Construction of Risk Assessment Application Model of Epidemic Disease in Large-scale Pig Farms

The application model of epidemic disease assessment technology for Web-based large-scale pig farm was expounded from the identification of epidemic disease risk factors, construction of risk assessment model and development of risk assessment system. The assessed pig farm uploaded the epidemic disease risk data information through on-line answering evaluating questionnaire to get the immediate evaluation report. The model could enhance the risk communication between pig farm veterinarian, manager and veterinary experts to help farm system understand and find disease risk factors, assess and report the potential high risk items of the pig farm in the three systems of engineering epidemic disease prevention technology, biological safety and immune monitoring, and promote the improvement and perfection of epidemic disease prevention and control measures.

Construction and Environmental Protection of Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Farms

Large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry is the main way of modern animal husbandry development.This breeding method is widely used by the majority of owners because of its easy technical promotion,low breeding cost and good economic benefits.But with the development of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding,the pollution and damage to the environment caused by fecal pollution from large-scale livestock and poultry breeding has been criticized by many environmentalists.In this paper,through visit and investigation of large-scale livestock and poultry farms,the methods and measures of environmental protection in the construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms are proposed.

Case Study:Productive Performance and Prediction of Operating Income of Small-Scale Contract Farming of Swine in Lampang,Thailand

The objective of this study was to examine productive performance and predict factors affecting operating income of small-scale contract farming of swine(SCFS)in Lampang,Thailand.Ten SCFSs were selected by purposive sampling as primary data sources for two consecutive fattening cycles during the year 2015-2017.Data indicated that the SCFS was feeder pig finishing system which herd size(HS)averaged 502 head/farm.The animals consumed approximate 1.59 kg of feed/head/d.The average daily gain(ADG)was 675.22 g/d and feed conversion ratio(FCR)was 2.42.The mean of fattening time(FT)averaged 158 d/cycle.The culling rate(CR)and mortality rate(MR)were 0.17%and 2.50%,respectively.The predicted operating income(POI)was estimated by multiple linear regressions.The equation was:POI=2,700.912+0.027HS–7.119CR–18.225MR+16.885ABW+806.466FI–4.142ADG–420.281FCR–9.719FT(ABW=average body weight;FI=feed intake)with r=0.899,r2=0.808,p-value=0.009.According to stepwise procedure,the potential equation was:POI=323.664FI–9.769MR–22.635 with r=0.837,r2=0.701,p-value=0.000.This predicted equation would benefit as a monitoring index for SCFS to manage their expected operating income and proper farm management to be further profitable and sustainable.

Diagnosis of Mixed Infection of CSFV, PRV and E.coli in a Modern Pig Farm of Guizhou Province

In order to understand the incidence reasons in a scaled pig farm of Guizhou Province, the infected pigs were diagnosed with epidemiological investigation, clinical observation, pathological diagnosis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, PCR/RT-PCR and bacterial isolation and identification. The results showed that the pigs were infected mixedly with classical swine fever virus （CSFV）, pseudorabies virus （PRV） and E. coli. Therefore, some measures should be adopted to control the incidence of CSF, PR and colibacillosis in the pig farm.

新疆某规模化猪场3种病毒病抗体监测分析与免疫程序优化

该试验旨在了解当前新疆巴州某规模化猪场猪瘟(CSF)、猪蓝耳病(PRRS)和伪狂犬(PR)疫苗的免疫水平,收集当地某规模化生猪养殖场的467个血清样品,采用ELISA抗体检测试剂盒检测血清中猪瘟、猪蓝耳病和猪伪狂犬病毒的抗体水平。结果显示,该地区的猪瘟、猪蓝耳病和猪伪狂犬病毒平均血清抗体阳性率分别为93.68%、77.22%和92.65%,均超过我国强制性疫苗免疫抗体阳性率标准70%。该地区猪群免疫手段还有很大的进步空间,本研究结合该地区实际情况对免疫程序进行了相应的调整优化。

湖北省南漳县中小规模猪场非洲猪瘟防控联合体探索实践

非洲猪瘟(ASF)对养猪业构成了严重威胁,是全球范围内养猪业面临的主要问题。为有效防控ASF,以湖北省南漳县ASF防控联合体建设为例,探索中小规模猪场的ASF防控新模式。该模式遵循“政府引导、业主自建、行业监管、专家指导”的防控联合体建设原则,以及加强监测预警、强化防控措施、创建合作机制的防控总体规划,利用地理优势和天然屏障,规划出疫病连片防控区,由政府引导中小规模生猪养殖场户组建ASF防控联合体。由政府出资在县界高速、国道、省道等入口处,建设畜禽车辆一级洗消中心,再由联合体成员共同出资在防控区内建设二级洗消中心。防控联合体内,统一防控策略,统一原料及生猪采购,统一防控管理,统一技术指导。防控联合体建设使南漳县ASF防控水平得到了提升,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。该防控联合体模式具有较好的应用推广前景,为中小规模猪场ASF防控和拓宽ASF无疫小区建设提供了新的工作思路。

贵州省施秉县某种猪场猪瘟净化的综合措施及效果评估

为探索丘陵山区复杂条件下猪瘟的净化及维持净化的综合措施,研究以贵州省施秉县某种猪场为例,通过实施严格的生物安全措施、规范化免疫、粪污无害化处理进行猪瘟净化,并从免疫效果、粪污综合处理效果和母猪生产指标的变化三个方面对猪瘟净化实施效果进行评估。结果表明:净化期间,猪群免疫抗体合格率在93.14%~97.71%之间,达到国家对种猪免疫抗体合格率规定标准;仔猪免疫抗体合格率在75.00%~88.06%之间;各猪群猪瘟免疫抗体合格率均呈平稳上升趋势。病原检测种猪血液、猪场内环境拭子、周围野生动物皮毛拭子等样本均为猪瘟阴性;该种猪场共处理固体粪便4595 t,液体粪污239082 t,消纳液体使用土地面积总计3736亩(1亩≈667 m~2);经产母猪受胎率、分娩率、窝均活仔数、校正21 d头均断奶重有所升高,而断奶前死亡率明显下降。说明通过实施严格的生物安全措施、规范化免疫、粪污无害化处理可以实现种猪场猪瘟的净化。

一例规模化猪场流行性腹泻病的诊断与防控风险分析

2022年2月4日,广西壮族自治区某规模化猪场妊娠母猪陆续出现水样腹泻、不吃或少吃料的临床症状,2022年2月6日,产房仔猪出现呕吐、水样腹泻,怕冷扎堆,脱水严重,且传播速度快。通过试剂盒快速检测和实验室检测,诊断为猪流行性腹泻病。针对检测结果对猪群进行紧急疫苗接种和药物治疗,并对此次疫情的发生和发展过程进行防控风险点分析,发现养猪场在生物安全方面存在较大的风险点,通过整改并采取严格的生物安全管理措施后,母猪群发病情况得到缓解,仔猪腹泻窝数下降,猪群趋于稳定,生产成绩逐步恢复。通过对此次案例的分析探讨,为规模化猪场对猪流行性腹泻病的发现和防控提供临床经验,同时增强对流行性腹泻病的风险预警意识,健全规模化猪场对流行性腹泻病的风险预警机制。

电化学膜生物反应器处理猪场污水运行效果

针对目前膜生物反应器(Membrane bioreactor,MBR)处理污水时存在严重的膜污染问题,结合微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)处理污水时可产生电能的特点,本研究耦合MBR与MFC,构建新型电化学膜生物反应器(Electrochemistry membrane bioreactor,EMBR),探讨EMBR处理猪场污水的可行性,并对比评价闭路和开路连接方式的运行效果。结果表明,闭路EMBR可连续稳定运行。产电性能方面,最大功率密度、内阻和库仑效率分别为62.7 mW·m^(-2)、229.1Ω和15.5%;污染物去除方面,闭路EMBR对化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的去除率分别为90.4%±0.5%、76.6%±1.8%、62.6%±1.6%和70.5%±3.4%,其中TN的去除率较开路EMBR系统显著提升了3.8%;膜污染减缓方面,闭路EMBR在其自身所产电场作用下可有效减缓膜污染,膜清洗周期较开路EMBR延长了30%。EMBR作为一种新兴污水处理技术,在高效去除猪场污水中污染物的同时可产生电能,并可利用自身所产电能原位减缓膜污染速率。

What are the Determinants of Large-scale Farming in China？

The Chinese Government has increased its focus on expanding farm scale to promote agricultural development since 2010. A series of favorable polices has been adopted to support large-scale farming. Using a multivariate probit model and 2015 and 2016 rural household survey data, the present paper examines the factors that influence small farmers＂ decision to become large-scale farmers. The empirical regression results suggest that the decision to become a large-scale farmer is significantly influenced by household human capital cooperative membership, marketing channels, land-transfer contracts and government policies. However, the influence of these factors differs with respect to becoming large-scale grain and non-grain farmers. These results imply that policy tools should target these factors and the appropriate group of small-scale farmers. Generally, both central and local governments should promote large-scale farming by enhancing rural households＇ human capital improving marketing channels and providing agricultural social services, as well as encouraging returning migrant workers to engage in large-scale farming,

LARGE-SCALE FARMING BENEFITS SOIL ACIDIFICATION ALLEVIATION THROUGH IMPROVED FIELD MANAGEMENT IN BANANA PLANTATIONS

Large-scale farming by agricultural land transfers has been increasingly promoted in recent years,but the possible impacts on crop production,especially cash crops,and soil acidification remain unclear.This study obtained data for 110 banana plantations in Long’an County,China,and categorized them into small(<0.67 ha),medium(0.67−6.7 ha),and large(>6.7 ha)to determine banana cultivation,nutrient management,and soil acidification rates on farms of the three sizes.Banana yield per unit area significantly increased with increased farm size,and large farms had the highest average yield(48.9 t·ha^(−1))with the least variation.Despite a significant increase in organic fertilizer and base cation inputs,nitrogen(N)surplus did not differ significantly with increasing farm size.With large farms,actual soil acidification rate was significantly lower by 19.1 to 24.0 keq·ha^(−1)·yr^(−1);however,potential soil acidification rate increased with increased overuse of phosphorus.Overall,larger banana plantations used fewer mineral N fertilizers reducing the rate of soil acidification and increasing the H+buffering provided by organic fertilizers.It is concluded that larger farms deliver the dual benefits of higher,less variable banana yield and mitigation of soil acidification by substituting organic N for mineral N fertilizers,supporting sustainable soil management and food production.

Multidrug resistance problems targeting piglets and environmental health by Escherichia coli in intensive swine farms

Multidrug resistance(MDR)problems become critical concerns in animal production through food chains and the environment.Thus,the cross-sectional study of E.coli in swine feces,drinking water,and wastewater collected on four medium and four large swine farms in Thailand was studied.The orders of antibiotics used were AMX-COL-GM-TIL and AMX-COL-GM-CER on medium-sized and large swine farms,respectively.Hemolytic E.coli(HEC)was more frequently isolated from all samples than Non-hemolytic E.coli(NHEC).The medium-sized farms were resistant to AMP,AMX,TE,and C,while large farms were resistant to AMP,AMX,TE,and PIP.Only two sensitive antibiotics,namely AK and TE,were available on both farms,whereas,banned NT was still detected in the sludge.The MDR of E.coli isolates was 95.7%and 87.7%on medium-sized and large swine farms,while the highest resistance found was 15 drugs used for NHEC on medium-sized swine farms.The PFGE molecular typing revealed the largest cluster containing five isolations,correlated with drinking water,sow,and fattening isolates;however,the phenotypic and genotypic were not in a similar pattern.The most seriously MDR related to HEC was found in the piglets,effluent,and sludge.Thus,the AMR and MDR of E.coli existence in medium-sized and large swine farms in this study.MDR of E.coli was substantially found in the environmental,including effluent and sludge.Therefore,it inevitably operates the long-term monitoring of AMR,especially targeted piglets and its environment as the main focus of critical antibiotics use in swine farms.

养猪场烟雾消毒机消毒效果评价

非洲猪瘟病毒进入我国以来,对生猪养殖业造成了巨大的冲击,也推动了养猪企业对生物安全防控的强化升级。消毒作为生物安全防控的核心工作,受到极大重视,市场上出现了很多新的消毒技术和设备。为了验证烟熏消毒机在养殖场的实际效果,本研究使用烟雾消毒机配套戊二醛消毒剂,对非洲猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病病毒、蓝耳病病毒污染的环境进行处理。试验分别选择PAMs、Vero和Marc-145细胞,通过红细胞吸附试验和直接观察法,评判烟熏消毒对非洲猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病毒、蓝耳病病毒的灭活效果。同时通过对金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和圈舍自然条件进行烟熏处理,评判其灭菌效率。结果显示,使用烟雾机雾化戊二醛,可以有效的对非洲猪瘟病毒、伪狂犬病毒、蓝耳病病毒进行灭活;同时对于金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌有良好的灭菌作用,对圈舍密闭处理1 h、3 h、6 h,可达到96.43%、95.78%、91.23%的灭菌效率。这为使用烟熏消毒机配套戊二醛在猪场的消毒防控提供了理论依据。

2023年湖南省郴州市生猪养殖标准化示范场主要疫病抗体检测与分析

为了解湖南省郴州市生猪养殖标准化示范场猪群的血清学抗体水平,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对该市17个生猪养殖标准化示范场的431份猪血清样品进行了O型口蹄疫(FMD-O)、A型口蹄疫(FMD-A)、猪瘟(CSF)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(PRRS)、猪伪狂犬病(PR)等4种病种(6个指标)抗体检测,并使用R(V4.3.1)软件对地区分布、猪群规模、生长阶段等口蹄疫(FMD)免疫水平影响因素进行了卡方检验。结果显示:CSF、PRRS、FMD-A、FMD-O、PR-gB、PR-gE的抗体阳性率分别为86.54%、65.89%、79.81%、85.85%、85.38%、1.62%;郴州市西部猪场FMD免疫效果最好,北部最差,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),不同养殖规模猪群间抗体阳性率没有统计学意义(P>0.05),不同生长阶段猪群间具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中育肥猪最高。结果表明:2023年郴州市生猪养殖标准化示范场主要疫病免疫抗体水平较高,但部分地区猪场抗体个体阳性率偏低,且猪群中存在PR野毒感染,存在发病风险;地区分布和生长阶段是影响FMD免疫效果的重要因素。结果提示,应定期评估并调整相应的免疫或补免措施,做好动物疫病防控,确保猪群生产安全。

规模化猪场非洲猪瘟的防控措施

2018年8月3日,我国发现首例非洲猪瘟病例,因缺乏有效药物及可预防疫苗,在短短几年时间,非洲猪瘟已对我国养猪业带来了前所未有的灾难,严重阻碍了养猪业的发展,疫病防控成为养殖业能否可持续发展的关键。该文就当前规模化猪场防控非洲猪瘟存在的一些现象做风险分析,通过识别、消灭传染源,切断传播途径,减少易感动物的出现,严格的封闭式养殖、实行严进严出制度、育肥猪全进全出养殖方式,从提高生猪的生物安全防线、建立牢固的动物免疫防线、加强人员的防控技术培训、提高员工的责任意识、防范意识等方面提出了相应的防控措施,以期为规模化生猪养殖防控提供参考。

浅谈规模猪场非洲猪瘟综合防控措施

自2018年8月以来,非洲猪瘟已在我国迅速蔓延,成为生猪养殖业的隐形杀手,给广大规模生猪养殖企业生产带来严重威胁。该文结合松桃县创建国家级“无非洲猪瘟小区”建设成果,分别从猪场选址、引种监管、饲养管理、生物安全防护、无害化处理、消毒灭源、官方监测与监管等方面进行阐述,以期为养猪场及从业人员决策提供参考。

“上市猪企”股权激励与扩产行为比较分析

2021—2023年,生猪价格走低后持续震荡磨底,“上市猪企”的经营面临严峻考验。2018—2022年,推出股权激励的“上市猪企”数量明显增加,相关企业同期的出栏量也大幅提升。比较分析后发现,多数猪企在行权条件中设定的业绩增长目标较高,促使管理层增加投资扩大产能,以增量的方式达到目的。与非股权激励企业相比,股权激励企业的生猪出栏量增长伴随着资产周转率的下降,意味着过度投资或经营效率下降。对此,猪企应合理制定行权条件,可设置动态业绩指标;将资产周转率作为一项行权指标,在提升经营规模的同时注重经营效率,帮助企业实现高质量发展。

Environmental risk quotient of the antibiotic,phenotypic,and genotypic profiles for antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli collected from manure and wastewater at swine farms in Prachinburi Province,Thailand

Currently,antimicrobial drug resistance is a problem that deserves thoughtful consideration.Especially in the swine production industry,many pig farms tend to release wastewater into natural water sources,which villagers use for their livelihood.This study aimed to demonstrate the occurrence of phenotypic and genotypic resistance characteristics of E.coli,as well as antibiotic residues in manure and wastewater on swine farms in Prachinburi Province,Thailand.Samples were collected in 2020 and 2021 during the rainy and summer seasons.The results of a questionnaire showed that farmers used antibiotics for disease treatment and prevention at a ratio of 2/4(50%).The most common antibiotic used was amoxicillin(4/4,100%),followed by Enrofloxacin(75%)and colistin(25%).The analysis of antibiotic residue in wastewater by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(LCMS,LC-MS)during the rainy season revealed that amoxicillin(54%)was the highest,followed by florfenicol(14%)and tiamulin(13%).While oxytetracycline(59%),amoxicillin(20%),and florfenicol(11%)were the highest in the summer.The study of Risk Quotient(RQ)indicated that water resources present a risk of antibiotic contamination by sulfonamides,trimethoprim,b-lactam,quinolones,and tetracycline at high levels(SRQ>1)during both seasons.The minimal inhibitory concentrations(MICs)were determined by an antibiotic susceptibility test(AST),analyzed by microdilution technique,and VITEK®2 Compact.The test result indicated that a total of 143 isolates were found in manure(45/143),pre-treatment(51/143),and final effluent(posttreatment,47/143).ESBL-positive resistance was detected at 13%.However,an immensely high percentage of antimicrobial resistance was found for ampicillin(90%),whereas imipenem did not show any drug resistance(0%).The average MIC value towards colistin in all samples was 2.71 mg/ml,while mcr1 was not found in any samples.Furthermore,MDR was expressed in E.coli at as high as 76.22%(109/143).The highest MDR pattern detected was AMP-TETeFFCeSXT.The PCR technique detected that the diversity and abundance of AMR genes were not significantly different from animal manure and wastewater at the swine farms.The bla-TEM was found more frequently than bla-PS.While the tetracycline group(tetA,tetB)and aminoglycoside(aadA1,aadA2,aadB)represented a major proportion,respectively.The PFGE study revealed the possibility of similar genetic morphology from the different isolates found in this study.

家庭农场健康养猪模式

通过深入金华家农两头乌种猪场实地调研,并与猪场负责人进行深度访谈,总结出对于家庭农场高效生产和有效防控非洲猪瘟的方法与经验。结果发现该猪场采用小单元、小栏结构,舍内使用干清粪模式,饲养管理精细、饲养密度较低、温度和湿度适宜、舍内空气质量良好、种猪可以自由活动,猪群健康度高。该家庭农场基于“以猪为本”和“以人为先”的理念,根据猪的生物学特性建设和改造猪舍,从非洲猪瘟的特性入手做好猪场生物安全,从人文关怀角度出发提高员工的工作热情和执行力,使猪只健康度提高,减少猪群发病,保证猪场经济效益,旨在为家庭农场提供健康、高效、低成本的养猪模式。

规模化猪场废水处理过程中四环素类和磺胺类抗生素的降解特征

针对畜禽养殖场废水处理过程中抗生素的残留水平及其消减特征等问题,以苏南地区典型规模生猪养殖场为研究对象,探讨了冬季和夏季猪场废水处理各环节中四环素类(TCs)和磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的浓度及降解特征。结果发现,现有沼气工程进料浓度高,水力停留时间短,对土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)和强力霉素(DOX)的去除率分别为12.9%~69.3%、20.4%~60.9%和25.3%~55.0%,对磺胺嘧啶(SD)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM)和磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)的去除率分别为13.8%~18.2%、46.8%~61.8%和18.1%~48.7%。冬季出料沼液中抗生素浓度远高于夏季,其中ρ(CTC)、ρ(SD)和ρ(SCP)平均值分别为0.887、0.492、和10.160μg·L^(-1),直接还田存在生物安全风险。沼液后处理(如沉淀池和水生植物塘)对大幅降低沼液中TCs和SAs有积极作用,且夏季去除率(>90%)高于冬季,是沼液无害化处理和农田安全利用的重要措施。厌氧–好氧生物处理组合工艺是养殖废水中抗生素(特别是SAs)有效降解的重要手段。