Porcine Breeding Management in a Large-scale Piggery with Microbial Fermentation Bed

[Objective] The behavior of eating, drinking, defecating and peeing of 1 500 pigs in a large-scale microbial fermentation bed-equipped piggery was observed. We hoped to find some simple indicators that could reflect the health status of swinery and to provide experience for the swinery performance management in large-scale microbial fermentation bed-equipped piggery. [Method] The body weight （BW）, daily BW gain, feed intake and other indicators of different-day-old pigs were recorded in details. Based on the recorded data, the models between BW, BW gain, average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio and growth days （d） were established. In addition, the incidences of pox-like macula （dermatitis）, diarrhea （gastrointestinal disease）, cough （respiratory disease）, stiff pig （malnutrition）, conjunctivitis （eye disease） and foot inflection （trauma） among fattening pigs were also investigated. [Result] The BW range, average BW, daily BW gain, breeding days, daily feed intake range, average daily feed intake, staged feed intake, accumulated feed intake, feed/gain ratio and accumulated feed/gain ratio of different-day-old pigs were studied, respectively. Four dynamic models were established for the growth of pigs： （1） the BW （y）-age （x） mod- el： y=0.758 9x-19.883 （3=0.993 7）; （2） the BW gain （y）-age （x） model： y=1.039 5x05051 （F=0.885 4）; （3） the average daily feed intake （y）-age （x） model： y=0.023 5x-0.334 3 （F=0.991 7）; （4） the feed/gain ratio （y）-age （x） model： y=0.022x＋0.427 8 （P=0.988 5）. Based on these models, the corresponding theoretical growth value of pigs at different growth stage could be predicted. The main diseases occurred among the swinery in the large-scale microbial fermentation bed piggery included pox-like macula （dermatitis）, diarrhea （gastrointestinal disease）, cough （respiratory disease）, stiff pig （mal- nutrition）, conjunctivitis （eye disease） and foot inflection （trauma）. The deadly infec- tious diseases had been not found among the pigs. [Conclusion] When the actual BW, BW gain, average daily feed intake and feed/gain ratio were all lower than the theoretical values predicted by the models, the management should be enhanced. The average daily feed intake of 60 to 65-day-old pigs was lower than the theoretic value, indicating that the pigs could not adapt nicely to the fermentation bed at the very early stage. When the pigs grew up to 70 to 75 d old, the average daily feed intake was higher than the theoretical value, indicating that the pigs had adapted to the fermentation bed. In particularly, average daily feed intake of 75-day-old pigs was higher than the theoretical value by 21%. It was suggested the fermentation bed was conducive to the growth of pigs. Considering the occurrence of diseases among pigs, the overall incidence was relatively low. The incidence of each disease was all lower than 10% with little difficulty in treating. If the management of mattress was strength- ened, such as paying attention to feeding and keeping water clean, many diseases could heal by themselves.

Genetic and Breeding Progress Analysis on Five Pure Lines of Dahen Broiler

To timely modify breeding scheme and improve selection efficiency of Dahen broiler, genetic and breeding progress analysis on five pure lines was conducted. The results showed that the selection on breeding goal traits of each line was effective since 14 generations, especially the selection on growth traits did not cause adverse influence on reproductive performance. After the 6^ th generation, main performances of each line maintained in higher level, but the breeding progress obviously declined. It illustrated that current breeding means was effective for maintaining and consolidating breeding goal traits of Dahen broiler, and it should timely adjust breeding scheme to obtain more genetic progress.

Report on the Breeding of Dahen 799 Broilers

[Objectives]This study was conducted to improve the production efficiency of dark-shank partridge-like plumage high-quality broilers and ensure animal welfare,so as to meet the development needs of China’s yellow-feather broiler industry.[Methods]Sichuan Animal Science Academy and Sichuan Dahen Poultry Breeding Co.,Ltd.formed a joint breeding research team.The team bred Dahen 799 broiler complete set line with local chicken breeds as the main material and improving production efficiency,stabilizing meat quality and flavor and achieving autosexing of chicks as the main breeding goals by modern poultry breeding technologies,after 10 years and 8 generations.[Results]The Dahen 799 broiler complete set line was approved by National Commission of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources in December 2020.The 66-week-old egg production of the breed reached 189 eggs.For the commercial generation,cocks and hens showed 10-week-old weights of 2668 and 2269 g,respectively;the feed conversion ratio was 2.26-2.35;the survivability was 96.7%-97.2%;and the average intramuscular fat contents of cocks and hens were in the range of 1.8%-2.1%,and the inosinic acid contents were in the range of 2.3-3.2 mg/g.The production performance and meat flavor of Dahen 799 broilers were better than Dahen 699 broilers,Sichuan mountainous bone-black chickens and two other social breeds.Compared with Sichuan mountainous bone-black chickens,the egg production at the age of 66 weeks increased by 47 eggs;the average weight of cocks and hens of the commercial generation at 10 weeks increased by 45.21%;and the autosexing rate of chicks of the commercial generation reached 99.3%.[Conclusions]Dahen 799 broilers have the advantages of good production performance,high feed conversion ratio and excellent meat flavor and the characteristic of autosexing which other breeds do not have,and can fully meet the industrial development needs of dark shanks and partridge-like plumage broilers.

Design and Implementation of Environment Monitoring and Alarm System for Broiler Breeding Based on Internet of Things

Environment plays a vital role in the breeding process of broilers. In order to effectively monitor and control the breeding environment of broilers, a broiler breeding environment monitoring and alarm system based on internet of things is studied and established. The system adopts the narrow band internet of things communication technology, and can transmit the temperature, humidity, illumination and ammonia and other environ-mental data in the chicken house remotely through terminal collection unified interface device. Meantime, it realizes the control of fans, wet cur-tains, small windows and illumination in the chicken house by threshold method. The system software is designed and implemented by C#, SQL Server, WeX5 and other development tools, including platform terminal and enterprise terminal. Since its operation, the system is featured by stable state, reliable data and timely alarm, which solves the problem of unified control of different sensors and realizes the effective control of house envi-ronment.

Optimized Design of Intelligent Management and Analysis System for Broiler Breeding Information

For a long time,the management and analysis of broiler breeding information in China remain in the 1.0 era of manual recording,careless processing,non-standard analysis and non-standard filing,and lack of accurate and intelligent information management and analysis system,which limit the development of broiler breeding industry.Based on the actual needs of broiler breeding in China,the project team focused on the collection,management and analysis of broiler breeding information and successfully developed Intelligent Management and Analysis System for Broiler Breeding Information.The system is the most complete management and analysis system of broiler breeding information in China,which is closely combined with practice.It has been successfully applied to broiler breeding by more than 10 breeding institutions in China,some of which are national-level core broiler breeding farms.The successful development and application of the system will effectively improve the efficiency of broiler breeding in China,narrow the gap between China and developed countries,open the 2.0 era of precise,intelligent and modular broiler breeding,and improve the core competitiveness of broiler breeding in China.

Pollution Control Programs of Large-Scale Livestock and Poultry Farms in the Dianchi Lake Basin

With the enlarging scale and intensifying production of livestock and poultry breeding, the environment pollution becomes increasingly prominent in the Dianchi Lake Basin since 1990s. According to the survey of ＂The First National Census of Pollution Sources＂, occurrence and discharge of pollutants in large-scale livestock and poultry farms in this region were first understood. The pollution characteristics of large-scale live- stock and poultry breeding were also analyzed deeply. On this basis, the significance of pollution control programs for environment protection was investigated from aspects of pollution control policy, technology management and publicity.

Problems in the Development of China's Dairy Cow Breeding and the Countermeasures

This article offers an overview of the development of dairy cow breeding in China,and analyzes the problems in the development of dairy cow breeding in China as follows:the breeding scale is small;the pasture grass production cannot meet demand;the proportion of fine breed is not high and the dairy cow yield per unit is low;it lacks epidemic prevention and quarantine mechanism;economic benefits of large-scale breeding are not high.These problems have become bottleneck in the development of the dairy cow breeding.Finally countermeasures are put forward for the development of dairy cow breeding in China as follows:developing large-scale breeding,and increasing subsidies;supporting the development of grass industry,and ensuring the supply of good feed;strengthening cultivation and promotion of fine breed,and promoting the quality of fresh milk;improving the accountability system of dairy products,and giving play to supervisory role of the news media.

优质型肉鸡早熟性育种研究进展

性早熟是优质型肉鸡特有的重要经济性状。性成熟的程度决定产品的等级和卖价,具有性成熟外观(冠大、脸红、毛色光鲜、有一定的皮下脂肪等)是优质型肉鸡上市的基本条件。鸡在接近性成熟时,机体组成发生改变,胴体品质提高,肌间脂肪等风味物质含量增加,鸡肉口感好。性成熟早的鸡,饲养周期短,饲料转化率高,生产成本低。因此,肉鸡性早熟研究和早熟性品种(系)的培育成为优质鸡研究领域的重要方向之一。本文通过阐述早熟性品种(系)特点,探讨优质型肉鸡早熟性的选择依据、早熟性遗传、性成熟调控机制及地方代表性早熟性肉鸡品种选育的方法等,综述了优质型肉鸡早熟性育种的研究进展,并就肉鸡早熟性方面存在的问题和对策作了简要概述。

养殖密度对肉鸡的影响研究进展

高养殖密度可以降低生产成本,但同时也会造成肉鸡应激,对其生产性能、免疫功能、肠道菌群、动物福利等带来负面影响。本文综述了养殖密度对肉鸡生产性能、氧化应激、免疫功能、肠道微生物、经济效益等影响的研究进展,并从饲养管理和营养调控的角度总结了解决高密度养殖带来的负面影响的方法,为在生产中确定适宜肉鸡养殖的密度,保障动物福利提供参考。

天府肉鸡配套系纯系选育进展

【目的】对天府肉鸡3个品系的选育情况进行分析,以优化天府肉鸡的选育。【方法】对天府肉鸡13个世代的体重增长、料重比、体尺性状以及屠宰性状数据进行比较分析。【结果】第13世代TF03系的70日龄体重增长显著高于TF01系和TF02系(P<0.01);65日龄公鸡的龙骨长、胸围和胸宽等体尺性状以及屠体重、半净膛重和瘦肉重等屠宰性状也显著大于TF01系和TF02系(P<0.05)。与第6世代相比,第13世代3个品系的70日龄重极显著增高(P<0.01),且变异系数在10%以内。【结论】持续13个世代的选育对天府肉鸡配套系3个纯系的性状选择效果明显。

金陵花鸡E系生长曲线拟合及其选育效果分析

为探究金陵花鸡E系的生长发育规律,研究采集金陵花鸡终端父系(E系)7~56日龄的体重数据,采用Gompertz生长曲线模型对体重数据进行生长曲线拟合,并将研究结果用于指导其体重持续选育。结果显示:Gompertz模型可以较好地拟合金陵花鸡E系的体重生长曲线,拟合度(R^(2))为0.989,28日龄为体重的拐点,之后呈现较快增长。根据生长曲线进行随后3个世代的28日龄体重选育后,第4世代(G4)的拟合度(R^(2))提升为0.995,极限生长体重、拐点体重和上市日龄体重都随着选育明显提升;其中,极限生长体重从第1世代(G1)的2188.093 g提升到G4的2785.807 g,拐点体重从G1的804.954 g提升到G4的1024.841 g,56 d上市日龄平均体重从G1的804.954 g提升到G4的1024.841 g。研究表明,Gompertz模型可以用于金陵花鸡E系群体的生长曲线拟合,使用拟合的金陵花鸡E系生长曲线进行体重选育取得了良好的效果。

规模化养殖背景下肉鸡养殖成本效率及影响因素研究

规模化养殖背景下,提升肉鸡养殖成本效率对加速推进肉鸡养殖业高质量发展具有重要意义。为厘清规模化养殖背景下肉鸡养殖成本效率及其影响因素,文章基于国内肉鸡养殖成本收益宏观统计数据,借助超越对数成本函数随机前沿分析法,实证检验2012—2022年不同规模肉鸡养殖成本效率变动情况及影响因素。结果发现:规模化养殖背景下,我国不同规模肉鸡养殖总成本均明显增加,其中饲料成本增长幅度最大;肉鸡养殖成本效率整体呈下降态势,且不同地区间存在明显差异。因此,应优化肉鸡养殖饲料配比,制定差异化肉鸡养殖方案,因地制宜推动肉鸡规模化养殖,加速肉鸡养殖领域人才培育。

平远县肉鸡生态养殖现状分析与可持续发展对策

为了解平远县肉鸡生态养殖现状,引导肉鸡养殖户应用生态养殖技术,使平远县肉鸡养殖走上可持续发展道路。该研究采用抽样调查的方式,对近期平远县肉鸡养殖业进行了调查研究。调查项目有:饲养方式、品种、饲养场地、废弃物处理等九个项目。经调查,平远县的肉鸡生态养殖尚处于起步阶段,具体表现在四个方面:肉鸡生态养殖占比低,符合生态养殖标准的养殖场只有2个,占全县养殖户的0.8%;年出栏肉鸡占全县年出栏量的14.57%;环保设施配套率低,配套完善的养殖场只有2家,占全县养殖户的0.8%;相关规范执行率低,规模养殖场相对较好,散养户则很不乐观;生态养殖技术水平低。根据当前平远县的肉鸡生态养殖面临的问题可知,想要转型升级,发展生态养殖,还需做好给予农业绿色补贴,引入大型养殖企业、成立专业合作社、加强品牌建设等工作。

Novel multiple object tracking method for yellow feather broilers in a flat breeding chamber based on improved YOLOv3 and deep SORT

Aiming at the difficulties of the health status recognition of yellow feather broilers in large-scale broiler farms and the low recognition rate of current models,a novel method based on machine vision to achieve precise tracking of multiple broilers was proposed in this paper.Broilers’behavior in the breeding environment can be tracked to analyze their behaviors and health status further.An improved YOLOv3(You Only Look Once v3)algorithm was used as the detector of the Deep SORT(Simple Online and Realtime Tracking)algorithm to realize the multiple object tracking of yellow feather broilers in the flat breeding chamber,which replaced the backbone of YOLOv3 with MobileNetV2 to improve the inference speed of the detection module.The DRSN(Deep Residual Shrinkage Network)was integrated with MobileNetV2 to enhance the feature extraction capability of the network.Moreover,in view of the slight change in the individual size of the yellow feather broiler,the feature fusion network was also redesigned by combining it with the attention mechanism to enable the adaptive learning of the objects’multi-scale features.Compared with traditional YOLOv3,improved YOLOv3 achieves 93.2%mAP(mean Average Precision)and 29 fps(frames per second),representing high-precision real-time detection performance.Furthermore,while the MOTA(Multiple Object Tracking Accuracy)increases from 51%to 54%,the IDSW(Identity Switch)decreases by 62.2%compared with traditional YOLOv3-based objective detectors.The proposed algorithm can provide a technical reference for analyzing the behavioral perception and health status of broilers in the flat breeding environment.

我国不同规模肉鸡养殖成本效率和养殖效益的影响因素研究

为了解我国不同规模肉鸡养殖成本效率和养殖效益情况,文章运用超越对数随机前沿成本函数和灰色关联度对2011-2020年不同规模肉鸡养殖成本效率和养殖效益的影响因素进行分析。结果显示:料肉比显著负向影响三种规模养殖成本效率(P<0.05),且对小规模影响程度更大;地区特征显著影响小、中规模养殖成本效率(P<0.05);销售价格显著正向影响小规模成本效率(P<0.01),显著负向影响中规模成本效率(P<0.1);养殖户受教育水平显著负向影响小规模成本效率(P<0.1),显著正向影响大规模成本效率(P<0.05);三种规模成本效率均呈现下降趋势,成本效率与规模水平不完全是正向关系,北方地区成本效率高于南方地区;影响不同规模肉鸡养殖效益的前四位因素均为料肉比、销售价格、养殖户受教育水平以及饲料价格。建议肉鸡养殖户及时把握市场行情,合理调整饲料配方,培育专业养殖队伍。

肉种鸡下笼后福利养殖模式下的生产性能和肠道组织形态差异分析

【目的】明确笼养肉种鸡下笼后不同饲养密度和活动空间对其生产性能和肠道组织形态的影响,为肉种鸡的合理淘汰提供科学有效方案。【方法】选取产蛋率和体重接近的60周龄待淘汰肉种鸡(L系母鸡),设平养组[处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ]和笼养组(处理Ⅳ),各处理均为45只,3个重复;处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ淘汰肉种鸡分别放养于密度为3.750、1.875和1.875只/m2的平养鸡舍内,其中处理Ⅲ设计栖架和沙浴福利养殖方式。饲养10周后测定、分析各处理淘汰肉种鸡的运动量、生产性能和肠道性能,筛选适宜淘汰肉种鸡的饲养密度和活动空间。【结果】平养组各处理淘汰肉种鸡的运动步数均显著高于笼养组(P<0.05,下同),但处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ和处理Ⅰ的运动步数依次显著递减;笼养组淘汰肉种鸡的产蛋率、日产蛋量和死淘率均显著高于平养组各处理,日采食量和料蛋比则相反;70周龄时处理Ⅲ淘汰肉种鸡的产蛋率、日采食量和日产蛋量显著高于处理Ⅰ,日采食量显著低于处理Ⅱ;笼养组淘汰肉种鸡的蛋壳强度和蛋黄重显著低于平养组各处理,处理Ⅰ淘汰肉种鸡的蛋壳强度显著低于处理Ⅲ;70周龄时,相比于笼养组,平养组各处理淘汰肉种鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度显著提升,隐窝深度降低,处理Ⅲ淘汰肉种鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度均显著高于处理Ⅰ,但低于处理Ⅱ,隐窝深度则相反。【结论】淘汰肉种鸡下笼后生产性能和肠道组织形态均显著降低,但在饲养密度为1.875只/m2鸡舍内添加栖架和增设沙浴形成立体空间运动平台平养的福利饲养方式,可有效提升其部分生产性能,改善蛋壳强度和肠道功能,适宜在肉种鸡淘汰过程中参考应用。

益生菌对白羽肉鸡生长性能及养殖效益的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭菌与地衣芽孢杆菌配伍(复合菌)、粪肠球菌对白羽肉鸡生长性能及养殖效益的影响。选用平均体重42 g左右的1日龄健康AA+白羽肉鸡1360只,随机分成10组,试验组和对照组各5组。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加400 g/t丁酸梭菌制剂、1000 g/t枯草芽孢杆菌制剂、1000 g/t地衣芽孢杆菌制剂、400 g/t丁酸梭菌制剂+1000 g/t地衣芽孢杆菌制剂、1000 g/t粪肠球菌制剂。试验期43 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,添加丁酸梭菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、复合菌能显著提高末重、平均日增重(P<0.05),显著降低料重比(P<0.05);添加粪肠球菌降低末重、平均日增重(P>0.05),增加料重比(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,添加丁酸梭菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、复合菌能提高白羽肉鸡毛利润,其增加值为枯草芽孢杆菌组>复合菌组>丁酸梭菌组>地衣芽孢杆菌组>粪肠球菌组。综上所述,饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、复合菌能提高白羽肉鸡的生长性能,增加养殖效益;本试验条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌对白羽肉鸡生长性能的促进作用及养殖效益最佳。

基于YOLO v5与短时跟踪的鸡只呼吸道疾病早期检测

针对鸡只呼吸困难这一早期呼吸道疾病显著症状难以检测的问题,提出一种基于YOLO v5与短时跟踪的鸡只呼吸道疾病早期检测方法。对YOLO v5算法进行锚框自适应设置与CIoU Loss (Complete IoU Loss)应用等特定优化后,用于群鸡复杂环境中准确识别鸡头目标并检测是否为张口状态。根据鸡头坐标框交并比实现鸡头目标短时跟踪并获取不同鸡头的短时动作序列,再对动作序列进行分析,判断张口-闭口组合出现的频率,动态检测是否存在鸡只呼吸困难情况。实验结果表明,改进YOLO v5算法检测鸡头目标的mAP为80.1%,张口检测准确率为67.3%,闭口检测准确率为92.8%,基于时间序列的呼吸困难行为检测方法的识别准确率为91.8%,召回率为75%,精准率为67.9%,可为群鸡养殖环境中的鸡只早期呼吸道疾病检测提供参考。

基于芯片和填充测序数据的肉鸡屠宰性状基因组选择准确性评估

【背景】畜禽育种工作的核心是基因组估计育种值的准确性。不同水平的遗传标记密度对估计育种值的影响较大,随着基因分型技术的发展和高通量测序价格的下降,基于重测序数据的基因组选择研究不断涌现。理论上,标记密度更高可获得更高准确性的估计育种值。因为影响目标性状的数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci,QTL)至少与覆盖全基因组范围的高密度标记中的一个标记处于连锁不平衡状态。所以,较高密度的标记水平,理论上标记与QTL之间的紧密连锁更好,从而保证了较高的预测准确性。但也有研究表明,填充测序数据与芯片数据相比,基因组预测的准确性提升并不明显。【目的】利用GBLUP方法,通过比较填充测序数据和芯片数据在肉鸡屠宰性状的基因组选择准确性,为肉鸡基因组选择育种的基因分型策略提供理论依据。【方法】依据芯片数据和填充测序(whole-genome sequence,WGS)数据,利用GBLUP方法,针对白羽肉鸡胸肌重、屠体重和腿肌重性状进行基因组预测,对其在基因组预测的准确性进行比较。首先,使用“京芯一号”鸡55 K SNP芯片对3362只鸡进行基因分型,并从第7世代的第9批次中随机选取230只鸡进行全基因组重测序,然后利用Beagle 5.1软件将55 K SNP芯片数据填充至重测序数据水平。为避免染色体大小对填充准确性的影响,将选择鸡较大的3号染色体和较小的14号染色体来进行计算等位基因准确率(allele correct rate,CR)和基因型相关系数(correlation,Cor),并以此判断填充准确性。利用填充测序数据对3个屠宰性状的基因组育种值进行预测,并采用5-折交叉验证的方法评价预测结果的准确性、秩相关和无偏性。【结果】两条染色体的平均等位基因准确率为0.924,平均基因型相关系数为0.885,填充准确率较高,可以用于后期基因组预测研究。SNP芯片数据基因组育种值的预测准确性在0.2194—0.2629之间,填充测序数据基因组育种值的预测准确性在0.2110—0.2695之间。与55 K SNP芯片的结果相比,填充测序数据的基因组育种值预测的准确性差异不显著。【结论】与SNP芯片的结果相比,利用填充后的基因组数据对白羽肉鸡的3个屠宰性状(胸肌重、屠体重和腿肌)的基因组育种值预测准确性提升并不显著,该结论为畜禽遗传育种工作中的数据类型选择提供参考。

声音信号分析技术在白羽肉鸡智能化养殖中的应用进展

声音信号分析技术是当前白羽肉鸡智能化养殖的重要技术,随着机器学习和深度学习技术的日益发展,将声音信号分析技术与机器学习、深度学习结合已经成为研究热点。文章阐述了白羽肉鸡传统养殖面临的困难和白羽肉鸡的智能化养殖技术,以及声音信号分析技术检测任务的一般流程,并指出了相关过程的技术分类和典型方法,系统阐述了声音信号分析技术在白羽肉鸡疾病检测、应激检测、性别分类、体重预测、行为分析中的应用。