Integrated optical switch matrices for packet data networks

Integrated circuit technologies are enabling intelligent,chip-based,optical packet switch matrices.Rapid real-time reconfigurability at the photonic layer using integrated circuit technologies is expected to enable cost-effective,energy-efficient,and transparent data communications.InP integrated photonic circuits offer high-performance amplifiers,switches,modulators,detectors,and de/multiplexers in the same wafer-scale processes.The complexity of these circuits has been transformed as the process technologies have matured,enabling component counts to increase to many hundreds per chip.Active–passive monolithic integration has enabled switching matrices with up to 480 components,connecting 16 inputs to 16 outputs.Integrated switching matrices route data streams of hundreds of gigabits per second.Multi-path and packet time-scale switching have been demonstrated in the laboratory to route between multiple fibre connections.Wavelength-granularity routing and monitoring is realised inside the chip.In this paper,we review the current status in InP integrated photonics for optical switch matrices,paying particular attention to the additional on-chip functions that become feasible with active component integration.We highlight the opportunities for introducing intelligence at the physical layer and explore the requirements and opportunities for cost-effective,scalable switching.

Recent progress of scalable perovskite solar cells and modules

The rapid development of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)over the past decade makes it the most promising next generation photovoltaic technology.Splendid progress in efficiency and stability has been demonstrated in laboratory level,while endeavours are extremely required to enable successful transfer of the printable PSC technology to industry scale toward commercialization.In this work,recent progresses on upscaling of PSCs are systematically reviewed.Starting with the traditional PSC structure,we have analyzed the specially designed configuration for perovskite solar modules(PSMs).The comprehensive overview and assessment are provided for the technologies engineering in large-scale preparation,including both solution processing and vapor-phase deposition methods.Considering the promoting effect of material engineering to scale up PSMs,the application of additive engineering,solvent engineering and interface engineering on the stability and efficiency of PSMs is systematacially discussed.Moreover,the effect of current packaging technology of PSMs on device lifetime and environmental friendliness is emphasized.At last,we propose the prospects and challenges of PSMs commercialization in the future to meet the requirements for next generation photovoltaic industry.