排水桩能够有效加快超孔隙水压力的消散,减小路堤沉降量,是一种处置可液化地基的有效措施。

岩土成层地基钻孔刚架抗滑桩计算的有限差分法

传统悬臂或锚拉式抗滑桩采用人工挖孔施工,施工效率低、工期长且安全风险问题尤为突出,目前正被严格限制使用并逐步淘汰,因此,在边坡治理工程中使用机械钻孔成桩替代人工挖孔工艺是未来的发展趋势。钻孔刚架式抗滑桩侧向刚度大、施工效率高、结构空间受力更加合理,更加符合城市轨道交通建设“小空间解决大高差”的理念。首先,考虑抗滑桩普遍存在于岩土成层地基的实际情况,以水平弹簧模拟前、后排桩与桩间土的荷载相互作用,根据Euler-Bernoulli梁理论及刚架桩受荷特点,以桩周线性土弹簧刚度反映不同地层的水平抗力差异,建立刚架桩挠曲平衡微分方程;然后,基于有限差分法结合桩顶、桩端共8个边界条件,编制Python有限差分迭代运算程序实现了前/后桩及桩间土的协同作用,以及对刚架桩内力与变形的求解;最后,依托深圳地铁某路堑高边坡钻孔刚架桩现场监测案例,对比发现,二者桩顶最大变形相差在10%以内,验证了所提方法对岩土成层地基中钻孔刚架抗滑桩的适用性,开发的有限差分迭代程序简单便捷,可直接应用于钻孔刚架式抗滑桩工程设计。

排水刚性桩抗液化特性数值计算分析

为分析排水刚性桩的抗液化作用效果,开展了排水刚性桩的数值计算模拟,基于振动台试验实测结果验证了计算模型的可靠性,针对设置不同排水通道数量的排水桩桩周超孔压比、超孔隙水渗流特性等进行了计算分析。结果表明:①试验实测值与数值模拟结果吻合较好,证明了计算模型的可靠性和合理性;②桩身1倍桩径处超孔压比峰值为0.7,1.5倍桩径处为1.0,排水刚性桩的有效作用范围在桩周1倍桩径左右;③单侧排水通道排水桩影响范围为以桩心为圆心、1倍桩径为半径的近似半圆,双侧和四侧排水通道排水桩影响范围为与单侧排水通道圆心和半径相同的整圆,排水体附近渗流矢量均指向排水通道,表明了排水通道发挥了有效的排水作用。

H-V组合荷载作用下HSCM桩承载性能

螺旋桩芯劲性复合桩(helix stiffened cement mixing pile,HSCM桩)是由螺旋桩芯与水泥土桩劲性复合而成的新型桩基。为研究水平-竖向(H-V)组合荷载作用下HSCM桩的承载性能,基于自制土工箱,开展HSCM桩室内模型试验研究,设计并制作3组共12根HSCM模型桩进行H-V组合荷载试验,分析加载角度与螺旋叶片数量对桩基承载性能的影响。试验结果表明:上拔荷载分量对桩基水平极限承载性能有不利影响;叶片数量越多,HSCM桩成桩质量越好,H-V组合荷载作用下承载力越大。

穿坡油气管道的框架桩防护结构分析方法

针对沿山坡走向铺设的埋地油气管道存在的抗震防护问题,提出了一种新型的框架型抗滑桩式管道防护结构。在采用拟静力法确定作用于结构地震滑坡推力的基础上,将位于滑面以上的结构受荷段作为底端固定的平面框架结构,采用超静定平面刚架结构模型分析;而位于滑面以下的嵌固段则为埋置于稳定地层的两单桩结构,采用侧向受荷的弹性地基梁模型分析,由此建立了框架型抗滑桩的内力及位移计算方法。实例分析表明:框架桩前、后桩及上、下横梁弯矩与剪力的理论计算值与数值模拟结果误差均在±20%以内,理论结果偏于保守;水平地震影响系数对结构内力影响显著,结构内力最大值随水平地震影响系数增加近似呈线性增大,而竖向地震影响系数影响较弱;结构最大内力与土体重度呈线性正相关性,与黏聚力和内摩擦角呈非线性负相关性,且随着土体抗剪强度参数的增大,前、后桩以及上、下横梁的内力分别趋于接近;前、后排桩与上、下横梁的最大内力分别与桩体抗弯刚度呈非线性正相关性与负相关性,而分别与桩体嵌固深度近似呈线性正相关性与负相关性;框架桩间距对结构内力影响显著,而前后桩排间距则对结构内力影响较小。