Laboratory Experiments Do Not Support the Greenhouse Effect as Applicable to CO2

The analysis of Greenhouse Effect experiments in the public domain indicated that the lab tests were primarily centered around illustrating the mechanics of conventional greenhouses. They used high-energy visible light (such as sunlight), rather than addressing the Greenhouse Effect, which involves low-energy infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface. Studies with argon, a non-greenhouse gas with similar density to CO2, showed thermal heat transfer as the dominant factor in the temperature profiles, with radiation absorption being undetected. The same conclusion was drawn by another study, which measured infrared back radiation. Experiments using exaggerated CO2 concentrations inadvertently illustrated the principle of the Popper Falsification Test by disproving the Greenhouse Effect applicable to CO2 within the troposphere. A straightforward kitchen test showed that a microwave oven cannot be used as a model for the Greenhouse Effect.

Some results of modeling D-D seismogenic pattern by the fracture model experiment of large-scale rock samples(I)

sing the natural limestone samples taken from the field with dimension of 500 mm×500 mm×1 000 mm, the D-D (dilatancy-diffusion) seismogeny pattern was modeled under the condition of water injection, which observes the time-space evolutionary features about the relative physics fields of the loaded samples from deformation, formation of microcracks to the occurrence of main rupture. The results of observed apparent resistivity show: ① The process of the deformation from microcrack to main rupture on the loaded rock sample could be characterized by the precursory spatial-temporal changes in the observation of apparent resistivity; ② The precursory temporal changes of observation in apparent resistivity could be divided into several stages, and its spatial distribution shows the difference in different parts of the rock sample; ③ Before the main rupture of the rock sample the obvious ″tendency anomaly′ and ′short-term anomaly″ were observed, and some of them could be likely considered as the ″impending earthquake ″anomaly precursor of apparent resistivity. The changes and distribution features of apparent resistivity show that they are intrinsically related to the dilatancy phenomenon of the loaded rock sample. Finally, this paper discusses the mechanism of resistivity change of loaded rock sample theoretically.

A Fluid Experiment of Large-Scale Topography Effect on Baroclinic Wave Flows

The effects of topography on baroclinic wave flows are studied experimentally in a thermally driven rotating annulus of fluid.Fourier analysis and complex principal component (CPC) analysis of the experimental data show that, due to topographic forcing, the flow is bimodal rather than a single mode. Under suitable imposed experimental parameters, near thermal Rossby number ROT = 0.1 and Taylor number Ta = 2.2 × 107, the large-scale topography produces low-frequency oscillation in the flow and rather long-lived flow pattern resembling blocking in the atmospheric circulation. The 'blocking' phenomenon is caused by the resonance of travelling waves and the quasi-stationary waves forced by topography.The large-scale topography transforms wavenumber-homogeneous flows into wavenumber-dispersed flows, and the dispersed flows possess lower wavenumbers.

A laboratory acoustic emission experiment and numerical simulation of rock fracture driven by a high-pressure fluid source

In order to improve our understanding of rock fracture and fault instability driven by high-pressure fluid sources, the authors carried out rock fracture tests using granite under a confining pressure of 80 MPa with fluid injection in the laboratory. Furthermore, we tested a number of numerical models using the FLAC;modeling software to find the best model to represent the experimental results. The high-speed multichannel acoustic emission（AE） waveform recording system used in this study made it possible to examine the total fracture process through detailed monitoring of AE hypocenters and seismic velocity.The experimental results show that injecting high-pressure oil into the rock sample can induce AE activity at very low stress levels and can dramatically reduce the strength of the rock. The results of the numerical simulations show that major experimental results, including the strength, the temporal and spatial patterns of the AE events, and the role of the fluid can be represented fairly well by a model involving（1） randomly distributed defect elements to model pre-existing cracks,（2） random modification of rock properties to represent inhomogeneity introduced by different mineral grains, and（3）macroscopic inhomogeneity. Our study, which incorporates laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, indicates that such an approach is helpful in finding a better model not only for simulating experimental results but also for upscaling purposes.

Rotating tank experiments for the study of geophysical fluid dynamics

Geophysical fluid dynamics(GFD)is an interdisciplinary field that studies the large-scale motion of fluids in the natural world.With a wide range of applications such as weather forecasts and climate prediction,GFD employs various research approaches including in-situ observations,satellite measurements,numerical simulations,theoretical analysis,artificial intelligence,and physical model experiments in laboratory.Among these approaches,rotating tank experiments provide a valuable tool for simulating naturally-occurring fluid motions in laboratories.With proportional scaling and proper techniques,scientists can reproduce multi-scale physical processes of stratified fluids in the rotation system,which allows for the simulation of essential characteristics of fluid motions in the atmosphere and oceans.In this review,rotating tanks of various scales in the world are introduced,as these tanks have been actively used to explore fundamental scientific questions in ocean and atmosphere dynamics.To illustrate the GFD experiments,three representative cases are presented to demonstrate the frontier achievements in the the GFD study by using rotating tank experiments:mesoscale eddies in the ocean,convection processes,and plume dynamics.Detailed references for the experimental procedures are provided.Future studies are encouraged to further explore the utilization of rotating tanks with improvements in experimental design and integration of other research methods.This is a promising direction of GFD to help enhance our understanding of the complex nature of fluid motions in the natural world and to address the challenges posed by global environmental changes.

Redox mechanism of geobattery and related electrical signals using a novel real-time self-potential monitoring experimental platform

Controlled laboratory experiments are proved to be a valuable tool for investigating changes in underground physical properties and the related response of surface geophysical signals.The self-potential(SP)method is widely used in mineral resource exploration due to its direct correlation with underground electrochemical gradients.This paper presented the design and construction of an experimental platform based on a multi-channel SP monitoring system.The proposed platform was used to monitor the anodizing corrosion process of different metal blocks from a laboratory perspective,record the real-time SP signal generated by the redox reaction,as well as investigate the geobattery mechanism associated with the natural polarization process of metal mineral resources.The experimental results demonstrate that the constructed SP monitoring platform effectively captures time-series SP signals and provides direct laboratory evidence for the geobattery model.The measured SP data were quantitatively interpreted using the simulated annealing algorithm,and the inversion results closely match the real model.This finding highlights the potential of the SP method as a promising tool for determining the location and spatial distribution of underground polarizers.The study holds reference value for the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in both terrestrial and marine environments.

3D Mobile Augmented Reality Interface for Laboratory Experiments

In fields such as science and engineering, virtual environment is commonly used to provide replacements for practical hands-on laboratories. Sometimes, these environments take the form of a remote interface to the physical laboratory apparatus and at other times, in the form of a complete software implementation that simulates the laboratory apparatus. In this paper, we report on the use of a semi-immersive 3D mobile Augmented Reality (mAR) interface and limited simulations as a replacement for practical hands-on laboratories in science and engineering. The 3D-mAR based interfaces implementations for three different experiments (from micro-electronics, power and communications engineering) are presented;the discovered limitations are discussed along with the results of an evaluation by science and engineering students from two different institutions and plans for future work.

Study on Load Bearing Characteristics of Novel Expandable Deepwater Drilling Conductor Based on Laboratory Experiment and Field Test

A novel expandable conductor was designed and applied in deep-water drilling to improve the vertical and lateral bearing capacity with a significant reduction of conductor jetting depth and soaking time. The vertical and lateral bearing capability of expandable conductors was depicted based on the ultimate subgrade reaction method and pile foundation bearing theory. The load-bearing characteristics of a laboratory-scale expandable conductor were analyzed through laboratory experiments. The serial simulation experiments are accomplished to study the bearing characteristics(vertical ultimate bearing capacity, lateral soil pressure, and lateral displacement) during the conductor soaking process. The laboratory experimental results show that the larger the length and thickness of expandable materials are,the higher the bearing capacity of the wellhead will be. During the conductor soaking process, the soil pressure around the three expandable conductors increases faster, strings representing a stronger squeezing effect and resulting in higher vertical bearing capacity. Furthermore, the lateral displacement of novel expandable conductor is smaller than that of the conventional conductor. All the advantages mentioned above contributed to the reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. Lastly, the application workflow of a novel expandable deep-water drilling conductor was established and the autonomous expandable conductor was successfully applied in the South China Sea with a significant reduction of conductor’s jetting depth and soaking time. According to the soil properties and designed installation depth of the surface conductor, the arrangement of expandable materials should be designed reasonably to meet the safety condition and reduce the construction cost of the subsea wellhead.

Mechanical behaviour analysis and support system field experiment of confined concrete arches

Soft rock control is a big challenge in underground engineering.As for this problem,a high-strength support technique of confined concrete(CC)arches is proposed and studied in this paper.Based on full-scale mechanical test system of arch,research is made on the failure mechanism and mechanical properties of CC arch.Then,a mechanical calculation model of circular section is established for the arches with arbitrary section and unequal rigidity;a calculation formula is deduced for the internal force of the arch;an analysis is made on the influence of different factors on the internal force of the arch;and a calculation formula is got for the bearing capacity of CC arch through the strength criterion of bearing capacity.With numerical calculation and laboratory experiment,the ultimate bearing capacity and internal force distribution is analyzed for CC arches.The research results show that:1)CC arch is 2.31 times higher in strength than the U-shaped steel arch and has better stability;2)The key damage position of the arch is the two sides;3)Theoretical analysis,numerical calculation and laboratory experiment have good consistency in the internal force distribution,bearing capacity,and deformation and failure modes of the arch.All of that verifies the correctness of the theoretical calculation.Based on the above results,a field experiment is carried out in Liangjia Mine.Compared with the U-shaped steel arch support,CC arch support is more effective in surrounding rock deformation control.The research results can provide a basis for the design of CC arch support in underground engineering.

Experimental Research on Wave Transmission over Submerged Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

This paper discusses some previous, and presents some new experimental results on wave transmission over submerged breakwaters. The objective of this study is to evaluate wave transmission coefficient and develop a two-dimensional （2D） model as an improvement to the existing wave transmission coefficient models. Factors which affect wave transmission over stbmerged breakwaters are discussed through a series of laboratory experiments. Basic recommendations for evaluation and design of submerged rubble-monud breakwaters are presented. From the test results, a calculation formula of wave transmission coefficient is proposed.

Modified Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Methods for Large-Scale Chemical Process Optimization

Chemical process optimization can be described as large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization. The modified augmented Lagrange multiplier methods (MALMM) for large-scale nonlinear constrained minimization are studied in this paper. The Lagrange function contains the penalty terms on equality and inequality constraints and the methods can be applied to solve a series of bound constrained sub-problems instead of a series of unconstrained sub-problems. The steps of the methods are examined in full detail. Numerical experiments are made for a variety of problems, from small to very large-scale, which show the stability and effectiveness of the methods in large-scale problems.

Experimental investigation and flow analysis of clear-water scour around pier and abutment in proximity

Local scour around bridge piers and abutments is one of the most significant causes of bridge failure.Despite a plethora of studies on scour around individual bridge piers or abutments,few studies have focused on the joint impact of a pier and an abutment in proximity to one another on scour.This study conducted laboratory experiments and flow analyses to examine the interaction of piers and abutments and their effect on clear-water scour.The experiments were conducted in a rectangular laboratory flume.They included 18 main tests(with a combination of different types of piers and abutments)and five control tests(with individual piers or abutments).Three pier types(a rectangular pier with a rounded edge,a group of three cylindrical piers,and a single cylindrical pier)and two abutment types(a wingewall abutment and a semicircular abutment)were used.An acoustic Doppler velocimeter was used to measure the three-dimensional flow velocity for analyses of streamline,velocity magnitude,vertical velocity,and bed shear stress.The results showed that the velocity near the pier and abutment increased by up to 80%.The maximum scour depth around the abutment increased by up to 19%.In contrast,the maximum scour depth around the pier increased significantly by up to l71%.The presence of the pier in the vicinity of the abutment led to an increase in the scour hole volume by up to 87%relative to the case with a solitary abutment.Empirical equations were also derived to accurately estimate the maximum scour depth at the pier adjacent to the abutment.

An Experimental Study on the Pressure Distribution in Horizontal Gas Wells

Laboratory experiments have been carried out to study the fluid flow in the wellbore of a horizontal gas well during the production process.The related pressure distribution has been determined considering different cases(different inflow media,different perforation opening methods and different liquid holdup).It has been found that the larger the fluid flow rate,the greater the pressure changes in the wellbore under the same hole opening mode.The uniformity of the perforation opening method was also an important factor affecting the magnitude of the wellbore pressure change.The liquid holdup also affected the pressure distribution,especially when the gas volumetric flow rate exceeded 200 m3/h.Comparison of the outcomes of the present experimental study with the predictions of a theoretical model available in the literature has provided a relative error smaller than 20%.

Comparison of the Results in CO_2 Sequestration Field Experience and Laboratory Studies

Sequestration of carbon dioxide（CO2） in deep, unminable coalseam is an innovative technology, because it can not only reduce greenhouse gas in the atmosphere,but also enhance coalbed methane recovery（CO2-ECBM）.Lots of research have been carried out on this topic in recent years.However,few of them were focused on the comparison of the

PIV experimental study on the interactions between ice ridges and stratified fluids

With the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice, the freshwater produced by melting of summer sea ice makes the depth of the halocline under ice become shallower. This has an impact on the drift of sea ice because internal waves may be generated at the interface of the halocline by disturbance from the draft of an ice floe or ridge keel. A laboratory experimental study was carried out to investigate the interactions between an ice ridge and stratified fluid using the method of Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV）. The drift velocity of an ice ridge （U） and the draft of the ridge keel （D） were altered in different experimental cases, and the velocity field in the stratified fluid was then measured by PIV. The results reveal that an obvious vortex exists in the wake field of the ridge keel, and the center of the vortex moves away from the ice ridge with increasing D. Internal waves at the interface of the stratified fluid were observed during the drift of the ice ridge, and the wave height shows a positive correlation with U and D. This study demonstrates that ice ridges could introduce internal waves at the interface of a stratified fluid and thus affect the oceanic drag coefficient and ice drift. It supports improved parameterization of the ice drag coefficients.

Approaches for representing hydro-mechanical coupling between sub-surface excavations and argillaceous porous media at the ventilation experiment, Mont Terri

At the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory （Switzerland）, a field-scale investigation has been conducted in order to investigate the hydro-mechanical and chemical perturbations induced in the argilla- ceous formation by forced ventilation through a tunnel. This experiment has been selected to be used for processing model development and validation in the international project DECOVALEX-2011. The con- ceptual and mathematical representation of the engineered void, which itself forms a major part of the experiment and is not simply a boundary condition, is the subject of this paper. A variety of approaches have been examined by the contributors to DECOVALEX and a summary of their findings is presented here. Two major aspects are discussed. Firstly, the approaches for the treatment of the surface condition at the porous media/tunnel interface are examined, with two equivalent but differing formulations successfully demonstrated. Secondly, approaches for representing the tunnel with associated air and water vapour movement, when coupled with the hydro-mechanical （HM） representation of the porous medium, are also examined. It is clearly demonstrated that, for the experimental conditions of the ventilation experiment （VE） that abstracted physical and empirical models of the tunnel, can be used successfully to represent the hydraulic behaviour of the tunnel and the hydraulic interaction between the tunnel and the surrounding rock mass.

Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of Resistance Coefficient and Residual Resistance Coefficient in Oilfield Z

In order to clarify the major influence factors of resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient, so as to provide the basis for optimizing the polymer flooding schemes in oilfield Z of Bohai Sea, artificial cores were made by simulated the characteristic parameters of real reservoir and the spacing of production-injection wells. The main parameters considered include reservoir permeability, polymer solution concentration and polymer injection rate. Core experiment of polymer flooding was taken by considering all the main parameters. The result showed that resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient decrease with the increase of core permeability. Resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient increase with the increase of concentration of polymer solution. The increment of displacement pressure in low permeability core is higher than in medium and high permeability core. The resistance coefficient increase with higher displacing velocity, and the increment in high permeability core is higher than in low permeability?core. The displacement velocity has little effect on the residual resistance coefficient. The experimental results can effectively guide the formulation of polymer flooding scheme in offshore oilfields, and optimize the appropriate injection rate and concentration of polymer solution for different properties of reservoirs, thus ensuring the effectiveness of polymer flooding in offshore oilfields.

Experimental and numerical investigation of groundwater head losses on and nearby short intersections between disc-shaped fractures

Discrete fracture models are used for investigating precise processes of groundwater flow in fractured rocks,while a disc-shaped parallel-plates model for a single fracture is more reasonable and efficient for computational treatments.The flow velocity has a large spatial differentiation which is more likely to produce non-linear flow and additional head losses on and nearby intersections in such shaped fractures,therefore it is necessary to understand and quantify them.In this study,both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were performed to investigate the total head loss on and nearby the intersections as well as the local head loss exactly on the intersections,which were not usually paid sufficient attention or even ignored.The investigation results show that these two losses account for 29.17%-84.97%and 0-73.57%of the entire total head loss in a fracture,respectively.As a result,they should be necessarily considered for groundwater modeling in fractured rocks.Furthermore,both head losses become larger when aperture and flow rate increase and intersection length decreases.Particularly,the ratios of these two head losses to the entire total head loss in a fracture could be well statistically explained by power regression equations with variables of aperture,intersection length,and flow rates,both of which achieved high coefficients of determination.It could be feasible through this type of study to provide a way on how to adjust the groundwater head from those obtained by numerical simulations based on the traditional linear flow model.Finally,it is practicable and effective to implement the investigation approach combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations for quantifying the head losses on and nearby the intersections between disc-shaped fractures.

Large-scale laboratory investigation of pillar-support interaction

Underground mine pillars provide natural stability to the mine area,allowing safe operations for workers and machinery.Extensive prior research has been conducted to understand pillar failure mechanics and design safe pillar layouts.However,limited studies(mostly based on empirical field observation and small-scale laboratory tests)have considered pillar-support interactions under monotonic loading conditions for the design of pillar-support systems.This study used a series of large-scale laboratory compression tests on porous limestone blocks to analyze rock and support behavior at a sufficiently large scale(specimens with edge length of 0.5 m)for incorporation of actual support elements,with consideration of different w/h ratios.Both unsupported and supported(grouted rebar rockbolt and wire mesh)tests were conducted,and the surface deformations of the specimens were monitored using three-dimensional(3D)digital image correlation(DIC).Rockbolts instrumented with distributed fiber optic strain sensors were used to study rockbolt strain distribution,load mobilization,and localized deformation at different w/h ratios.Both axial and bending strains were observed in the rockbolts,which became more prominent in the post-peak region of the stress-strain curve.

民办高校生物制药专业大型综合设计性实验探索

开展大型综合设计性实验是高校实验教学改革的一项重要内容。作为民办高校,面临学校实验室建设不足、开放机制不完善、师资力量薄弱、学生依赖性强、精品项目不足、教材不能满足教学需要等问题。我校近几年来采取了完善实验室个性化建设、打造开放平台、加强实验队伍建设、转变学生思维、拓展精品项目、自编实验教材等多项措施,有效保障了大型综合设计性实验的顺利进行,为生物制药这一新兴产业培养出了一批批高素质的应用型人才。