Novel method for extraction of ship target with overlaps in SAR image via EM algorithm

The quality of synthetic aperture radar(SAR)image degrades in the case of multiple imaging projection planes(IPPs)and multiple overlapping ship targets,and then the performance of target classification and recognition can be influenced.For addressing this issue,a method for extracting ship targets with overlaps via the expectation maximization(EM)algorithm is pro-posed.First,the scatterers of ship targets are obtained via the target detection technique.Then,the EM algorithm is applied to extract the scatterers of a single ship target with a single IPP.Afterwards,a novel image amplitude estimation approach is pro-posed,with which the radar image of a single target with a sin-gle IPP can be generated.The proposed method can accom-plish IPP selection and targets separation in the image domain,which can improve the image quality and reserve the target information most possibly.Results of simulated and real mea-sured data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Fine-Grained Classification of Remote Sensing Ship Images Based on Improved VAN

The remote sensing ships’fine-grained classification technology makes it possible to identify certain ship types in remote sensing images,and it has broad application prospects in civil and military fields.However,the current model does not examine the properties of ship targets in remote sensing images with mixed multi-granularity features and a complicated backdrop.There is still an opportunity for future enhancement of the classification impact.To solve the challenges brought by the above characteristics,this paper proposes a Metaformer and Residual fusion network based on Visual Attention Network(VAN-MR)for fine-grained classification tasks.For the complex background of remote sensing images,the VAN-MR model adopts the parallel structure of large kernel attention and spatial attention to enhance the model’s feature extraction ability of interest targets and improve the classification performance of remote sensing ship targets.For the problem of multi-grained feature mixing in remote sensing images,the VAN-MR model uses a Metaformer structure and a parallel network of residual modules to extract ship features.The parallel network has different depths,considering both high-level and lowlevel semantic information.The model achieves better classification performance in remote sensing ship images with multi-granularity mixing.Finally,the model achieves 88.73%and 94.56%accuracy on the public fine-grained ship collection-23(FGSC-23)and FGSCR-42 datasets,respectively,while the parameter size is only 53.47 M,the floating point operations is 9.9 G.The experimental results show that the classification effect of VAN-MR is superior to that of traditional CNNs model and visual model with Transformer structure under the same parameter quantity.

Lira-YOLO: a lightweight model for ship detection in radar images

For the detection of marine ship objects in radar images, large-scale networks based on deep learning are difficult to be deployed on existing radar-equipped devices. This paper proposes a lightweight convolutional neural network, LiraNet, which combines the idea of dense connections, residual connections and group convolution, including stem blocks and extractor modules.The designed stem block uses a series of small convolutions to extract the input image features, and the extractor network adopts the designed two-way dense connection module, which further reduces the network operation complexity. Mounting LiraNet on the object detection framework Darknet, this paper proposes Lira-you only look once(Lira-YOLO), a lightweight model for ship detection in radar images, which can easily be deployed on the mobile devices. Lira-YOLO's prediction module uses a two-layer YOLO prediction layer and adds a residual module for better feature delivery. At the same time, in order to fully verify the performance of the model, mini-RD, a lightweight distance Doppler domain radar images dataset, is constructed. Experiments show that the network complexity of Lira-YOLO is low, being only 2.980 Bflops, and the parameter quantity is smaller, which is only 4.3 MB. The mean average precision(mAP) indicators on the mini-RD and SAR ship detection dataset(SSDD) reach 83.21% and 85.46%, respectively,which is comparable to the tiny-YOLOv3. Lira-YOLO has achieved a good detection accuracy with less memory and computational cost.

Two-Staged Method for Ice Channel Identification Based on Image Segmentation and Corner Point Regression

Identification of the ice channel is the basic technology for developing intelligent ships in ice-covered waters,which is important to ensure the safety and economy of navigation.In the Arctic,merchant ships with low ice class often navigate in channels opened up by icebreakers.Navigation in the ice channel often depends on good maneuverability skills and abundant experience from the captain to a large extent.The ship may get stuck if steered into ice fields off the channel.Under this circumstance,it is very important to study how to identify the boundary lines of ice channels with a reliable method.In this paper,a two-staged ice channel identification method is developed based on image segmentation and corner point regression.The first stage employs the image segmentation method to extract channel regions.In the second stage,an intelligent corner regression network is proposed to extract the channel boundary lines from the channel region.A non-intelligent angle-based filtering and clustering method is proposed and compared with corner point regression network.The training and evaluation of the segmentation method and corner regression network are carried out on the synthetic and real ice channel dataset.The evaluation results show that the accuracy of the method using the corner point regression network in the second stage is achieved as high as 73.33%on the synthetic ice channel dataset and 70.66%on the real ice channel dataset,and the processing speed can reach up to 14.58frames per second.

Novel and Comprehensive Approach for the Feature Extraction and Recognition Method Based on ISAR Images of Ship Target

This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive method of automatic target recognition based on real ISAR images with the aim to recognize the non-cooperative ship targets. The special characteristics of the ISAR images for the real data compared with the simulated ISAR images are analyzed firstly. Then,the novel technique for the target recognition is proposed,and it consists of three steps,including the preprocessing,feature extraction and classification. Some segmentation and morphological methods are used in the preprocessing to obtain the clear target images. Then,six different features for the ISAR images are extracted.By estimating the features' conditional probability, the effectiveness and robustness of these features are demonstrated. Finally,Fisher's linear classifier is applied in the classification step. The results for the allfeature space are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Construction of Ship Target Image Library Based on 3DS MAX and AP Algorithm

To achieve accurate classification and recognition of ship target types,it is necessary to establish a sample library of ship targets to be identified.On the basis of exploring the principles of building a ship target image library,the paper determines the sample set.Using 3DS MAX software as the platform,combined with the accurate 3D model of the ship in an offline state,the software fully utilizes its own rendering and animation functions to achieve the automatic generation of multi-view and multi-scale views of ship targets.To reduce the storage capacity of the image database,a construction method of the ship target image database based on the AP algorithm is presented.The algorithm can obtain the optimal cluster number,reduce the data storage capacity of the image database,and save the calculation amount for the subsequent matching calculation.

A NOVEL SHIP WAKE DETECTION METHOD OF SAR IMAGES BASED ON FREQUENCY DOMAIN

Moving ships produce a set of waves of "V' pattern on the ocean. These waves can often be seen by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). The detection of these wakes can provide important information for surveillance of shipping, such as ship traveling direction and speed. A novel approach to the detection of ship wakes in SAR images based on frequency domain is provided in this letter. Compared with traditional Radon-based approaches, computation is reduced by 20%-40% without losing nearly any of detection performance. The testing results using real data and simulation of synthetic SAR images test the algorithm's feasibility and robustness.

Large-scale conditions of Tibet Plateau vortex departure

Based on the circumfluence situation of the out- and in-Tibet Plateau Vortex (TPV) from 1998–2004 and its weather-influencing system,multiple synthesized physical fields in the middle–upper troposphere of the out- and in-TPV are computationally analyzed by using re-analysis data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) of United States.Our research shows that the departure of TPV is caused by the mutual effects among the weather systems in Westerlies and in the subtropical area,within the middle and the upper troposphere.This paper describes the large-scale meteorological condition and the physics image of the departure of TPV,and the main differences among the large-scale conditions for all types of TPVs.This study could be used as the scientific basis for predicting the torrential rain and the floods caused by the TPV departure.

DETECTION OF SHIP WAKES IN SAR IMAGE USING ROTATED WINDOW RADON TRANSFORM

A novel method of rotated window Radon transform is developed for identifying the linear texture in SAR image.It is applied to automatic detection of the ship wakes of SEASAT SAR image.The location and direction of the traveling ship can be quickly and accurately detectec,In some cases, the ship velocity can also be obtained.

Optimal ship imaging for shore-based ISAR using DCF estimation

The optimal imaging time selection of ship targets for shore-based inverse synthetic aperture radar （ISAR） in high sea conditions is investigated. The optimal imaging time includes opti- mal imaging instants and optimal imaging duration. A novel method for optimal imaging instants selection based on the estimation of the Doppler centroid frequencies （DCFs） of a series of images obtained over continuous short durations is proposed. Combined with the optimal imaging duration selection scheme using the image contrast maximization criteria, this method can provide the ship images with the highest focus. Simulated and real data pro- cessing results verify the effectiveness of the proposed imaging method.

Fine-grained Ship Image Recognition Based on BCNN with Inception and AM-Softmax

The fine-grained ship image recognition task aims to identify various classes of ships.However,small inter-class,large intra-class differences between ships,and lacking of training samples are the reasons that make the task difficult.Therefore,to enhance the accuracy of the fine-grained ship image recognition,we design a fine-grained ship image recognition network based on bilinear convolutional neural network(BCNN)with Inception and additive margin Softmax(AM-Softmax).This network improves the BCNN in two aspects.Firstly,by introducing Inception branches to the BCNN network,it is helpful to enhance the ability of extracting comprehensive features from ships.Secondly,by adding margin values to the decision boundary,the AM-Softmax function can better extend the inter-class differences and reduce the intra-class differences.In addition,as there are few publicly available datasets for fine-grained ship image recognition,we construct a Ship-43 dataset containing 47,300 ship images belonging to 43 categories.Experimental results on the constructed Ship-43 dataset demonstrate that our method can effectively improve the accuracy of ship image recognition,which is 4.08%higher than the BCNN model.Moreover,comparison results on the other three public fine-grained datasets(Cub,Cars,and Aircraft)further validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Novel SAR Image Ship Small Targets Detection Method

To satisfy practical requirements of high real-time accuracy and low computational complexity of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image ship small target detection, this paper proposes a small ship target detection method based on the improved You Only Look Once Version 3 (YOLOv3). The main contributions of this study are threefold. First, the feature extraction network of the original YOLOV3 algorithm is replaced with the VGG16 network convolution layer. Second, general convolution is transformed into depthwise separable convolution, thereby reducing the computational cost of the algorithm. Third, a residual network structure is introduced into the feature extraction network to reuse the shallow target feature information, which enhances the detailed features of the target and ensures the improvement in accuracy of small target detection performance. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, many experiments are conducted on public SAR image datasets. For ship targets with complex backgrounds and small ship targets in the SAR image, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified. Results show that the accuracy and recall rate improved by 5.31% and 2.77%, respectively, compared with the original YOLOV3. Furthermore, the proposed model not only significantly reduces the computational effort, but also improves the detection accuracy of ship small target.

基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测

舰船雷达图像信息的维度较高,导致弱小目标的关键特征难以被精准提取,降低了弱小目标检测的可靠性,因此提出一种基于模糊神经网络的舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测方法。该方法对舰船雷达图像进行背景校正,利用图像灰度值加性模型从图像中提取弱小目标。最后将提取的弱小目标输入到模糊神经网络中,输出的结果即为舰船雷达图像弱小目标检测结果。通过实验证明,在不同高斯噪声环境中,该方法能够准确地检测出雷达图像中的弱小目标,并具有较快的检测速度。

多域特征引导的无监督SAR图像舰船检测方法

如何在合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像标注样本有限的条件下,提升舰船检测性能一直是SAR图像处理中的热点问题。本文提出一种多域特征引导的无监督域适应方法,将知识从有标注的源域(光学图像)转移到未标注的目标域(SAR图像),降低对标记SAR图像数据依赖。同时,设计了频域转换模块、注意力区域增强模块和自适应权重模块来缩小光学、SAR图像域之间的域差距,提高源域与目标域特征对齐效率,增强网络在挑战性样本下的特征迁移能力。在公开发布的数据集上进行了大量实验。结果表明:所提的模块较基础模型AP50提升10%,总体性能优于其他先进的方法。

基于长短路融合及数据平衡的SAR船舶检测算法

针对SAR图像检测船舶任务中的目标小、近岸样本目标检测困难等问题,文章提出一种名为长短路特征融合网络(Long and Short path Feature Fusion Network,LSFF-Net)的船舶检测网络。该网络通过长短路特征融合模块有效协调了大目标与小目标检测,避免小目标特征信息的丢失。网络中应用结构重参数化结构提高了模块学习能力。为了满足多尺度目标检测,加入特征金字塔网络,融合多尺度特征。为了应对近岸样本目标检测,设计数据重分配算法,提高了对近岸样本目标的检测精度。实验结果表明:在公开数据集检测时,算法的平均精度(Average Precision,AP)达到97.50%,优于主流目标检测算法。该方法为提高SAR图像中小目标和近岸样本目标检测精度提供了新的实现方案。

改进FCOS的SAR图像舰船检测算法

针对SAR图像中舰船检测的目标尺度变化大及背景复杂等影响因素,提出一种基于FCOS的一阶段舰船目标检测算法。采用基于拆分注意力和分组卷积的ResNeSt网络作为主干网络进行提取特征,同时在特征金字塔基础上增加聚合路径和注意力机制,提升特征融合能力,实现对网络结构的优化。结果表明,改进方法相对于基线网络平均精度提升了2.15%,精准率提升了2.4%,召回率提升了3.59%。该研究在处理SAR图像中舰船检测任务时具有较好的性能。

《古船》三重人格结构分析

精神分析学派创始人弗洛伊德提出三重人格结构学说,即享乐原则的“本我”、现实原则的“自我”以及求善原则的“超我”。以心理批评的视角切入《古船》,可以看到众多意蕴丰富的圆形人物。隋不召率真随性,常展现“本我”的一面;隋见素追求利益,遵循“自我”的现实规范;隋抱朴抑制欲望,是“超我”的道德模范。隋氏家族三位主要人物的人格结构在故事进程中发生着动态的变化,本我、自我、超我三者相互作用,使得人物形象充满艺术的张力。同时,作家张炜的性格气质在作品人物身上也有所体现。

基于图像增强和YOLO的船舶火灾检测方法

为提高船舶火灾检测的响应速度,针对海洋环境下船舶火灾的特点,提出一种基于图像增强算法和YOLO算法的海上船舶火灾检测方法。构建一套面向海上船舶火灾的数据集,对数据集图像进行增强处理,以突出火焰细节。对网络的头部结构进行改进,只保留其中的特征金字塔网络(feature pyramid network,FPN)结构,在保证模型精度的前提下减少模型参数,加快计算速度。通过实验进行验证,结果表明所提出方法的检测精确度达到97.2%,平均检测时间缩短至6.9 ms。与改进前的YOLOv5s相比,其检测精度提高了,检测速度提升了22.5%。所提出方法能对火焰进行实时监测,识别准确度高,检测速度快,能提供一种在海洋环境下有效的船舶火灾检测及救援技术方案。

基于全景视觉的无人船水面障碍物检测方法

无人船航行时水面障碍物检测因视角不足,导致漏检或误检,同时为满足无人船安全正常作业的需求,提出基于全景视觉的无人船水面障碍物目标检测方法。与传统的单目和双目视觉相比,全景视觉具有水平方向大视场监控的优点。基于多目全景视觉系统获得待拼接图像,在加速稳健特征(SURF)算法的基础上进行图像配准,引入k维树来构建数据索引,实现搜索空间级分类并进行快速匹配。通过M估计样本一致算法对匹配点进行优化,剔除误匹配点。对于图像融合中重叠区域出现的拼接缝隙或重影问题,设计一种基于圆弧函数的加权融合算法。提出改进的水面障碍物目标检测模型DS-YOLOv5s,将拼接好的全景图像作为训练好的模型作为输入,从而检测目标障碍物。实验结果表明,改进后的SURF算法与SURF算法相比特征点的匹配正确率提高11.47个百分点,在匹配时间上比SURF、RANSAC算法缩短5.83 s,DS-YOLOv5s模型的mAP@0.5达到95.7%,检测速度为51帧/s,符合实时目标检测标准。

基于CAM-YOLOX的大场景SAR图像近岸场景舰船目标检测

针对大场景SAR图像近岸场景舰船目标检测中遇到的陆地目标虚警和岸边目标漏检等问题,基于YOLOX设计了一种轻量化的改进模型CAM-YOLOX。首先,在骨干部分嵌入CAM,增强舰船特征提取以保持较高的检测性能;其次,在特征金字塔网络结构中增加一个浅层分支,以增强对小目标特征的提取能力;最后,在特征融合网络中用Shuffle unit替换CSPLayer中的CBS和堆叠的Bottleneck结构,实现了模型压缩。在LS-SSDD-v1.0遥感数据集上进行实验,实验结果表明,本文改进算法相较于原始算法在近岸场景舰船检测的精确率P提高了5.51%,召回率R提高了3.68%,模型参数量减小了16.33%。本文算法能在不增加模型参数量的情况下,有效抑制近岸场景中陆地上的虚警和减少岸边舰船漏检率。