Large-scale model testing of high-pressure grouting reinforcement for bedding slope with rapid-setting polyurethane

Bedding slope is a typical heterogeneous slope consisting of different soil/rock layers and is likely to slide along the weakest interface.Conventional slope protection methods for bedding slopes,such as retaining walls,stabilizing piles,and anchors,are time-consuming and labor-and energy-intensive.This study proposes an innovative polymer grout method to improve the bearing capacity and reduce the displacement of bedding slopes.A series of large-scale model tests were carried out to verify the effectiveness of polymer grout in protecting bedding slopes.Specifically,load-displacement relationships and failure patterns were analyzed for different testing slopes with various dosages of polymer.Results show the great potential of polymer grout in improving bearing capacity,reducing settlement,and protecting slopes from being crushed under shearing.The polymer-treated slopes remained structurally intact,while the untreated slope exhibited considerable damage when subjected to loads surpassing the bearing capacity.It is also found that polymer-cemented soils concentrate around the injection pipe,forming a fan-shaped sheet-like structure.This study proves the improvement of polymer grouting for bedding slope treatment and will contribute to the development of a fast method to protect bedding slopes from landslides.

Assessing cutter-rock interaction during TBM tunnelling in granite:Large-scale standing rotary cutting tests and 3D DEM simulations

The widespread utilisation of tunnel boring machines(TBMs)in underground construction engineering requires a detailed investigation of the cutter-rock interaction.In this paper,we conduct a series of largescale standing rotary cutting tests on granite in conjunction with high-fidelity numerical simulations based on a particle-type discrete element method(DEM)to explore the effects of key cutting parameters on the TBM cutter performance and the distribution of cutter-rock contact stresses.The assessment results of cutter performance obtained from the cutting tests and numerical simulations reveal similar dependencies on the key cutting parameters.More specifically,the normal and rolling forces exhibit a positive correlation with penetration but are slightly influenced by the cutting radius.In contrast,the side force decreases as the cutting radius increases.Additionally,the side force shows a positive relationship with the penetration for smaller cutting radii but tends to become negative as the cutting radius increases.The cutter's relative effectiveness in rock breaking is significantly impacted by the penetration but shows little dependency on the cutting radius.Consequently,an optimal penetration is identified,leading to a low boreability index and specific energy.A combined Hertz-Weibull function is developed to fit the cutter-rock contact stress distribution obtained in DEM simulations,whereby an improved CSM(Colorado School of Mines)model is proposed by replacing the original monotonic cutting force distribution with this combined Hertz-Weibull model.The proposed model outperforms the original CSM model as demonstrated by a comparison of the estimated cutting forces with those from the tests/simulations.The findings from this work that advance our understanding of TBM cutter performance have important implications for improving the efficiency and reliability of TBM tunnelling in granite.

Simulation of large-scale numerical substructure in real-time dynamic hybrid testing

A solution scheme is proposed in this paper for an existing RTDHT system to simulate large-scale finite element （FE） numerical substructures. The analysis of the FE numerical substructure is split into response analysis and signal generation tasks, and executed in two different target computers in real-time. One target computer implements the response analysis task, wherein a large time-step is used to solve the FE substructure, and another target computer implements the signal generation task, wherein an interpolation program is used to generate control signals in a small time-step to meet the input demand of the controller. By using this strategy, the scale of the FE numerical substructure simulation may be increased significantly. The proposed scheme is initially verified by two FE numerical substructure models with 98 and 1240 degrees of freedom （DOFs）. Thereafter, RTDHTs of a single frame-foundation structure are implemented where the foundation, considered as the numerical substructure, is simulated by the FE model with 1240 DOFs. Good agreements between the results of the RTDHT and those from the FE analysis in ABAQUS are obtained.

Establishment of Unstable Flow Model and Well Testing Analysis for Viscoelastic Polymer Flooding

At present, the polymer solution is usually assumed to be Newtonian fluid or pseudoplastic fluid, and its elasticity is not considered on the study of polymer flooding well testing model. A large number of experiments have shown that polymer solutions have viscoelasticity, and disregarding the elasticity will cause certain errors in the analysis of polymer solution seepage law. Based on the percolation theory, this paper describes the polymer flooding mechanism from the two aspects of viscous effect and elastic effect, the mathematical model of oil water two-phase three components unsteady flow in viscoelastic polymer flooding was established, and solved by finite difference method, and the well-test curve was drawn to analyze the rule of well test curve in polymer flooding. The results show that, the degree of upward warping in the radial flow section of the pressure recovery curve when considering polymer elasticity is greater than the curve which not considering polymer elasticity. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The relaxation time, power-law index, polymer injection concentration and other polymer flooding parameters mainly affect the radial flow stage of the well testing curve. The larger the polymer flooding parameters, the greater the degree of upwarping of the radial flow derivative curve. This model has important reference significance for well-testing research in polymer flooding oilfields.

Large-scale experimental study on scour around offshore wind monopiles under irregular waves

The Keulegan-Carpenter(KC)number is the main dimensionless parameter that affects the local scour of offshore wind power monopile foundations.This study conducted large-scale(1:13)physical model tests to study the local scour shape,equilibrium scour depth,and local scour volume of offshore wind power monopiles under the action of irregular waves with different KC numbers.Systematic experiments were carried out with the KC number ranging from 1.0 to 13.0.With a small KC number(KC<6),and especially when the KC number was less than 4,the scour mainly occurred on both cross-flow sides of the monopile with a low scour depth.When the KC number exceeded 4,the shape of the scour hole changed from a fan to an ellipse,and the maximum scour depth increased significantly with KC.With a large KC number(KC>6),the proposed method better predicted the equilibrium scour depth when the wave broke.In addition,according to the results of three-dimensional terrain scanning,the relationship between the local equilibrium scour volume of a single offshore wind power monopile and the KC number was derived.This provided a rational method for estimation of the riprap redundancy for monopile protection against scour.

A New Surfactant Flooding Model for Low Permeability Reservoirs

Surfactant as a successful Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) agent has been widely used in many mature reservoirs. This research focuses on the description of surfactant solution at low permeability condition. A new three-dimensional, two?phase, three-component surfactant simulator is presented. The simulator is based on the non-Darcy flow characteristics of surfactant flooding in the low permeability formations. The change of threshold pressure and influences of surfactant on convection, diffusion, adsorption, and retention, are all considered. A new equation for the calculation of surfactant adsorption is employed, which can significantly promote the matching degree between the mathematical model and field practice. The design of this new simulator is to help the decision-making in the reservoir engineering analysis of surfactant EOR projects, to face the challenge of the design of injection schemes, to assist the surfactant screening, to screen and assess laboratory and field data and their effect on the performance predictions, and to find the optimal methods of field development.

Laboratory large-scale pullout investigation of a new reinforcement ofcomposite geosynthetic strip

In this paper,more than 70 large-scale pullout tests were performed to evaluate the performance of an innovative composite geosynthetic strip(CGS)reinforcement in sandy backfill.The CGS reinforcement is composed of a geosynthetic strip(GS)and parts of a scrap truck tire as transverse members.The experimental pullout results for the CGS reinforcement were compared with the suggested theoretical equations and ordinary reinforcements,including the GS,the steel strip(SS),and the steel strip with rib(SSR).The pullout test results show that adding three transverse members to the GS reinforcement(CGS3)with S/H?6.6(where S and H are the space and height of the transverse members,respectively)increases pullout resistance by more than 120%,170%,and 50%compared to the GS,the SS,and the SSR,respectively.This result shows that the CGS3(CGS with three transverse members)reinforcement needs at least 55.5%,63%,and 33.3%smaller length compared to the GS,the SS,and the SSR,respectively.In general,implementation of mechanically stabilized earth wall(MSEW)with the proposed strip may help geotechnical engineers prevent costly designs and solve the problem of MSEW implementation in cases where there are limitations of space.

A Participatory Assessment of the Impact of Flooding in Some Communities in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria

The frequency and consequences of extreme flood events have increased in recent times, having huge impact on the socio-economic well-being of nations with the most significant impact being felt at the community level. Flooding is the most common environmental hazard in Nigeria, particularly Lokoja, with the frequency, intensity, and extent likely to increase due to the effects of global warming leading to climate change such as sea level rise, more intensive precipitation levels, and higher river discharges. While destructive impacts of flood events continue to increase, flood managers in Nigeria have continued to implement a top-down approach towards mitigating these impacts, without involving affected communities in planning and implementation of mitigation strategies. This study therefore employed a participatory approach to determine the causes and impact of flooding in the study area. Participatory research tools such as key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and questionnaire surveys using the purposive sampling method were deployed to elicit data on the perception of the communities about the causes and impact of flood events. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the major causes and areas of impact while qualitative analysis was carried out to corroborate the results and to make for a robust outcome. The Chi Square Test analysis was performed to empirically establish a relationship between the impacts and flooding. Results show that major causes of flooding are the release of water from dams (83% in Adankolo, 97% in Gadumo, and 100% in Ganaja), overflow of rivers, and heavy rainfall while flooding affects economic concerns, property and basic amenities. The Chi Square Test analysis determined empirically that a relationship exists between several areas of impact and flood occurrence. The research concludes that participatory flood research approach can provide flood managers and decision makers a bottom-up approach for effective and robust flood mitigation strategies.

Transient pressure analysis of polymer flooding fractured wells with oil-water two-phase flow

The oil-water two-phase flow pressure-transient analysis model for polymer flooding fractured well is established by considering the comprehensive effects of polymer shear thinning,shear thickening,convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and effective permeability reduction.The finite volume difference and Newton iteration methods are applied to solve the model,and the effects of fracture conductivity coefficient,injected polymer mass concentration,initial polymer mass concentration and water saturation on the well-test type curves of polymer flooding fractured wells are discussed.The results show that with the increase of fracture conductivity coefficient,the pressure conduction becomes faster and the pressure drop becomes smaller,so the pressure curve of transitional flow goes downward,the duration of bilinear flow becomes shorter,and the linear flow appears earlier and lasts longer.As the injected polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,and the pressure loss increases,so the pressure and pressure derivative curves go upward,and the bilinear flow segment becomes shorter.As the initial polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves upward as a whole.As the water saturation increases,the relative permeability of water increases,the relative permeability of oil decreases,the total oil-water two-phase mobility becomes larger,and the pressure loss is reduced,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves downward as a whole.The reliability and practicability of this new model are verified by the comparison of the results from simplified model and commercial well test software,and the actual well test data.

基于.NET平台的SYN Flood攻击测试的实现

为解决SYN Flood攻击测试问题,基于.NET平台设计实现了一个SYNFlood攻击测试软件。分析了TCP协议建立连接的三次握手过程,探讨了SYNFlood攻击的原理。在分析TCP/IP报文格式的基础上,采用C#语言定义了报文首部结构,给出了计算校验和的方法。基于微软.NET平台利用RawSocket技术,实现了原始TCP/IP协议报文的生成和发送,进而开发了SYN Flood攻击测试软件SynSender。利用SynSender完成了多种情形下的实验,并对实验结果进行了分析,实验结果表明了SynSender进行SYN Flood攻击测试的有效性。

Design of a large-scale model for wind tunnel test of a multiadaptive flap concept

The design and application of morphing systems are ongoing issues compelling the aviation industry.The Clean Sky-program represents the most significant aeronautical research ever launched in Europe on advanced technologies for greening next-generation aircraft.The primary purpose of the program is to develop new concepts aimed at decreasing the effects of aviation on the environment,increasing reliability,and promoting eco-friendly mobility.These ambitions are pursued through research on enabling technologies fostering noise and gas emissions reduction,mainly by improving aircraft aerodynamic performances.Within the Clean Sky framework,a multimodal morphing flap device was designed based on tight industrial requirements and tailored for large civil aircraft applications.The flap is deployed in one unique setting,and its cross section is morphed differently in take-off and landing to get the necessary extra lift for the specific flight phase.Moreover,during the cruise,the tip of the flap is deflected for load control and induced drag reduction.Before manufacturing the first flap prototype,a high-speed(Ma=0.3),large-scale test campaign(geometric scale factor 1:3)was deemed necessary to validate the performance improvements brought by this novel system at the aircraft level.On the other hand,the geometrical scaling of the flap prototype was considered impracticable due to the unscalability of the embedded mechanisms and actuators for shape transition.Therefore,a new architecture was conceived for the flap model to comply with the scaled dimensions requirements,withstand the relevant loads expected during the wind tunnel tests and emulate the shape transition capabilities of the true-scale flap.Simplified strategies were developed to effectively morph the model during wind tunnel tests while ensuring the robustness of each morphed configuration and maintaining adequate stiffness levels to prevent undesirable deviations from the intended aerodynamic shapes.Additionally,a simplified design was conceived for the flap-wing interface,allowing for quick adjustments of the flap setting and enabling load transmission paths like those arising between the full-scale flap and the wing.The design process followed for the definition of this challenging wind tunnel model has been addressed in this work,covering the definition of the conceptual layout,the numerical evaluation of the most severe loads expected during the test,and the verification of the structural layout by means of advanced finite element analyses.

Similarity criterion of flood discharge atomization

By combining the results of prototype observation of flood discharge atomization at the Wujiangdu Hydropower Station, and by adopting the serial model test method, the model scale effect was examined, the influences of the Reynolds and Weber numbers of water flow on the rain intensity of flood discharge atomization were analyzed and a rain intensity conversion relation was established. It is demonstrated that the level of atomization follows the geometric similarity relations and it is possible to ignore the influence of the surface tension of the flow when the Weber number is greater than 500. Despite limitations such as incomplete data sets, it is undoubtedly helpful to study the scale effect of atomization flow, and it is beneficial to identify the rules of the model test results in order to extrapolate to prototype prediction.

Field tests on mechanical characteristics and strength parameters of red-sandstone

Large-scale field shear tests on ten specimens of the red-sandstone embankment at a highway in Hunan,China,were performed to examine mechanical characteristics and parameters of red-sandstone.The curves of thrust-displacement,failure mode,and shear strength parameters for red-sandstone with different water contents,different compactions,and different grain size distributions were obtained from the tests.A practical procedure of in-situ test for red-sandstone embankment was proposed to normalize the test equipment and test steps.Based on three-dimensional thrust-sliding limit equilibrium method,the formulas for calculating strength parameters of red-sandstone considering three-dimensional sliding surface were inferred.The results show that red-sandstone has typical complete curves of stress-strain,strain softening,which are caused by the special structure of red-sandstone;water content and compaction are important factors for strength and failure mode of red-sandstone;The average value of cohesion and internal friction angle of the specimens calculated by three-dimensional technique are 21.56 kPa and 29.29°,respectively,and those by traditional two-dimensional method are 25.52 kPa and 33.76°,respectively.

INFLUENCE FACTORS AND PREDICTION METHOD ON FLOOD/DROUGHT DURING THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON IN SOUTH CHINA

By using the significance test of two-dimensional wind field anomalies and Monte Carlo simulation experiment scheme, the significance features of wind field anomalies are investigated in relation to flood/drought during the annually first rainy season in south China. Results show that westem Pacific subtropical high and wind anomalies over the northeast of Lake Baikal and central Indian Ocean are important factors. Wind anomalies over the northem India in January and the northwest Pacific in March may be strong prediction signals. Study also shows that rainfall in south China bears a close relation to the geopotential height filed over the northern Pacific in March.

Models, the Establishment, and the Real World: Why Do So Many Flood Problems Remain in the UK?

In spite of the proliferation of research and Government Reports on floods in the UK, there are about 5 million properties located in flood prone areas. Many of the houses have been built during the past 50 years with little regard to the existing and future flood risk. Decision makers, who are part of the Establishment, rely on the outputs of models which are produced by so called “experts”. But this information has been found to be flawed. However, the Establishment is largely unwilling to allow local knowledge when assessing flood risk, even though prevailing methodology suggests otherwise. This situation has grown worse since the formation of the Environment Agency in 1996. The public engagement with flood risk science and its application needs to proceed along a co-production of knowledge model. Three examples of the difficulties of making realistic assessments of fluvial flood risk are described. The problem of surface water flooding is also considered since it too has local causes which may not be accounted for in standard methodology. Finally, more open discussion and co-operation in identifying flood problems in the UK is called for.

Evaluation of Infiltration Capacity and Water Retention Potential of Amended Soil Using Bamboo Charcoal and Humus for Urban Flood Prevention

In Japan, floods occur frequently in urban areas because non-infiltrating areas are seeing increased urbanization. To prevent floods, urban basins must improve the infiltration capacity and water retention of the whole basin. There are several basic technologies for river basin management, such as infiltration trenches or rainwater storage. However, a method of soil amendment that prevents flood disasters has not been established. This study aims to evaluate the infiltration capacity of soil amendments using bamboo charcoal and humus. A constant-head infiltration test and rainfall simulation were conducted to evaluate the properties of the soil amendments. The constant-head infiltration test＇s results showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the greatest potential for influencing initial and final infiltration rates, and the more the mixing rates of bamboo charcoal and humus were increased, the higher the water retention capacity. The results of the rainfall simulation showed that soils mixed with 30% humus had the highest final infiltration rates and lowest multiplication spillage. To reduce the runoff volume using soil amendment technology, it is important to delay overland flow, and the hydraulic properties of the soils mixed with bamboo charcoal and humus were as effective as those of granite soils.

大庆油田开发试井解释技术新进展及展望

全面介绍了大庆油田自“十四五”以来在开发试井解释技术方面所取得的新进展。解析试井技术领域,率先在国内完成了试井资料的智能化解释方法研究,成功实现了10种常规试井模型的自动化解释,并已开始大规模推广应用;数值试井技术领域,在水驱单相流的基础上进一步发展了化学驱多相流多组分模型和针对致密油气藏的多段压裂水平井的数值试井解释技术;试井解释资料应用领域,研发了测试资料综合应用云平台,深化了试井资料解释成果的应用;试井解释软件的开发方面,研发了拥有自主知识产权的Sunflower试井解释平台软件系列。未来将集中在解析试井智能解释技术的完善和提升、数值试井解释技术的解释速度提升、页岩油试井解释评价技术以及高频压力计试井解释评价技术,同时,还将发展基于“微服务”架构的试井解释平台软件。

标准—检测—认证体系支撑防汛抗旱产品行业高质量发展的思考

标准、检验检测和认证作为国家质量基础设施的重要组成,对产业升级、技术创新和质量提升有重要作用,已经在我国消防和环保等诸多行业发挥了重要作用。但是防汛抗旱产品领域尚未建立起成熟的标准—检测—认证体系。我国防汛抗旱产品具有种类多、类型杂、涉及行业广的特点,为规范防汛抗旱产品市场,促进防汛抗旱产品行业高质量发展,在简要分析国内外防汛抗旱领域标准—检测—认证制度基础上,针对我国防汛抗旱产品行业发展现状,提出了在防汛抗旱产品领域建设标准—检测—认证体系的相关建议。

黄河防汛抢险技术虚拟试验场构建技术研究

黄河防汛抢险技术试验场由“虚”“实”两部分组成,虚拟平台是实体试验场的数字孪生体。以建设黄河防汛抢险技术虚拟试验场为目标,依托总体布置方案对场地结构进行分解,针对7组模块化构件,通过实体尺寸参数驱动三维模型,同时根据附加材质对不同构件分别进行多边形建模和曲面建模;采用C4D等工具构建三维场景;采用光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)方法求解纳维—斯托克斯方程组,基于Realflow软件在蓄水池内生成流体粒子和网格,在时间、空间两个维度获取粒子水力要素;采用Octane render对三维场景和流体网格进行渲染。最终构建完成强真实感、高可信度的试验场虚拟场景。

海上高温高盐油藏层内沉淀深部调驱体系研究与应用

针对常规调驱体系因注入困难、耐温抗盐性差及价格昂贵,难以满足海上高温高盐油藏深部调驱需求的问题,研发出一种以Na_(2)SiO_(3)为主剂的层内沉淀深部调驱体系。通过化学分析、仪器检测和物理模拟等多种方法对体系进行了配方优化和性能评价。实验研究结果表明:调驱体系的最佳母液配方组成为7%硅酸钠+30%沉淀控制剂A+1.0%沉淀控制剂B,该配方可与现场注入水中的成垢离子反应生成粒径为67.0~123.1 nm的颗粒,在向地层深部运移过程中由小到大逐渐聚并成粒径为42.6~47.4μm的无机沉淀,封堵水窜通道最终实现深部液流转向。该调驱体系耐温150℃,在50~500 mD岩心均具有良好的注入性,沉淀后封堵率可达95.9%,对于渗透率级差为8~20的双岩心提高采收率幅度可达11.0%~16.4%。矿场试验表明,层内沉淀调驱体系注入性好、工艺简单,稳油控水效果显著,W油田A井组实施措施后日增油超25 m^(3),含水率平均下降13.3%,累计增油达到7675 m^(3)。技术对于海上高温高盐油田开发具有良好的示范作用。