VARIATION AND CAUSES OF PERSISTENT DROUGHT EVENTS IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Variation characteristics of persistent drought events in Guangdong province are analyzed using 45-year(1961-2005) and 86-station observational precipitation data of Guangdong,and the causes of drought events are discussed from different angles(e.g.,atmospheric circulation,sea surface temperature) on the basis of global coverage datasets of sea surface temperature and atmospheric elements.It is found that the occurrence frequency of persistent drought events in Guangdong province is once every 26 months on average,and autumn-winter or winter-spring persistent drought events take up the majority.The persistent drought events possess large scale spatial characteristics.While the 1960s is the most frequent and strongest decade of drought events in the latter half of the 20th century,the occurrence is more frequent and the intensity is stronger in the first five years of the 21st century(2001-2005).This reflects the response of regional extreme climatic events in Guangdong to global climatic change.The atmospheric circulation,sea surface temperature,etc,appear to have different abnormal characteristics when drought events happen in different seasons.The results of this paper provide some good reference information for the drought forecast,especially for the dynamic interpretation of climatic model products.

Main Energy Paths and Energy Cascade Processes of the Two Types of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over the Yangtze River–Huaihe River Basin

Two types of persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over the Yangtze River-Huaihe River Basin were determined in a recent statistical study： type A, whose precipitation is mainly located to the south of the Yangtze River; and type B, whose precipitation is mainly located to the north of the river. The present study investigated these two PHRE types using a newly derived set of energy equations to show the scale interaction and main energy paths contributing to the persistence of the precipitation. The main results were as follows. The available potential energy （APE） and kinetic energy （KE） associated with both PHRE types generally increased upward in the troposphere, with the energy of the type-A PHREs stronger than that of the type-B PHREs （except for in the middle troposphere）. There were two main common and universal energy paths of the two PHRE types： （1） the baroclinic energy conversion from APE to KE was the dominant energy source for the evolution of large-scale background circulations; and （2） the downscaled energy cascade processes of KE and APE were vital for sustaining the eddy flow, which directly caused the PHREs. The significant differences between the two PHRE types mainly appeared in the lower troposphere, where the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the eddy flow in type-A PHREs was from KE to APE, which reduced the intensity of the precipitation-related eddy flow; whereas, the conversion in type-B PHREs was from APE to KE, which enhanced the eddy flow.

Comparison of two types of persistent heavy rainfall events during sixteen warm seasons in the Sichuan Basin

Based on hourly precipitation from national surface stations,persistent heavy rainfall events(PHREs)over the Sichuan Basin(SCB)are explored during the warm season(May to September)from 2000 to 2015 to compare synoptic circulations and maintenance mechanisms between different PHRE types.There are two main types of PHREs:one is characterized by a rain belt west of 106°E over the SCB(WSB-PHREs),and the other features a rain belt east of 106°E over the SCB(ESB-PHREs).In total,there are 18 ESB-PHREs and 10 WSB-PHREs during the study period.Overall,the rain belts of WSB-PHREs are along the terrain distribution east of the Tibetan Plateau,while the precipitation intensity of ESB-PHREs is stronger.For the two types of PHREs,the shortwave trough over the SCB and the western Pacific subtropical high act as their favorable background environments,particularly for ESB-PHREs.The water vapor of WSB-PHREs is mainly transported from the South China Sea,whereas for ESB-PHREs the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal are their main moisture sources.The composite vorticity budgets of southwest vortices during their mature stage indicate that the convergence effect is a dominant factor for maintaining the two types of PHREs,and the strong vertical vorticity advection is also favorable,but the relative contribution of vertical advection is larger for WSB-PHREs.

Classification of wintertime large-scale tilted ridges over the Eurasian continent and their influences on surface air temperature

This study investigates the major patterns of large-scale tilted ridges(LSTRS)over the Eurasian continent and their connections with large-scale surface air temperature during boreal winter.A total number of 134 LSTR events with zonal extent exceeding 90°of longitude on the peak day are identified.Using self-organizing map(SOM),the LSTRs are classified into five clusters that are characterized by different spatial distributions and orientations.The leading two clusters are closely associated with extensive and persistent cold events over different places.Considering the first cluster,LSTRs extend from the Ural Mountains to Northeast Asia and are favorable for the amplification and southeastward extension of the Siberian high.Therefore,this cluster is closely associated with the occurrence of extensive and persistent cold events in china.In comparison with the first cluster,the LSTRs of second group are situated to the west,with starting points from the Kola Peninsula,and cause extensive and persistent cold events over Eastern Europe,central Asia,and central Siberia.The results suggest that the vertical coupling between LSTRs and the corresponding anomalous sea level pressure is crucial for the persistent cold temperature events associated with the leading two SOM clusters.

中国典型大范围持续干旱事件对大气环流的响应

在全球气候变化和人类活动强度增加的双重驱动下,频繁、广发的大范围极端干旱事件给中国经济社会发展和生态环境造成了严重影响。为分析中国干旱的时空动态演变特征,该研究采用标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index,SPEI)结合干旱历时、干旱面积以及干旱烈度,构建了一种基于持续干旱栅格概念的大范围持续干旱事件识别方法,研究1961—2020年中国历史大范围持续干旱事件的时空动态演变特征及其对大气环流的响应机制。研究发现:过去60年中国共发生了47场大范围持续干旱事件,平均持续干旱历时为7.14个月,平均持续干旱面积为28.66%,平均持续干旱烈度为-2.86;1980—2010年间每10 a发生的干旱事件平均持续干旱面积出现连续扩大趋势,在1970—2020年间每10 a发生的干旱事件平均持续干旱历时集中在4~8个月之间;海洋尼诺指数(Oceanic Ni?o Index,ONI)与中国大范围持续干旱事件的发生表现出较强的相关性,ONI与SPEI3之间主要存在16~48月的共振周期,当强拉尼娜事件发生时会导致中国春季降水的减少,增加中国发生春旱的频次。研究结果有助于进一步理解中国干旱的成因和规律,提升防旱抗旱政策的科学性和精准性。

与广东持续性干旱事件有关的两类海温异常型

利用1961—2005年广东省86个常规地面观测站降水资料、ERSST全球月平均海温资料以及NCEP/NCAR大气多要素再分析资料,分析了广东跨季节持续性干旱事件(下称广东干旱)与海温外强迫之间的关系及其物理过程。结果表明,与广东干旱相关的海温异常有赤道东太平洋海温负异常型(即La Ni^na型)、赤道中太平洋海温正异常型两种类型。约在1975年之前,广东干旱基本上属于LaNi^na型;在1975年之后,除了La Ni^na型外,赤道中太平洋海温正异常型干旱出现概率明显增加。可见,在全球气候变暖的背景下,广东干旱成因更复杂。近几年来广东干旱频繁发生,与赤道中太平洋海温正异常型出现概率增加有关。La Ni^na型、赤道中太平洋海温正异常型与广东干旱之间都存在物理上的联系,不同的海温异常型对广东干旱影响的物理过程有所不同,即使同一种海温异常型对不同季节的影响过程也有所不同,然而所有物理过程最终都是通过改变和削弱降水所需的动力条件或水汽条件,从而造成局地干旱的发生。

湖南夏秋季持续性区域气象干旱的时空特征

基于逐日气象干旱综合指数和持续性区域干旱识别方法,对1961—2017年湖南夏秋季持续性区域干旱事件进行识别,在此基础上分析干旱事件发生频率、持续时间、强度等时空特征。结果表明:近57 a来,湖南夏秋季持续性区域干旱平均每年发生1.4次,其年代际变化特征明显,21世纪00年代干旱频次虽少,但累积强度最大、持续日数最长,而20世纪90年代干旱事件相对偏少、偏弱。持续性区域干旱事件以夏秋连旱为主,7月28日至10月14日是高发时段。干旱持续时间主要集中在15~30 d,最长可达183 d,且持续时间少于40 d的多为一般干旱,重度及以上干旱一般持续110 d以上。持续性区域干旱事件主要表现为全省型、西北部型和南部型3种空间分布形态,全省型的干旱最多,且多为较重及以上等级。持续性区域干旱事件呈北少南多的空间分布特征,累积强度由西北向东南逐步增强,湘西北区域干旱程度较轻,洞庭湖区、湘中和湘南大部干旱程度较重。

宁夏连阴雨(雪)过程变化规律研究

利用宁夏主要气象站1961年以来逐日降水及云量资料,定义了连阴雨(雪)日数的标准,分析了近50a来宁夏连阴雨(雪)过程的分布特征、演变规律及与降水总量、干旱灾害的关系。1961年以来宁夏连阴雨(雪)过程总体呈下降趋势,尤其5～7日的过程显著下降;冬季连阴雨(雪)过程呈上升趋势,且近年来变率明显增大;其他季节呈下降趋势,尤其春季下降趋势最明显;进入21世纪以来,虽然连阴雨(雪)过程总体仍偏少,但比20世纪90年代明显增加,其中冬季各级别的次数均增加,而秋季4日以下、8日以上的连阴雨(雪)过程也增多,特别是8日以上的连阴雨(雪)过程,年、冬季、秋季均为各年代之首,尤其秋季平均每年偏多2.2站次。近50a来,宁夏连阴雨(雪)过程降水量及持续时间均呈下降趋势,进入21世纪明显回升,且8日以上连阴雨(雪)过程、过程降水量超过50mm的连阴雨均较80、90年代明显增加,尤其10日以上的过程总数及过程降水量在50.0～99.9mm的连阴雨所占比例均达到各年代之最;连阴雨(雪)过程的减少使得降水量总量减少,干旱灾害增加。