High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.

Water‑immersion softening mechanism of coal rock mass based on split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment

The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.

Dynamic property evaluation of aluminum alloy 2519A by split Hopkinson pressure bar

Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.

Calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar system with special shape striker

In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ps, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Testing of High-Strength Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson （Kolsky） bar system - A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.

Tuning of band-gap of phononic crystals with initial confining pressure

The mechanism of the shift of the band-gap in phononic crystal （PC） with different initial confining pressures is studied experimentally and numerically. The experimental results and numerical analysis simultaneously indicate that the confining pressure can efficiently tune the location in and the width of the band-gap. The present work provides a basis for tuning the band-gap of phononic crystal in engineering applications.

Static and dynamic tensile failure characteristics of rock based on splitting test of circular ring

Static and dynamic splitting tests were conducted on ring marble specimens with different internal diameters to study the tensile strength and failure modes with the change of the ratio of internal radius to external radius （ρ） under different loading rates. The results show that the dynamic tensile strength of disc rock specimen is approximately five times its static tensile strength. The failure modes of ring specimens are related to the dimension of the internal hole and loading rate. Under static loading tests, when the ratio of internal radius to external radius of the rock ring is small enough （ρ〈0.3）, specimens mostly split along the diametral loading line. With the increase of the ratio, the secondary cracks are formed in the direction perpendicular to the loading line. Under dynamic loading tests, specimens usually break up into four pieces. When the ratio ρreaches 0.5, the secondary cracks are formed near the input bar. The tensile strength calculated by Hobbs’ formula is greater than the Brazilian splitting strength. The peak load and the radius ratio show a negative exponential relationship under static test. Using ring specimen to determine tensile strength of rock material is more like a test indicator rather than the material properties.

基于Hopkinson压杆的动态压剪复合加载实验研究

提出了一种可用于研究压剪复合加载下,材料动态力学性能的实验装置,该装置基于Hopkinson压杆,通过添加一个带倾斜端面的垫块,实现压剪复合加载.分析了该实验装置的基本数据处理方法,并利用有限元分析验证了此分析方法的可行性;然后利用该装置对常规金属材料进行了相同冲击速度,不同倾斜角度(0°,30°,45°)下的一系列实验.实验结果表明,该装置能实现压剪复合加载,并且能得到材料的动态屈服面,为研究材料在复杂应力状态下的动态力学性能提供了新的实验方法.

影响Hopkinson压杆实验结果因素的数值模拟分析

根据Hopkinson压杆试验装置产生压缩加载脉冲的力学模型，利用ANSYS／LSDYNA有限元显示动力学程序计算得到了试件在加载过程中的应力-应变曲线，并且和输入材料曲线做了比较，讨论了试件的长径比及试件与压杆之间的界面摩擦力对试件内部应力均匀性和对试件材料动态屈服应力的影响．分析结果表明，试件的长径比在0．5—0．6之间、试件与压杆之间的界面摩擦系数为0．15时，对动态屈服应力的结果影响比较小，这一结论对实际的实验操作有一定的指导意义．

直锥变截面Hopkinson压杆实验的数值模拟

随着分离式Hopkinson压杆(简称SHPB)实验技术应用领域的拓宽,对SHPB实验设备和实验精度的要求日益提高,改进和优化SHPB实验技术就显得尤为迫切。数值模拟在这方面发挥着重要的作用。文章利用商用程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA对不同长度的子弹与74mm直锥变截面压杆撞击进行了三维数值模拟,将模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较;同时分析了不同长度的应力波在74mm直锥变截面压中的传播特性。

变截面弹丸在分离式Hopkinson压杆中的应用

本文在分离式Hopkinson压杆系统中,探索了应用变截面锥形弹丸实现常应变率力学性能测试的实验方法,以及在较高应变率下实现动态卸载以获取材料的动态弹性模量的可行性.

分离式Hopkinson压杆系统冲击压缩过程中试样的应力均匀化过程

分析了分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)系统冲击压缩试验过程中试样的应力均匀化过程。结果表明:试样内的应力分布不均匀性在冲击压缩开始时最显著,随着时间的延长,应力分布渐趋均匀;在变形初期,应力分布不均匀主要表现为试样两端的应力水平不同以及应力-时间曲线的进程不同步且伴有较大振荡;用绝对不均匀度α(t)衡量试样内应力分布的不均匀程度,在α(t)-t曲线上存在一明显的转折点M,建议用M点对应的时间表示应力均匀化所需时间。

Hopkinson杆试验试件中应力状态近似分析与惯性修正

在Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ杆动态试验，特别是Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ拉杆试验中，由于试件尺寸长，惯性效应导致测试失真问题是人们关注的重要问题．本文对该问题进行了分析，发展了Ｇｏｒｈａｍ惯性修正模型，推导出一种新的惯性修正公式，该公式考虑了试件的径向和轴向惯性，变形率及试件端面效应，特别是考虑了惯性对试件内部速度场不均匀性的影响．计算分析表明，本公式对ＳＨＴＢ试件中惯性效应的修正量的计算值比Ｇｏｒｈａｍ模型的相应值要大４０％～５０％，虽然修正量的绝对值并不大．

Hopkinson压杆对准脆性材料的动态力学实验研究

分离式Hopkinson压杆是对准脆性材料实施高速加载的理想工具,利用该装置可以对准脆性材料实施各种加载方式,测定材料的动力特性参数。对分离式Hopkinson压杆装置的测试原理做了扼要说明,简单介绍了目前用于准脆性材料的测试方法(压缩实验方法和拉伸实验方法),并结合目前的测试技术,对准脆性材料的实验方法提出了一些新的设想。

光纤Bragg光栅在分离式Hopkinson压杆实验中的应用

光纤Bragg光栅用于高频应变的测试是一个重要研究课题．文中介绍了其高频解调原理,探讨了光纤光栅传感器用于分离式霍布金逊压杆(SHPB)实验装置中应变测试的相关问题；推导了弹性杆中传播的应力波σ与传感光纤光栅中光波相位的变化量Δ(?)之间的关系式,进而建立了含有光纤光栅传感变化量的弹性杆应力波计算公式；构建了基于光纤Bragg光栅的动态应变测试系统,对中心波长分别为1550nm和1545nm的裸光纤光栅传感器以及应变片,两种传感器粘贴在被撞击弹性杆(输入杆)表面测试应变的情形进行了比较研究,给出了实验结果．研究表明,光纤Bragg光栅在高频动态应变测量中具有很好的应用潜力和前景,测试方法和结论对于光纤Bragg光栅在高频动态应变的实际测试中具有积极意义．

聚丙烯纤维增强混凝土分离式Hopkinson压杆压缩试验研究

采用改进后的变截面大尺寸Hopkinson压杆 ,对直径 62mm的聚丙烯纤维混凝土和素混凝土试件进行了三种应变率范围的冲击压缩试验 ,得到了不同应变率下试件的动态压缩强度及应力应变全过程曲线。结果表明 ,在冲击压缩的高应变率加载条件下 ,聚丙烯纤维混凝土的破坏强度与素混凝土的大致相同 ,但其韧性要明显好于素混凝土。

基于激光干涉测试技术的分离式Hopkinson压杆实验测试系统

分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验的传统测试技术是基于应变片的电测技术,测试结果的可靠性强烈依赖于应变片与杆之间粘贴质量,受到人为因素的影响较大。本文中采用基于多普勒频移原理的双探头全光纤激光干涉测速技术,以粒子速度为监测目标,借助应力波传播理论,换算成试件的应变和应力,从而建立了SHPB实验的非接触光学测试系统。针对韧性和脆性两类材料,分别提出了激光正入射和激光斜入射两种测试技术。再以铝合金和PZT陶瓷为例,通过与传统的应变片测试结果以及DIC测量结果的对比分析,验证了两种测试技术的有效性。与传统的应变片测试技术相比,新的激光干涉测试技术具有免标定、抗干扰、可靠性高等许多优点,有助于实现SHPB实验测试系统标准化。