Research on Control Method of Inverters for Large-scale Grid Connected Photovoltaic Power System

A grid-connected inverter controlling method to analyze dynamic process of large-scale and grid-connected photovoltaic power station is proposed. The reference values of control variables are composed of maximum power which is the output of the photovoltaic array of the photovoltaic power plant, and power factor specified by dispatching, the control strategy of dynamic feedback linearization is adopted. Nonlinear decoupling controller is designed for realizing decoupling control of active and reactive power. The cascade PI regulation is proposed to avoid inaccurate parameter estimation which generates the system static error. Simulation is carried out based on the simplified power system with large-scale photovoltaic plant modelling, and the power factor, solar radiation strength, and bus fault are considered for the further research. It’s demonstrated that the parameter adjustment of PI controller is simple and convenient, dynamic response of system is transient, and the stability of the inverter control is verified.

Difference between grid connections of large-scale wind power and conventional synchronous generation

In China, regions with abundant wind energy resources are generally located at the end of power grids. The power grid architecture in these regions is typically not sufficiently strong, and the energy structure is relatively simple. Thus, connecting large-capacity wind power units complicates the peak load regulation and stable operation of the power grids in these regions. Most wind turbines use power electronic converter technology, which affects the safety and stability of the power grid differently compared with conventional synchronous generators. Furthermore, fluctuations in wind power cause fluctuations in the output of wind farms, making it difficult to create and implement suitable power generation plans for wind farms. The generation technology and grid connection scheme for wind power and conventional thermal power generation differ considerably. Moreover, the active and reactive power control abilities of wind turbines are weaker than those of thermal power units, necessitating additional equipment to control wind turbines. Hence, to address the aforementioned issues with large-scale wind power generation, this study analyzes the differences between the grid connection and collection strategies for wind power bases and thermal power plants. Based on this analysis, the differences in the power control modes of wind power and thermal power are further investigated. Finally, the stability of different control modes is analyzed through simulation. The findings can be beneficial for the planning and development of large-scale wind power generation farms.

Large-Scale Distributed Photovoltaic Power Dispatching and Operation Management Review

Distributed photovoltaic power (PV) is the main development model of distributed generation. It is necessary to research on dispatching and operation management with large-scale distributed PV connected. This paper analyzes development status, technical requirement and dispatching and operation management situation of distributed PV in Germany and China. Then introduce the preparation of distributed PV dispatching and operation management criterion. Through summarizing the experiences and lessons of large-scale distributed PV development in Germany, it gives advice to the development of distributed PV dispatching and operation management in China.

Evaluation of the Performances of the First Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Sénégal

This document presents the evaluation and the monitoring of the performances of the first grid-connected photovoltaic system installed in the Center of Studies and Researches on the Renewable Energies (CERER) inaugurated on December 4th, 2012 by the governmental authorities of Senegal and Tenerife. This mini power plant of 3.15 kWc is a perfect example of the political will of the government which is to reduce the production cost of the electricity, with the diversification of the sources of production, and the greater use of the other sources such as the natural gas, the coal, the renewable energies. The evaluation of the performances of the installation is realized by using the indicators of efficiency and performance as the photovoltaic surface yield, the ratio of photovoltaic performance, the photovoltaic specific yield, and the losses of captures. The obtained results show that a big part of the energy shone during the period of observation was not able to be used further to circumstances such as the losses of conductivity, the heat losses or for example the defects on components. The analysis also shows that a large part of the produced energy is not injected because of the dilapidation of the network, the defects of landing but especially one disjunction sees frequently at the level of the point of injection.

A Review of Novel Leakage Current Suppression Techniques for Transformerless Photovoltaic Inverters

漏电流抑制是无变压器型光伏并网系统需要解决的关键问题之一。VDE-0126-1-1标准规定,漏电流高于300 mA时光伏并网系统必须在0.3 s内从电网中切除。为了解释漏电流的根源,建立系统共模电压数学模型,在此基础上分析漏电流产生的原因,探讨不同调制策略对漏电流的影响,然后介绍几种典型的、能够有效抑制漏电流的电路拓扑结构,并分析各种拓扑的工作原理和特点。最后对漏电流抑制技术方面的发展趋势做了展望。

H6 Non-isolated Full Bridge Grid-connected PV Inverters With Low Leakage Currents

为满足非隔离光伏并网发电系统对共模漏电流的限制，提出一种六开关逆变器拓朴（H6拓扑）。所提出的H6拓扑在功率传输模态时，进网电流半个工频周期流过3支开关管，而另半个工频周期流过2支开关管，故相对于H5拓扑，降低了通态损耗，有利于热应力均衡，且仍满足续流阶段光伏电池输出端与电网脱离的要求。详细分析拓扑的工作原理，并推论给出H6非隔离光伏并网逆变器的其它3种拓扑结构；比较分析了H5拓扑、Heric拓扑和H6拓扑的损耗和成本。通过1kW通用样机平台对比验证了上述3种拓扑的效率和共模特性。实验结果表明，H6拓扑的变换效率高于H5拓扑、但略低于Heric拓扑，共模特性优于Heric拓扑、但略劣于H5拓扑。

Low Voltage Ride through Control Capability of a Large Grid Connected PV System Combining DC Chopper and Current Limiting Techniques

This paper presents the development and performance capability of a comprehensive Low voltage ride through (LVRT) control scheme that makes use of both the DC chopper and the current limiting based on the required reactive power during fault time. The study is conducted on an 8.5 MW single stage PV power plant (PVPP) connected to the Rwandan grid. In the event of fault disturbance, this control scheme helps to overcome the problems of excessive DC-link voltage by fast activation of the DC chopper operation. At the same instance, AC current is limited to the maximum rating of the inverter as a function of the injected reactive current. This helps overcome AC-over- current that may possibly lead to damage or disconnection of the inverter. The control scheme also ensures voltage support and power balance through the injection of reactive current as per grid code requirements. Selected simulations using MATLAB are carried out in the events of different kinds of fault caused voltage dips. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LVRT control scheme.

Generating capacity adequacy evaluation of large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic systems

Large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic sys- tems have become an essential part of modem electric power distribution systems. In this paper, a novel approach based on the Markov method has been proposed to investigate the effects of large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic systems on the reliability of bulk power systems. The proposed method serves as an applicable tool to estimate performance （e.g., energy yield and capacity） as well as reliability indices. The Markov method frame- work has been incorporated with the＇ multi-state models to develop energy states of the photovoltaic systems in order to quantify the effects of the photovoltaic systems on the power system adequacy. Such analysis assists planners to make adequate decisions based on the economical expectations as well as to ensure the recovery of the investment costs over time. The failure states of the components of photovoltaic systems have been considered to evaluate the sensitivity analysis and the adequacy indices including loss of load expectation, and expected energy not supplied. Moreover, the impacts of transitions between failures on the reliability calculations as well as on the long- term operation of the photovoltaic systems have been illustrated. Simulation results on the Roy Billinton test system has been shown to illustrate the procedure of the proposed frame work and evaluate the reliability benefits of using large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic system on the bulk electric power systems. The proposed method can be easily extended to estimate the operating and maintenance costs for the financial planning of the photovoltaic system projects.

Extended Quality Characterization of Grid Connected PV Inverters

The overall performance of photovoltaic （PV） inverter imphes many different technical issues.One of the key criterias is based on the measurement of the conversion and the maximum power point tracking （MPPT） efficiency and its applicable evaluation in practice.Intense work has been done in the last few years to formulate applicable standards for measuring static and dynamic efficiencies worldwide.Besides that,this work is presenting on novel methods of analysis on non-trivial system characteristics impacting the final evaluation on the overall performance of the PV inverter.The elaborated testing procedures for complex system behavior under highly nonlinear conditions （unintentional partial shading, mismatching of DC strings） are explained and characterized.With the help of experimental results, the exclusive impact on the overall efficiency is illustrated and helpful statements are given on the resulting technical characteristics of MPP strategies.

Forecast of Power Generation for Grid-Connected Photo-voltaic System Based on Grey Theory and Verification Model

Being photovoltaic power generation affected by radiation strength, wind speed, clouds cover and environment temperature, the generating in each moment is fluctuating. The operational characteristics of grid-connected PV systems are coincided with gray theory application conditions. A gray theory model has been applied in short-term forecast of grid-connected photovoltaic system. The verification model of the probability of small error will help to check the accuracy of the gray forecast results. The calculated result shows that the ?model accuracy has been greatly enhanced.

光伏多功能并网逆变器不同出力状态下无功和谐波优化方法

利用光伏多功能并网逆变器所具有的电能质量治理、谐波谐振抑制的主动优势,结合逆变器在不同出力状态下光伏发电系统的输出特性,构建光伏多功能并网逆变器不同出力状态下的无功和谐波优化方法。在所提3层优化策略中,上层优化策略以光伏并网有功功率最大化为目标函数,中层优化策略以电压谐波总畸变率和电压偏差达到相应电能质量规定指标为目标函数,下层优化策略以电压谐波总畸变率和电压偏差最小为目标函数,并采用自适应蚁群算法进行求解。基于IEEE 33节点系统进行算例分析,结果表明:基于逆变器不同出力状态的优化方法可以有效改善电网的电能质量,较好地提升电网运行的经济性;在系统稳定运行的基础上,光伏多功能并网逆变器在不同出力状态下分阶段、分主次地治理谐波和调整电压偏差,治理效果更佳。

基于PVsyst的光伏设计及阴影仿真

为了降低光伏电站的初始投资,以常州科教城为例,根据当地的气象、环境等因素,设计了一套并网光伏发电系统,对光伏组件倾角选择、组件串并联、逆变器选型、方阵最小间距等进行了优化设计。在组件布置过程中,对阴影遮挡现象进行了分析,运用PVsyst软件对设计方案进行模拟仿真。通过仿真结果提出了电站设计的可行性建议,对光伏电站的降本增效具有指导意义。

计及光伏波动性的主动配电网双层有功无功协调优化

针对含有高比例分布式电源的配电网在源荷不确定性和协调多种无功补偿设备等方面存在的问题,提出一种主动配电网双层有功无功协调优化策略。该策略首先针对离散型出力的有载调压变压器和电容器组,以网损和电压偏差为目标,建立上层优化模型;其次,下层优化模型通过储能出力平抑光伏的有功波动,同时通过调整静止无功补偿装置、光伏逆变器弥补光伏并网点的无功缺额,以配电网的有功波动和光伏并网点的电压偏差为目标,并采用改进的多目标粒子群优化算法求解该模型;最后,通过IEEE 33节点算例验证所提策略的有效性。该优化策略不仅提高了有功与无功的协调性,且实时性强,不依赖精准的设备控制,使配电网的经济性和可靠性得到提升。

基于RBF神经网络的光伏并网系统自适应等效建模方法

针对广义负荷建模中的光伏并网系统模型难以适应不同逆变器控制和频率扰动的动态响应问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数(radialbasisfunction,RBF)神经网络的光伏并网系统自适应等效建模方法。首先,建立了光伏并网逆变器不同控制策略响应波形的检测判据。然后,构建了以电压-频率扰动为输入,有功功率和无功功率为输出的光伏并网系统RBF神经网络模型。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了光伏并网系统模型,并将其接入IEEE14节点配电网进行仿真验证。结果表明,构建的光伏并网自适应等效模型能够有效辨识电压频率给定控制、有功无功给定控制、下垂控制策略类型,能够准确反映光伏并网系统在不同电压、频率扰动下的有功功率、无功功率的动态响应特性。

基于分数阶滑模控制的光伏并网模型预测直接功率控制

针对外界扰动情况下的光伏并网模型预测直接功率控制(model predictive direct power control,MPDPC)系统中存在系统抖振、功率跟踪速度慢、并网电流总谐波失真率较高等问题,提出一种改进分数阶滑模电压控制器,该策略在直流侧母线电压外环采用了分数阶微积分理论.首先,构造分数阶非奇异快速终端滑模面函数,削弱系统抖振,提高系统动态性能;然后,构造分数阶双幂次指数趋近律,引入加权积分型增益和饱和函数,有效避免系统在非滑动模态阶段时切换增益的增大,提高系统控制精度;最后,设计新型分数阶电压环控制器并运用于光伏并网系统中.研究结果表明,改进后的分数阶滑模电压控制器能够满足光伏并网MPDPC系统的各项基本需求,抑制系统抖振,提高功率跟踪性能,降低并网电流总谐波失真率,有效解决可再生能源和公共电网电能转化的关键难题,对光伏并网系统高性能控制的理论研究具有重要意义.

基于CSA-INC算法的光伏发电MPPT仿真研究

为提高最大功率点追踪的速度与准确性,并减小光伏阵列在局部阴影时光伏发电系统输出功率的损失与谐波含量,提出基于布谷鸟算法(CSA:Cuckoo Search Algorithm)和电导增量法(INC:Incremental Conductivity method)相结合的控制方法。在算法前期利用布谷鸟算法进行全局搜索,避免算法陷入局部最优解。后期利用电导增量法进行局部范围内细致搜索,锁定最大功率点。并且将此算法应用于并网控制,验证是否满足并网谐波含量要求。在Matlab/Simuink中建立了仿真模型,结果表明基于布谷鸟与电导增量法相结合的复合算法追踪速度更快,误差更小,满足并网谐波含量要求。

基于虚拟阻抗的光伏高电压穿越控制策略

提出了一种增加功率解耦环节的高电压穿越(HVRT)控制策略,对传统双环控制进行改进。通过对电网电压抬升幅度进行检测,超出阈值时对控制策略进行切换使逆变器吸收电网无功。基于光伏并网逆变器数学模型,分析线路阻抗对功率耦合性的影响,采用虚拟阻抗解耦技术实现对有功和无功的分别控制,进而减小控制策略切换时因输出功率耦合造成的功率波动问题。通过实验对比分析采用所提控制策略和传统控制下高电压穿越过程中直流母线电压和有功、无功功率的变化情况,实验表明虚拟阻抗控制策略可以减小功率波动,有效提高高电压穿越控制策略性能。

NFTSM控制的光伏并网系统低压穿越控制策略

针对现有PI与ISMC控制下光伏并网系统LVRT过程响应速度慢、不对称故障时控制效果较差或抖振效果明显等问题,提出一种NFTSM控制的LVRT控制策略。考虑光伏并网系统外部条件多变的特性,采用双指数滑模超平面与控制率,选取指数趋近律加速趋近速率,构造出具有调节有功、无功输出的非奇异快速滑模控制器,并验证其稳定与收敛性,简单且有效地实现了光伏并网LVRT。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果表明,NFTSM控制的光伏并网LVRT具有收敛速度快、谐波含量低、抗外界干扰与抖振抑制能力强等优点。

基于盲源分离和机器学习的光伏并网逆变器故障诊断

针对光伏并网逆变器单个开关管发生开路故障不易察觉的问题,提出了一种基于盲源分离和机器学习的诊断方法。首先,采用FastICA算法实现单个开关管开路故障的判定;其次,提取旋转电流在时域和频域下的特征值;最后,以旋转电流特征值为输入、逆变器工作状态编码为输出进行机器学习模型训练,并对模型进行交叉验证。仿真实验结果表明,该方法的开路故障诊断准确率较高。

光伏并网稳定控制系统设计方法及其在南方电网的应用与实践

随着新型电力系统的建设,电网的“双高”将显著影响电力系统的运行与稳定特性。因此提出了一种光伏并网稳控系统的标准化设计方案,包括组网通信架构、软硬件功能配置、出口方式设计和协调配合方法等,解决了目前光伏稳控出口仅能在“全站整切”或“全站整调”中人为二选一的局限性。该方案已成功应用于南方电网首个水光互补项目,RTDS仿真试验结果表明,所设计的稳控系统实现了功率快速精细化调节,通信延时短,通信组网可靠性高,能够适应实际电网的各种稳定性需求。