Optimization of anchorage support parameters for soft rock tunnel based on displacement control theory

In the construction of a soft rock tunnel,it is critical to accurately estimate the pre-stressed anchor support parameters for surrounding rock reinforcement;otherwise,engineering disasters may occur.This paper presents a support parameter selection method that aims to allow deformation as a control objective,which was applied to the tunnel located in Muzailing Highway,Min County,Dingxi City,Gansu Province,China.Through theoretical analysis,we have identified five factors that influence pre-stressing anchorages.The selection of mechanical parameters for the rock mass was carried out using an inverse analysis method.Compared with the measured data,the maximum displacement error of the numerical simulation results was only 0.07 m.The length of anchor cable,circumferential spacing of anchor cable,longitudinal spacing,and pre-stress index are adopted as the input parameters for the support vector machine neural network model based on particle swarm optimization(PSO-LSSVM).Besides,the vault subsidence and the maximum deformation of surrounding rock are considered as output values(performance indices).The goodness of fit between the predicted values and the simulated values exceeds 0.9.Finally,all support parameters within the acceptable deformation range are calculated.The optimal support variables are derived by considering the construction cost and duration.The field application results show that it is feasible to construct the sample database utilizing the numerical simulation approach by taking the displacement as the control target and using the neural network to specify the appropriate support parameters.

Bearing mechanism of a tunnel-type anchorage in a railway suspension bridge

A tunnel-type anchorage(TTA)is one of the main components in suspension bridges:the bearing mechanism is a key problem.Investigating the deformation characteristics,development law,and failure phenomenon of a TTA under load can provide the theoretical basis for a robust design.Utilizing the TTA of the Jinsha River suspension bridge at Lijiang Shangri-La railway as a prototype,a laboratory model test of the TTA was carried out for three different contact conditions between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock.The stress and deformation distribution law of the anchorage body and its surrounding rock were studied,and the ultimate bearing capacity and failure mode of the TTA were analyzed.The test results show that the compressive stress level is highest at the rear part of the anchorage body.Moving away from the rear portion of the body,the stress decays in a negative exponential function.Based on the load transfer curve,the calculation formula for the shear stress on the contact surface between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock was derived,which shows that the distribution of the shear stress along the axial direction of the anchorage body is not uniform.The distance from the maximum value to the loading surface is approximately 1/3 of the length of the anchorage body,and the stress decreases as the distance from the loading surface increases.Furthermore,the contact condition between the anchorage body and surrounding rock has a great influence on the bearing capacity of the TTA.The increase in the anti-skid tooth ridge and radial anchor bolt can improve the cooperative working capacity of the anchorage body and the surrounding rock,which is approximately 50%higher than that of the flat contact condition.The main function of the anchor bolt is to increase the overall rigidity of the TTA.The contact condition between the anchorage body and the surrounding rock will lead to a change in the failure mode of the TTA.With an increase in the degree of contact,the failure mode will change from shear sliding along the interface to trumpet-shaped inverted cone-shaped failure extending into the surrounding rock.

Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Tunnel-Type Anchorage of a Long-Span Suspension Bridge

Due to complicated rock structure and environment, a prototype test for a tunnel-type anchorage is infeasible. Based on the rock mass parameters from tests, a three-dimensional （3D） elastoplastic analysis was performed to simulate the influence of the construction procedure of Siduhe bridge with tunnel-type anchorage （TTA） in Hubei Province, China. The surrounding rock and concrete anchorage body were simulated by 8 nodes 3D brick elements. The geostatic state of the complex geometric structure was established with initial data. The in-situ concrete casting of the anchorage body and excavation of the rock mass were simulated by tetrahedral shell elements. The results show that the surrounding rock is in an elastic state under the designed cable force. The numerical overloading analysis indicates that the capacity of the surrounding anchorage is 7 times that of the designed cable force. The failure pattern shows that two anchorage bodies would be pulled out in the end. The maximum shear stress appears 10 m before the back anchorage face. The maximum range influenced by the TTA under ultimate loads is about 16 m.

隧道式锚碇的承载机理及夹持效应指标分析

为了衡量隧道锚夹持效应发挥作用的大小,本文通过分析隧道锚的承载特性,提出用隧道锚的夹持效应系数和峰值承载力作为夹持效应指标,并利用Mohr-Coulomb准则对二者的表达式进行了推导;对普立特大桥隧道锚进行了有限元分析,通过对其应力、塑性区等指标的分析来计算其夹持效应指标来对其适用性和准确性进行验证;对不同位移状态下的夹持效应系数进行分析,并结合位移、荷载、承载力和夹持效应系数对隧道锚的设计提出建议。研究结果表明:公式计算结果、有限元分析结果及现有研究结果间的误差小于10%,所得公式具有良好的适用性和准确性;在荷载不变的情况下,隧道锚的夹持效应系数随着承载力的减小而呈增大趋势,说明适当降低隧道锚的承载力有助于夹持效应发挥作用,隧道锚也更满足其保护环境、资源节约的特点。研究结果可为隧道锚的设计提供依据。

惯质黏性阻尼器对悬索桥隧道锚减振的影响

为研究隧道锚(tunnel-type anchor,简称TTA)锚岩接触面对动荷载影响的敏感性,寻求一种适用于散索鞍至锚碇缆索处的减振装置。首先,利用有限差分软件建立隧道锚数值模型,监测并分析锚岩接触面共9个测点的速度位移响应;其次,利用滚珠丝杠构件的位移转换放大原理,提出一种适用于前锚室处的惯质黏性阻尼器;最后,利用能量耗散守恒方法,模拟并检验安装该阻尼器后隧道锚的减振效果。结果表明:在动荷载作用下,锚塞体两底角部位测点响应明显大于顶部测点,中部锚岩接触面位移增长较前部与后部更为迅速;隧道锚受低幅值动荷载影响更为明显,动力系数约为1.3,随着荷载幅值的增加,动荷载对于隧道锚的影响会减弱;振动前期较为剧烈,加载0~1 s内剪应变增量增幅明显,后期增量基本不变;设置阻尼器后,锚岩接触面速度位移响应减小,位移减小幅度接近20%,速度响应在1 s内基本衰减至0;阻尼器的减振效果与荷载幅值有关,锚塞体处于中低载荷时,设置阻尼器所带来的减振效果最好,减小效果可以达到24%。

考虑不同破坏形式下隧道锚承载力及破坏阶段研究

现有研究多以锚岩接触面出现塑性区域或应力峰值点转移作为达到极限状态的判别标准,但不同工程地质情况会导致隧道锚(TTA)破裂面线形存在较大差异,很难准确推导出隧道锚的极限承载力.为了进一步探求隧道锚在拉拔荷载下的工作过程,得到更加明确的隧道锚极限承载力的表达形式,采用幂指数函数形式表征倒锥形破坏破裂面的线形,基于Mindlin应力解与峰值剪应力控制理论得到界面破坏应力分布形式,推导了界面破坏与倒锥台破坏形式下的承载能力公式;采用国内5座悬索桥隧道锚承载力进行算例验证,同时分析研究了不同参数对隧道锚极限承载力的影响.研究表明:两种破坏形式下,承载力的主要来源为破裂面的黏结力,占总承载力的50%以上,承载力均随着长度与内聚力的增加而线性增加;承载力随着倾斜角的增加而增加,但增长速度减慢,界面破坏形式下出现先增加后减小的现象.对比以往试验以及数值模拟结果,与该文推导结果基本一致,分析公式计算结果和位移增长曲线,发现隧道锚工作过程明显呈现3个阶段,最终破坏形式为界面破坏和倒锥形破坏两种破坏模式的结合.

基于上限定理确定隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力

隧道式锚碇作为一种新型的悬索桥锚碇结构,因具有因地制宜、经济环保的优点在多山的西南地区得到了广泛应用。已有研究表明,锚塞体围岩性质较差、埋深较浅,锚塞体与围岩接触界面结合程度较好的隧道式锚碇极易发生倒楔形冲切破坏。将破坏体视为以锚塞体中心线为轴线的旋转楔形体,假定破坏面为最小旋转曲面,利用变分法经典欧拉方程求解破坏体最小旋转曲面问题,确定旋转曲面母线方程;基于改进的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则,由主缆拉拔荷载和楔形体自重所做的外功率与楔形体沿滑移面所消耗的内功率相等的条件建立虚功方程,推导隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力上限解。开展隧道式锚碇室内模型试验,研究了拉拔承载过程中的坡面位移的变化规律及隧道式锚碇的破坏模式。研究结果表明,拉拔作用点的荷载-位移曲线可分为4个阶段:克服重力阶段、弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段以及破坏阶段;隧道式锚碇破坏模式为围岩倒楔形冲切破坏,破坏体可近似视为以锚塞体中心线为轴线的旋转楔形体;由推导公式得到的隧道式锚碇极限抗拔承载力计算值与实测值一致性较好,具有一定的可靠性,可为隧道式锚碇的设计提供参考。

碎裂岩夹层中大跨度悬索桥隧道锚稳定性分析

隧道锚作为悬索桥的重要受力构件,其稳定性是保证悬索桥安全运行的关键。为探究某大跨度铁路悬索桥隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的受荷响应规律,建立精细化数值模型,对隧道锚的稳定性进行综合评估,论证隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的适用性和安全性。研究表明:碎裂岩夹层对隧道锚的变形影响显著,隧道锚后锚面及围岩的位移分布曲线呈左高右低的“驼峰状”,锚塞体界面摩阻力在碎裂岩夹层区域产生突变。锚-岩联合体的破坏从碎裂岩夹层中锚塞体拱顶区域开始,逐步向拱腰和拱底扩展,直至锚-岩界面塑性区贯通,其破坏模式为锚-岩接触带的剪切破坏。隧道锚的综合承载力以钢束受拉破坏为控制条件,综合极限承载力为2.3倍设计主缆力。隧道锚在碎裂岩夹层中的稳定性和适应性良好。

清江某特大桥隧道锚承载特性数值模拟研究

以清江某特大桥左岸隧道锚为例,在工程地质分析的基础上建立三维地质概化模型,利用不同软件实现对复杂岩体和隧道锚结构的近似网格化离散划分。采用FLAC^(3D)软件进行不同工况模拟,获得隧道锚的变形特征和承载能力,明确该隧道锚的潜在破坏模式为锚碇连同锚碇上部受结构面切割的岩体,在主缆拉力作用下发生沿锚碇底部岩/混凝土胶结面的整体滑移。该文采用的研究思路及相关研究成果,一方面能够为清江某特大桥隧道锚工程实践提供技术支撑,同时还有助于构建系统的隧道锚分析研究方法和评价指标体系,对后续隧道锚工程建设具有较强借鉴意义。

Safety analysis of temporary anchorage system for immersed tube in Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link

In the construction of the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link,a temporary anchorage system,distributed uniformly along the pipe wall,has been employed.To assess the safety and reliability of this system,a combined method utilizing numerical analysis and model experiments was applied to study the safety of the temporary anchorage system and the reliability of the tension rods.Firstly,an overall model of the caisson segment based on GINA rebound force was established to analyze the stress state of the entire system.Secondly,a comprehensive numerical analysis and model experiment verification were conducted for the single tensioning system,revealing its failure mode and safety margin.The results indicate that the tension rod systems are uniformly stressed at an average of 444 k N during underwater jointing,with a safety factor of 1.94.At this point,the maximum von Mises stresses appearing at the front plate corners and the lower edge of the U-groove,with stress values of 181.8 MPa and 172.4 MPa,and safety factors of 1.54 and 1.71,respectively.When the tension rod force reaches 940 k N,the tensioning system reaches its bearing limit,with initial yielding occurring at the front plate corners.Model experiments were conducted to verify the theoretical analysis results,under a test load of 444 k N,the stresses at the front plate corners and the lower edge of the U-groove were 159.6 and 195.9 MPa,respectively.As the test load increased to 940 k N,these stresses reached 390 and 389 MPa,exhibiting good agreement with the numerical analysis.Considering the uncertainty of loads and materials,a reliability analysis of the tension rods was conducted,yielding a reliability index of 4.34,meeting the secondary safety standard.Based on the comprehensive analysis,it can be concluded that the temporary anchorage system in the caisson segments of the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link exhibits excellent safety margins.

嵌岩隔离桩对基坑邻近隧道的保护效果分析

采用嵌入中风化砂岩的隔离桩对邻近地铁隧道进行保护时,桩底被强度较高的中风化砂岩固定与约束其保护效果较好,但在设计与有限元分析中若等效计算模型不合理,会计算得到隔离桩效果较差的结论。基于有限元方法,探讨了数值计算中嵌入中风化砂岩隔离桩的合理等效方法。对比计算表明,数值计算中不对嵌岩段进行位移固定,得到的计算结果与实际不符,低估了隔离桩的作用,建议对进入中风化岩石的桩端位移设定为固定边界条件。隔离桩距隧道的水平净距不小于3.0m,桩顶不高于隧道拱顶位置线标高、不低于隧道中心位置线标高,嵌岩段不小于4.0m,其隔离效果好、性价比高。

金仁桐高速公路桐梓河大桥隧道锚散索鞍安装方案研究

悬索桥锚碇作为大桥的重要受力结构,其结构形式多样,可因地制宜进行设计,西部陡峭山区峡谷多设计为隧道锚。由于散索鞍顺应索股倾斜入锚的特殊结构特点,普遍采取倾斜布置在隧道锚锚室内,根据散索鞍形状和质量、施工环境条件等因素,通常可采取大吨位起重机直接吊装、布设滑道滑移安装、门架吊装等安装工艺。依托贵州金仁桐高速公路桐梓河大桥工程,针对高山峡谷区该大跨度悬索桥工程隧道锚结构设计特点,介绍了散索鞍安装总体方案,以及散索鞍安装滑移支架系统设计方案,支架滑移法在仁怀岸大倾角隧道锚内吊装散索鞍施工工艺。

不同缩尺下悬索桥隧道锚原位模型承载特性试验研究

为探究隧道锚模型“缩尺效应”引起的试验结果差异性,以丽江金沙江大桥悬索桥实桥隧道锚为研究对象,按照相似理论开展不同缩尺原位模型试验,以期获得不同几何相似比对模型受载后变形变位特性、流变特性、潜在破坏模式及超载性能等方面的响应规律。针对变形和应变等效应量,采用多点式位移计、应变计及压力盒综合测试了锚塞体及周围岩体在不同应力水平下的变形规律与破坏特征;针对长期变形、承载特性,借助气液式加载系统加载到0.824 MPa和2.472 MPa,获得2种荷载下锚塞体及周围岩体的蠕变全过程。结果表明:在各级荷载加载下,模型锚塞体流变阶段变形较大,周边围岩节理裂隙在不同荷载水平作用下被逐渐压密,其中1∶12缩尺条件下的围岩裂隙压密主要发生在第1级荷载过程,1∶20缩尺条件下主要发生在第3级荷载作用下。相比于1∶12缩尺模型,1∶20锚塞体模型变形量较为明显,但两者整体变形特征基本一致,反映围岩破碎程度不利于隧道锚变形稳定。1∶12缩尺模型的后锚面及围岩表面变形分布呈马鞍形,而1∶20缩尺下模型对应的变形分布则呈现双峰形,且2种缩尺下锚塞体板上和围岩的变形残余率均较高。研究结果为分析悬索桥隧道锚因缩尺效应造成的承载特性差异性提供参考。

软岩隧道高强预应力锚索快速支护技术研究——以木寨岭公路隧道为例

为研究适用于软岩隧道的高强预应力锚索快速支护技术,依托木寨岭公路隧道,首先,对锚索系统施工工艺、要点等进行分析,通过现场锚索拉拔试验对其支护性能进行研究;然后,提出高强预应力锚索系统支护参数设计基本原则,并开展关键设计参数取值研究;最后,总结高强预应力锚索快速支护技术应用于木寨岭公路隧道所取得的工程实效。得到结论如下:1)高强预应力锚索系统由“高强钢绞线+垫板+锚具+树脂锚固剂+表面协同支护构件”组成,其施工要点包括钻孔、树脂锚固、预应力张拉与监测、配件安装等;2)预应力锚索系统具备快速高强支护能力,1.7 m锚固长度的锚索锚固力大于300 kN,10 m长锚索的施工时间小于1 h;3)严重挤压下的锚索支护开挖数值计算表明,锚索支护具有良好的变形控制效果;4)木寨岭公路隧道中采用高强预应力锚索快速支护技术可有效控制围岩变形,提升施工进度。

近接隧锚协同受力机理及合理施工工序研究

为研究复杂地质及工程条件下,近隧道大桥主缆锚碇与隧道施工顺序,以实际工程为例,采用有限元数值方法,基于缆力增大法,分析研究了隧道式锚碇结构承载安全特性、近接隧道与隧道式锚碇相互作用机理及施工工序等。结果表明:锚塞体抗拔安全系数>2.0,围岩稳定安全系数>4.0,满足规范要求,但施工过程中要严格控制爆破震动,加强隧道式锚碇洞室支护强度,降低施工对围岩扰动不利影响;在下部隧道施工完成后,开始上部隧道式锚碇的施工工序,可降低近接施工对隧道式锚碇的影响,同时也可以减小先行施工隧道受力,对于锚塞体结构受力是科学合理的。

绿汁江大桥大倾角隧道锚主缆预应力锚固系统定位技术

绿汁江大桥为主跨780 m的单塔单跨钢箱梁悬索桥,玉溪岸隧道锚总长86 m,锚塞体底板与水平面夹角54°,主缆预应力锚固系统定位精度要求高达3 mm。针对锚固系统定位测量的重难点,分别采用精密导线法、双导线法布设洞外、洞内加密控制网;建立锚固系统数学模型,将隧道锚坐标系转换为整体坐标系,计算索股预应力管道坐标,并与软件建立的锚固系统三维几何模型中的坐标对比,经复核坐标转换结果准确。主缆预应力锚固系统随锚碇基础及填芯混凝土施工逐层安装定位,采用全站仪三维坐标法及精确修正球气差常数的全站仪三角高程差分法对测量高程进行修正。定位时,首先进行后锚面模板精调;接着基于锚垫板与索股预应力管道同轴调整原理,调整锚垫板与对应索股预应力管道轴线相垂直以及锚垫板的平整度,进行后锚垫板定位;然后安装定位支架,进行索股预应力管道定位;最后进行前锚垫板定位,实测锚固系统定位精度小于3 mm。

改进隧道式锚碇变形破坏机制与安全性研究

隧道锚具有承载力大,造价低,对周边环境影响小等优点。为探究改进新型隧道锚碇与传统重力式锚碇在正常设计缆力和超缆力荷载下力学响应规律,利用有限元方法建立围岩-锚塞体模型,系统监测荷载前后锚塞体的应力、变形及塑性区发展趋势,并结合安全系数对隧道锚承载力进行评估。研究结果表明:新型改进隧道式锚碇与传统重力式锚碇相比承载力提升约5.92%;锚塞体与围岩最优倾角约为30°~40°,改进新型隧道锚的极限承载力约为10倍设计缆力。

隧道锚洞室施工对高陡边坡稳定性影响分析

为评价绿汁江特大桥隧道锚洞室开挖对仰坡整体稳定性的影响,建立FLAC3D数值分析模型,模拟隧道锚洞室开挖所产生的静力效应与爆破动力效应;将主缆设计荷载作用于模型,模拟围岩应力、位移与塑性区分布规律。结果表明:在降雨工况+左侧隧道锚洞室开挖条件下,隧道仰坡稳定性系数为1.35;降雨工况+主缆设计荷载作用时,隧道仰坡稳定性系数1.29。隧道仰坡围岩在隧道锚洞室开挖过程中最不利荷载工况下,整体处于安全稳定状态。

Load compensation research on twicetension for loop anchor cable of inner lining in Yellow River-crossing tunnel

The load compensation equipment for anchor cable named low retraction prestressed anchorage system with twice-tension(referred to as twice-tension anchorage system) is proposed in the paper. Calculation results of loop anchorage prestressing loss(PL) values of inner lining(IL)in Yellow River-crossing tunnel under two anchorage systems,including twice- tension anchorage system and HM(Chinese transliteration is huanmao)anchorage system,are introduced. The software ANSYS is selected to realize the three-dimensional(3D) finite element modeling to accomplish simulation and calculation works under the two anchorage systems,respectively. Stress processes of IL under the two working conditions,of which one is completed cable tensioning(CCT) and the other is water in the tunnel with the designed water pressure(DWP),are contrasted and analyzed. Impacts of prestressing forces of anchor cables on structural safety under the two anchorage systems are contrasted. The calculation results show that the twice-tension anchorage system can reduce PL effectively and then increase prestresses of wall concrete(WC). Meanwhile,the anchorage system has the advantages of improving security and stability of tunnel structure,reducing project costs and saving steel consumption. The research work is available to related design and construction of anchor cable,and is worthy of promotion and application.

Stone Columns and Tensioned Anchors to Completely Eliminate Tunnels Trough Settlements

The complex tunnelling constructive environment in urban area in similar green field situations is faced through analytical evaluations in order to control the design calculation process and subsequently manage the interventions techniques with the aim of totally reducing the typical settlements trough above the tunnel either during the construction stage or during the serviceability stage. Recently, the author has proposed an operative and mathematical method by an opportune choice of tensioned anchors to control the tunnel lining settlements. In order to completely eliminate the remainder typical soft soil trough which is normal to the line of the tunnel, it is here proposed to use and properly calculate the interventions of stone columns by the SAVE （silent, advanced, vibration-erasing） Compozer method, in combination with the anchorages.