Financial Calculation Problems and Countermeasure Analysis of Large-Scale Engineering Construction Projects

The financial aspects of large-scale engineering construction projects profoundly influence their success.Strengthening cost control and establishing a scientific financial evaluation system can enhance the project’s economic benefits,minimize unnecessary costs,and provide decision-makers with a robust financial foundation.Additionally,implementing an effective cash flow control mechanism and conducting a comprehensive assessment of potential project risks can ensure financial stability and mitigate the risk of fund shortages.Developing a practical and feasible fundraising plan,along with stringent fund management practices,can prevent fund wastage and optimize fund utilization efficiency.These measures not only facilitate smooth project progression and improve project management efficiency but also enhance the project’s economic and social outcomes.

Application of Anti-seepage Technology in the Construction of Hydraulic Engineering Projects

With the development of China's economy,the implementation scale and scope of hydraulic engineering projects are increasing,and the application of anti-seepage technology has an important influence on the construction quality of hydraulic engineering.In this paper,the significance and problems of the application of anti-seepage technology in the construction of hydraulic engineering projects were mainly analyzed,and specific application strategies were proposed.

Spanning tree-based algorithm for hydraulic simulation of large-scale water supply networks

With the purpose of making calculation more efficient in practical hydraulic simulations, an improved algorithm was proposed and was applied in the practical water distribution field. This methodology was developed by expanding the traditional loop-equation theory through utilization of the advantages of the graph theory in efficiency. The utilization of the spanning tree technique from graph theory makes the proposed algorithm efficient in calculation and simple to use for computer coding. The algorithms for topological generation and practical implementations are presented in detail in this paper. Through the application to a practical urban system, the consumption of the CPU time and computation memory were decreased while the accuracy was greatly enhanced compared with the present existing methods.

Modular Extremely Large-Scale Array Communication:Near-Field Modelling and Performance Analysis

This paper investigates the wireless communication with a novel architecture of antenna arrays,termed modular extremely large-scale array(XLarray),where array elements of an extremely large number/size are regularly mounted on a shared platform with both horizontally and vertically interlaced modules.Each module consists of a moderate/flexible number of array elements with the inter-element distance typically in the order of the signal wavelength,while different modules are separated by the relatively large inter-module distance for convenience of practical deployment.By accurately modelling the signal amplitudes and phases,as well as projected apertures across all modular elements,we analyse the near-field signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)performance for modular XL-array communications.Based on the non-uniform spherical wave(NUSW)modelling,the closed-form SNR expression is derived in terms of key system parameters,such as the overall modular array size,distances of adjacent modules along all dimensions,and the user's three-dimensional(3D)location.In addition,with the number of modules in different dimensions increasing infinitely,the asymptotic SNR scaling laws are revealed.Furthermore,we show that our proposed near-field modelling and performance analysis include the results for existing array architectures/modelling as special cases,e.g.,the collocated XL-array architecture,the uniform plane wave(UPW)based far-field modelling,and the modular extremely large-scale uniform linear array(XL-ULA)of onedimension.Extensive simulation results are presented to validate our findings.

Comparison of life cycle assessment of large-scale biogas projects with different raw materials in China

The anaerobic digestion(AD)disposal of stover and cattle manure is of great significance to the development of low-carbon economy and green energy in China,but it will also have an impact on the environment,and the degree of influence is different for various raw materials.In this study,life cycle assessment(LCA)methods were applied to analyze and compare the impact of corn stovers biogas projects(CSBP)and dairy manure biogas projects(DMBP)on the environment during the whole operation stage.The results of inventory analysis were evaluated by ReCiPe2016 Hierarchy(H)mid-point(problem-oriented)and end-point(destruction-oriented)method,respectively.The results showed that the net energy efficiency of CSBP was higher(763.903 kW·h/FU)and the greenhouse gas(GHG)emission reduction of DMBP was more(5541.418 kg CO_(2)-eq/FU).The anaerobic digestion(AD)units have the greatest environmental impacts,and human carcinogenic toxicity is the largest environmental impact category(1.16-1.43 PE).The key to reducing environmental impact is reducing the input of chemical substances and the waste of electric energy.Both CSBP and DMBP have a favorable impact on ecosystem quality and resources,and CSBP is more beneficial to the environment(-10.297 Pt).Co-digestion is an important measure to reduce the environmental damage from biogas projects.These research results provide theoretical support for the selection of raw materials for large-scale biogas projects in China,provide technical basis for reducing the impact of actual operation on the environment,and promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste and carbon dioxide emission reduction and sequestration.

Prediction of Hydraulic Stability of Francis Turbines of Three Gorges Hydropower Station

The Francis turbine of Three Gorges hydropower station is one of the large turbines with great head variation in the world. The operational stability of the turbine has been the top subject for departments of design, research, manufacture and operation to be concerned about. During the course of preparing bid invitation documents and executing the contract for the Three Gorges left power plants turbogenerator units, the hydraulic stability of the turbine was regarded as the most important problem and specific stability indexes of the model turbine and the prototype turbine were respectively specified in the contract. In the model tests for turbine model acceptance, pressure fluctuation phenomena in the case of partial load were found to be different from the usual ones as people had known. Within the range of operating water head, there existed a peak value zone of pressure fluctuations with higher frequencies, and large amplitude pressure fluctuations simultaneously occurred in several localities from the spiral case entrance to the draft tube. On the basis of test results from the model, the influence of cavitation coefficient and aeration on pressure fluctuations is analyzed, and some measures to improve the hydraulic stability of turbines of Three Gorges hydropower station are expounded.

Numerical Modeling of Local Scour Around Hydraulic Structure in Sandy Beds by Dynamic Mesh Method

Local scour, a non-negligible factor in hydraulic engineering, endangers the safety of hydraulic structures. In this work, a numerical model for simulating local scour was constructed, based on the open source code computational fluid dynamics model Open FOAM. We consider both the bedload and suspended load sediment transport in the scour model and adopt the dynamic mesh method to simulate the evolution of the bed elevation. We use the finite area method to project data between the three-dimensional flow model and the two-dimensional(2D) scour model. We also improved the 2D sand slide method and added it to the scour model to correct the bed bathymetry when the bed slope angle exceeds the angle of repose. Moreover, to validate our scour model, we conducted and compared the results of three experiments with those of the developed model. The validation results show that our developed model can reliably simulate local scour.

水利工程质量监督全过程全方位定量评价模型构建

为促进我国水利工程质量监督管理工作运行的高效化,确保工程监督的有效性和权威性,基于AHP(analytic hierarchy process)原理,针对水利部督查小组的现场检查情况,依据水利部下达的相关文件,结合负分制和一票否决制,将定性问题定量化,构建一套涉及水利工程建设、运行、管理全过程全方位的质量监督管理评价模型,共包含7层2112个指标。在综合试错的基础上,计算得出不同层级和不同指标的权重,然后选用该模型分析评价2020年7个省份受督查水利工程项目的质量管理与安全生产管理监督数据,间接说明模型的实用性和易操作性。评价结果表明:7个省份均在合格以上,整体质量管理情况较好,但得分差异显著,其中最高得分90.6、最低得分65.6,相差25分;不同类型管理评价结果显示,安全生产管理得分普遍高于质量管理得分;各参建单位评价结果显示,建设单位和勘察设计单位的情况最优、评分基本达到满分,而质量检测单位和施工单位得分最低、需重点加强相关监管。评价结果为水利工程监督管理工作提供了科学的数据支撑,构建的评价模型也为水利工程质量监督定量化提供了易实操的普适性工具。

信江八字嘴枢纽工程整体水工模型试验研究

根据工程建设的需要,为了全面验证枢纽建筑物整体布置方案的合理性,对江西信江八字嘴枢纽工程进行了整体水工模型试验。通过模型试验研究其水力特性和流态,在满足消能防冲的条件下,创造安全的通航水流条件,确定了枢纽整体布置形式和消能工体型。试验成果优化了枢纽建筑物布置方案,为工程设计提供了技术依据。

液压与气动课程综合教学改革探索

为满足智能制造时代的要求,针对液压与气动课程教学中存在的问题,开展了综合教学改革。对教学体系与内容进行调整,合理简化液压知识点,增加了气动技术的比重;构建了液压与气动元件三维模型库及教学视频库,引入了FluidSIM进行仿真教学;开展了基于项目任务的实践教学,构建了液压系统综合实践和气动系统综合实践两个实践教学项目。同时,建立了校外教学基地。通过课程综合教学改革,提升了学生的学习兴趣、实践动手能力,培养了学生的团队协作精神与创新意识。

鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程施工和运行对湖区及尾闾洪水动力的影响

鄱阳湖是长江水系中的两大通江湖泊之一,在调节长江水位、涵养水源、改善当地气候和维护周围地区生态平衡等方面都起着巨大的作用。鄱阳湖水利枢纽的修建可能导致湖泊水文情势和水动力的变化。本文基于MIKE 21构建鄱阳湖二维水动力模型,选取1954年和1998年特大洪水年以及1991年长江倒灌年作为运行期的典型年,选取1995年作为施工期典型年,按照规划中的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程施工及运行调度方案,计算水利枢纽修建前后鄱阳湖水位和流量的变化,定量分析枢纽工程对长江干流、鄱阳湖湖区及尾闾附近洪水动力的影响。结果表明:不同典型年鄱阳湖水利枢纽对长江干流、湖区及尾闾的洪水动力影响相似,其中洪水期、倒灌期及施工期一期对长江防洪、湖区及尾闾附近的影响较小,施工期二期湖区水位壅高幅度最高达0.237 m,对鄱阳湖湖区及尾闾附近防洪有一定影响;枢纽工程对星子、都昌、康山等湖区水文站水位影响幅度较为接近,且越靠近尾闾,影响越小。整体而言,鄱阳湖水利枢纽的修建会导致洪水年鄱阳湖湖区水位壅高,倒灌期湖区水位降低,湖区流速降低,但变化幅度均较小,故枢纽工程施工期和运行期对汛期行洪影响不大。

南水北调中线京石段闸门间歇关闭水力响应特性

为减小闸门关闭引发的水位壅高,以南水北调中线工程京石段磁河闸至沙河北闸之间的渠池为研究对象,构建一维明渠非恒定渐变流仿真模型,比较分次间歇关闸与一次连续关闸,以及不同闸门间歇方案对闸前壅水峰值、水力振荡稳定时间的影响。研究表明:分次间歇关闸可带来更低的闸前壅水水位和更短的水力振荡稳定时间;设置1次间歇相较于多次间歇可减小闸前壅水峰值,将间歇开始时刻设置在上游降水波即将传播至闸前的时刻、设置间歇时长略小于关闸总时间的1/2均可有效降低闸前壅水峰值,缩短稳定时间。闸门分次间歇关闭水力响应特性与水波运动规律紧密关联,合理设置间歇有助于在应急调控阶段减少事故造成的影响。

基于水化学的南水北调中线干渠水与地下水水力联系指标识别

从一般水化学角度研究了南水北调中线源头地表水、干渠水及其周边地下水的差异。结果发现,钠离子在地下水与干渠水和源头地表水中的浓度差异最为明显,其次是总溶解固体(TDS)浓度,其他主要离子以及pH差异均不明显,说明钠离子浓度可作为识别南水北调中线干渠水及其周边地下水水力联系的备选指标。利用聚类分析和水化学类型的相似性,剔除了与干渠水可能存在水力联系的地下水样钠离子浓度,初步确定南水北调中线沿线与干渠水没有水力联系的地下水钠离子浓度大于9.8 mg/L,且该数值是干渠水钠离子浓度的1.6倍以上。因此,可将钠离子浓度及其参考范围用于快速判断南水北调干渠周边地下水与干渠水是否存在水力联系。

基于智慧水力学的长距离调水工程调度参数预测方法研究

为提高长距离调水工程调度参数的计算精度,提出了智慧水力学的概念,基于南水北调中线工程的运行监测数据,采用人工智能方法开展了长距离调水工程调度参数预测方法研究。在对数据清洗的基础上,基于长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)模型建立了白河、十二里河、东赵河节制闸调度参数的预测模型,采用鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)优化模型的超参数并进行调度参数预测。结果表明:3个节制闸的闸前水位和流量预测值与其实测值的最大平均绝对误差分别为0.655 cm和1.326 m^(3)/s,说明智慧水力学理念和人工智能方法在长距离调水工程调度参数预测中的适用性和精准性。研究内容可为实现工程调度参数预测与精准智能调度提供理论基础。

非标准马蹄形断面水力计算研究

以滇中引水工程楚雄段-昆明段非标准马蹄形断面为研究对象,采用几何分割法对该马蹄形断面的水力要素进行了推理,推导出任意水深所对应水力要素表达式。同时,采用三分试算法计算了该断面正常水深,试算过程采用C#编程来实现。考虑到马蹄形断面正常水深计算的复杂性,采用拟合优化原理推导出正常水深的直接计算公式。计算结果表明:在该公式的适用范围内计算该断面正常水深的最大相对误差为0.496%,同时整个计算区间内89.3%以上计算点相对误差小于0.24%,精度相对较高,可以满足实际工程的需要。

大型水工隧洞智慧信息系统平台建设

大型水工隧洞施工往往具有地质条件复杂、施工环境恶劣、技术标准及质量要求高的特点,传统的项目管理方法难以满足当前越来越高的目标管理需求。为提高水利施工企业技术创新能力,强化企业创新主体地位,推动水工隧洞施工技术与智能化平台深度融合。通过在大型水工隧洞建设智慧平台,在宏观上形成智能化体系,在施工过程中达到全程可视化监控、UWB人车实时定位、安全质量闭环管理、空气质量、爆破以及地质形变等高精度监测,促使大型水工隧洞实现施工规范化、管理科学化以及隐患可控化的战略项目。

洋溪水利枢纽横隔板式鱼道设计

洋溪防洪控制性工程是广西柳江上以防洪为主、兼顾发电和航运的大型综合水利枢纽工程。洋溪鱼道工程最大设计水头30 m,鱼池采用横隔板竖缝式。针对洋溪以防洪为主的功能要求,结合运行水位变幅特点及过鱼时长保证率确定了鱼道运行水位,从而优化了鱼道进、出口数量。通过大比尺局部物理模型试验和鱼道整体物理模型试验,开展了鱼道全程水流流态模拟分析,提出了最终的鱼道设计方案。

某半地下污水处理厂提标改造及扩容工程设计技术要点分析

合肥某半地下污水处理厂2017年启动提标改造及扩容工程。因工艺单元立体叠加和构筑物平面组团布局使半地下污水处理厂在设计建造中具有占地小的显著优势,但在技术改造工程中却成为明显的制约因素。项目提标改造设计中,与二期工程统筹考虑,在对既有设施工艺核算与采用CFD流体仿真模拟等基础上,采用生化池流态改造及新增深度处理单元等技术措施,实现精准改造。改造工程建成投产后,项目出水水质稳定达到考核排放标准和内控水质标准。

赋能劳动教育:液压传动实践课程的劳动教育研究

开展劳动教育有助于构建德智体美劳全面培养的教育体系,培养符合新时代发展要求的高素质产业人才。但劳动教育教什么,怎么教、如何教,成为困扰劳动教育开展的普遍难题。以“专业培养为目的,以劳动实现为手段”为指导思想,以液压传动课程为载体,基于项目式教学法,从教学平台建设、教学内容设计、教学过程实施、评价与考核策略等多个维度进行劳动教学研究与实施,总结了劳动教学实施效果。拓宽了劳动教育内容,变革了教学考核模式,促进了劳动教育的发展。

轴流式止回阀与水击泄放阀组合的水锤防护系统研究

【目的】研究减小长距离高扬程输水工程中水锤作用对建筑物安全运行的不利影响,保障管道等建筑物安全。【方法】基于瞬变流理论及特征线法结合水柱分离数学模型的方法,并考虑水锤防护设备的边界条件,运用水锤仿真计算软件对系统停泵水锤进行数值计算。对传统的“单向调压塔+空气阀”和“水击泄放阀+轴流止回阀+空气阀”2种水锤防护措施进行比较,验证轴流止回阀与水击泄放阀组合的水锤防护系统防护效果。【结果】经过计算及后期实际工程多年运行验证后表明在长距离高扬程输水工程中:2种水锤防护方案对事故停泵下管线高压及负压水锤均有一定的防护效果。“单向调压塔+空气阀”的防护措施能使管道内负压由汽化负压-8.4 m降到了-6.9 m水头压力,管道正压最大值由3.04 Mpa降低至2.98 Mpa,但若要继续降低管线负压则需再增加调压塔数量,增加工程投资,经济性上并无优势;“水击泄放阀+轴流止回阀+空气阀”的水锤防护措施,能够有效防护因停泵引起的高低压水锤及水泵倒流倒转等问题,管道内负压由已汽化负压降到了-5 m水头压力,使其系统内最高压力由3.04 Mpa降低至3.0 Mpa,管道最大压力控制在稳态压力的1.2倍之内。【结论】工程竣工多年运行验证,此水锤防护系统只需在输水系统中设1处水击泄放阀和轴流止回阀即可实现有效的防护因停泵引起的高低压水锤及水泵倒流倒转等问题,具有相同的可靠性和更高的经济性,可为类似工程防水锤设计提供依据。