A semantic vector map-based approach for aircraft positioning in GNSS/GPS denied large-scale environment

Accurate positioning is one of the essential requirements for numerous applications of remote sensing data,especially in the event of a noisy or unreliable satellite signal.Toward this end,we present a novel framework for aircraft geo-localization in a large range that only requires a downward-facing monocular camera,an altimeter,a compass,and an open-source Vector Map(VMAP).The algorithm combines the matching and particle filter methods.Shape vector and correlation between two building contour vectors are defined,and a coarse-to-fine building vector matching(CFBVM)method is proposed in the matching stage,for which the original matching results are described by the Gaussian mixture model(GMM).Subsequently,an improved resampling strategy is designed to reduce computing expenses with a huge number of initial particles,and a credibility indicator is designed to avoid location mistakes in the particle filter stage.An experimental evaluation of the approach based on flight data is provided.On a flight at a height of 0.2 km over a flight distance of 2 km,the aircraft is geo-localized in a reference map of 11,025 km~2using 0.09 km~2aerial images without any prior information.The absolute localization error is less than 10 m.

Renewing urban large-scale topographical maps by using of Quick Bird panchromatic remote sensing images

Urban large-scale topographical maps can be renewed by means of overlapping the original digital line graph (DLG) and up-to-date remote sensitive images which have high precision and have been orthographically rectified precisely. Quick Bird panchromatic remote sensing image is used and an urban area with even terrain and dense buildings is selected as experimental area. Ground control points (GCPs) are selected on a new 1∶500 topographical map and multinomial model is applied for rectification. After rectification the absolute positional error of a single point of the image is less than 1m, therefore this method is suitable for renewing topographical maps of up to (1∶2 000) scale.

Interactive Generalization on Large-Scale Topographical Map Supported by a Database Platform

This paper makes astudy on the interactive digital gener-alization, where map generalizationcan be divided into intellective reason-ing procedure and operational proce-dure, which are done by human andcomputer, respectively. And an inter-active map generalization environmentfor large scale topographic map is thendesigned and realized. This researchfocuses on: ① the significance of re-searching an interactive map generali-zation environment, ② the features oflarge scale topographic map and inter-active map generalization, ③ the con-struction of map generalization-orien-ted database platform.

Formation mechanism of propagated sensation along the meridians,as verified by cortical somatosensory-evoked potential topographic maps

The peripheral driver stimulating theory states that as a driver passes along a certain meridian during acupuncture; the driver provokes nerve sense devices along the meridian, resulting in the nerve impulse entering the central nervous system. Accordingly, volunteers have reported propagated sensations along the meridians （PSM）. The present study was designed to utilize a cortical somatosensory-evoked potential （CSEP） topographic map for determining whether stimulation expansion occurs in somatosensory area I when sensation was provoked in individuals with obvious PSM. The sensation was blocked by mechanical compression, and the sensation was imitated in individuals without PSM. Results revealed a red, high-potential signal in the representative area of the lower limbs in individuals with obvious PSM symptoms when the Gall Bladder Meridian （GBM） sensation passed to the head and face. This representative area was near the middle line of the CSEP topographic map, and a red, high-potential signal, which jumps over the representative area of the upper limbs, also appeared in the representative face area, which was at the external region of the CSEP topographic map. However, in individuals exhibiting no PSM, only a red high-potential signal appeared in the representative lower limb area. When Hegu （LI 4） was stimulated in individuals without PSM, an obvious evoked response appeared only in the representative upper limb area. However, when Hegu was stimulated in individuals exhibiting PSM, the response area was larger in the representative upper limb area and extended to the representative face area. When Guangrning （GB 37） was stimulated in PSM individuals, the face representation response disappeared and was confined to a foot representation of the somatosensory area I when PSM was blocked by mechanical pressure. Results suggested that mechanical compression blocked PSM, and corresponding changes were exhibited in the CSEP topographic map. These results provide compelling evidence for the hypothesis that peripheral driver stimulation is the key element in producing PSM.

SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC GENERALIZATION OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

With the construction of spatial data infi＇astructure, automated topographic map generalization becomes an indispensable component in the community of cartography and geographic information science. This paper describes a topographic map generalization system recently developed by the authors. The system has the following characteristics： 1） taking advantage of three levels of automation, i.e. fully automated generalization, batch generalization, and interactive generalization, to undertake two types of processes, i.e. intelligent inference process and repetitive operation process in generalization; 2） making use of two kinds of sources for generalizing rule library, i.e. written specifications and cartographers＇ experiences, to define a six-element structure to describe the rules; 3） employing a hierarchical structure for map databases, logically and physically; 4） employing a grid indexing technique and undo/redo operation to improve database retrieval and object generalization efficiency. Two examples of topographic map generalization are given to demonstrate the system. It reveals that the system works well. In fact, this system has been used for a number of projects and it has been found that a great improvement in efficiency compared with traditional map general- ization process can be achieved.

Seismic hazard prediction using multispectral amplification maps in a complex topographic area: A case study of Qiaozhuang town, Sichuan Province, Southwest China

Earthquakes can cause widely distributed slope failures and damage in mountainous areas.The accurate prediction of ground motions in mountainous areas is essential for managing the seismic risk of urban cities near mountains but is restricted primarily by complex seismic site amplification effects in areas of uneven terrain.This study selected Qiaozhuang town located in the Qingchuan–Pingwu fault zone,Southwest China,as a case study.A simulator for mapped seismic responses using a hybrid model(Si Se RHMap)was applied to compute the multispectral seismic topographic amplification maps at the three slope units surrounding Qiaozhuang town(Weigan hill,Mt.Dong,and Mt.Shizi).Post-earthquake damage survey maps,1 D seismic site response spectral ratios,and H/V spectral ratios of earthquake data were used to validate the computed seismic site amplification factors and resonance frequencies.The results suggest that strong topographic amplification effects usually occur at distinct slope locations,such as hilltops,convex slope positions,upslope,and narrow ridges.The computed topographic amplification factors in the study area reached up to 2.4 at upslope or hilltops,and the resonance frequencies were between 3 and 10 Hz.Topographic effects can be as important as stratigraphic effects when assessing seismic amplification effects in the study area.We conclude that both topographic and stratigraphic effects should be considered in the comprehensive seismic hazard assessment of the study area or other similar mountain towns.

Quantitative Estimation of Altimetric Variations Using Residual DEM from Topographical Maps between Two Epochs 1893 and 1985: Case Study: The Endorheic Basin of Enfidha-Tunisia

This article endeavours to analyse the recent deformation in the Enfidha region. This analysis has been carried out using the Residual Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It is the altimetric difference between two DEM generated from the contour lines of two topographical maps over a period of 100 years. This deformation has been studied by some authors who report the presence of recent ground movements by comparing contour lines with a downward trend in elevation from 1893 to 1985. In 2006, this study area was marked by the presence of two earthquakes that occurred in several coastal cities located in the northeastern part of Tunisia. Our study involves a quantitative estimation of altimetric variations under a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. Our proposed methodology aims at the mapping of residual (DEM) and the extraction of parameters that have a morphological and morphostructural signature. The extraction of quantitative morphostructural parameters requires the integration of multi-source and multi-scale data. This can only be done if the problem of heterogeneity at the level of scale and coordinate system is solved through the use of GIS tools and the obtainment of the vectorial shapefile format. Then, in order to compare the DEM generation errors with reference to recent and old data, they must be projected in the same projection system and on the same scale. The available data are two topographic maps of Enfidha which represent two different epochs. The first one is an old topographic map of 1893 (type 1922) at a scale of 1:50,000 and the second one is a recent topographic map of 1985 at a scale of 1:25,000. These topographical maps have the Lambert (IGN) projection system. This methodological approach, based on residual (DEM), allows to highlight an estimated subsidence of 3 m/100years located in the Enfidha plain and extends to the south coast of Cap Bon area in Tunisia. The variation of the contour lines shape between the old and the recent map can be studied in correlation with a relay structure fault observed and recognized by some analysts in this area. These relay accidents remain active according to the results obtained by the residual (DEM) and validated by the field observations of two sites that we have carried out in the Enfidha endorheic basin.

Information Collection of Land Use Status Based on Large Scale Topographic Map

With large scale topographic map charted in accordance with Topographic Map Symbols of 1:500 1:1 000 1:2 000(GB/T 20257.1-2007) as the base map of land survey,the land use status information was collected from the map based on the standard in Present Status Classification of Land Utilization(GB/T 21010-2007).The study discussed in details the information of some land types including water system,residential sites,facilities,transportation,pipeline,vegetation,soils and so on,and pointed out problems on extracting land use status information from large scale topographic map.In order to share resources and save social costs,it suggested unifying the standard to classify land types and define all kinds of land types by quantitative values.

Localization of Mobile Robot Aided for Large-Scale Construction Based on Optimized Artificial Landmark Map in Ongoing Scene

The effectiveness of mobile robot aided for architectural construction depends strongly on its accurate localization ability.Localization of mobile robot is increasingly important for the printing of buildings in the construction scene.Although many available studies on the localization have been conducted,only a few studies have addressed the more challenging problem of localization for mobile robot in large-scale ongoing and featureless scenes.To realize the accurate localization of mobile robot in designated stations,we build an artificial landmark map and propose a novel nonlinear optimization algorithm based on graphs to reduce the uncertainty of the whole map.Then,the performances of localization for mobile robot based on the original and optimized map are compared and evaluated.Finally,experimental results show that the average absolute localization errors that adopted the proposed algorithm is reduced by about 21%compared to that of the original map.

Low-Frequency Waves Forced by Large-scale Topography in the Barotropic Model

A barotropic model containing large-scale topography and zonal mean flow is established to discuss the effects of large-scale topography on the low-frequency waves. The results show that what affects low-frequency waves mostly is maximal height of topography and topographic slope. The former makes frequency of topographic Rossby waves decrease, the latter makes Rossby waves instable. Moreover, when topographic slope is appropriate, it can also make Rossby waves turn into low-frequency waves.

The Validity of Open-Source Elevations for Different Topographic Map Scales and Geomatics Applications

This paper presents an analysis of four open-source Global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) and compares them on two topographic profiles (nearly flat, and hills regions) for mapping and geomatics applications. The chief intention is to investigate if GDEMs-based heights, contour intervals, slopes, and topographic profiles are valid for all map scales of topographic mapping, which constitutes a major issue in mapping activities. Two case studies, the Nile delta in Egypt and Makkah city in Saudi Arabia, have been utilized to represent flat and moderate-topography patterns. The investigated GDEMs include the most-recent released models: ASTER v.3, ACE 2, SRTMGL1 v.3, and NASADEM_HGT v.1 released in 2019 and 2020 with spatial resolutions of 1 and 3 arc seconds. Available accurate Ground Control Points (GCP) consist of 540 stations in the Nile delta and 175 stations in Makkah. Based on the available datasets in two study areas, it has been found that the accuracy of investigated GDEMs over known checkpoints ranges from ±2.5 and ±5.1 meters in the Nile delta region, while it varies between ±5.1 and ±8.0 meters in the Makkah area. That indicates that the utilization of GDEMs in topographic mapping differs significantly between flat and hilly spatial regions. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using GDEMs for developing topographic maps of scale 1:25,000 or larger in flat regions and map scale 1:50,000 or larger in hilly regions. Additionally, the accomplished results showed that all GDEM-based slopes do not match with the actual slopes from known GCP over cross section’s length up to 30 kilometers. Thus, it is concluded that GDEMs are not the appropriate heights’ source for topographic mapping at medium and large map scales, and could not be utilized for topographic profiling in precise engineering and geomatics applications.

Comparison of Accuracy of Two Global DEMs, and the Extracted DEM from the Topographic Map of the Tafilah Governorate

SRTM DEM （shuttle radar topographic mission digital elevation model） and ASTEMR DEM （advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer digital elevation model） are now freely available in two resolutions： 90 m and 30 m. DEM is a computerized representation of the Earth＇s relief, and is used in many applications such as hydrology, climatology, geomorphology and ecology. There are some important differences in assessing the accuracy of digital elevation models for specific applications. The purpose of this study is to investigate the errors in digital elevation models obtained globally from DEMs 90 m, 30 m ground resolution, and the extracted DEM from a topographic map by digitized contour lines of 1：50,000 scale in a rugged mountainous region and a heterogeneous landscape, using KS （kernel smoothing） interpolation method. For validation purposes, datasets of 250-GCPs （ground control points） distributed over the study area were used to evaluate and compare the accuracy of the two global Dems and the DEM extracted from TM. The main results showed that the 30 m resolution global （DEM） is the most accurate one among the three. According to the validation results, SRTM with maximum （＋） and minimum （-） error elevation is -10_9. M, with mean deviation of KS is -0.00238667, and RMS （root-mean-square） error of 0.98, and currently the most accurate model is 30 m DEM of the study area with no significant differences compared with DEM 90 m.

基于SuperMap iDesktop空间数据库的地形图快速生产

基于SuperMap iDesktop 10软件平台,提出了通过方案定制和协同编辑实现地形图快速生产的技术路线,以全要素1∶10000比例尺地形图数据制作1∶25000比例尺地形图为例,对实现地图快速保障的关键环节进行了阐述。该技术路线能够基于已有的多源地理信息数据和制图方案,快速提供和灵活制作符合要求的标准产品及定制化成果,从而缩短成图周期、实现快速保障应用,对新型测绘体系下的快速精准保障模式进行了有益探索。

基于SmartMapping的1∶50000地形图制图方法与技巧

1∶50000地形图是我国国民经济建设、社会发展、国家安全和国防建设的基本用图,地理要素繁多,制图要求精细,编辑工作量较大。SmartMapping是一款1∶50000地形图制图生产软件,功能完善,简单易操作,半自动化或自动化程度较高。本文主要介绍该软件在1∶50000地图制图中的方法与技巧,包含制图数据派生、制图批处理、常用人工编辑方法等,可缩减制图编辑工作量,提高生产效率。

Researches on Cartographic Database-Based Interactive Three-Dimensional Topographic Map

With the development of computer graphics, the three-dimensional (3D) visualization brings new technological revolution to the traditional cartography. Therefore, the topographic 3D-map emerges to adapt to this technological revolution, and the applications of topographic 3D-map are spread rapidly to other relevant fields due to its incomparable advantage. The researches on digital map and the construction of map database offer strong technical support and abundant data source for this new technology, so the research and development of topographic 3D-map will receive greater concern. The basic data of the topographic 3D-map are rooted mainly in digital map and its basic model is derived from digital elevation model (DEM) and 3D-models of other DEM-based geographic features. In view of the potential enormous data and the complexity of geographic features, the dynamic representation of geographic information becomes the focus of the research of topographic 3D-map and also the prerequisite condition of 3D query and analysis. In addition to the equipment of hardware that are restraining, to a certain extent, the 3D representation, the data organization structure of geographic information will be the core problem of research on 3D-map. Level of detail (LOD), space partitioning, dynamic object loading (DOL) and object culling are core technologies of the dynamic 3D representation. The object- selection, attribute-query and model-editing are important functions and interaction tools for users with 3D-maps provided by topographic 3D-map system, all of which are based on the data structure of the 3D-model. This paper discusses the basic theories, concepts and cardinal principles of topographic 3D-map, expounds the basic way to organize the scene hierarchy of topographic 3D-map based on the node mechanism and studies the dynamic representation technologies of topographic 3D-map based on LOD, space partitioning, DOL and object culling. Moreover, such interactive operation functions are explored, in this paper, as spatial query, scene editing and management of topographic 3D-map. Finally, this paper describes briefly the applications of topographic 3D-map in its related fields.

Topographic Characteristics for the Geomorphologic Zones in the Northwestern Edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Based on geomorphologic and digital elevation model(DEM) data, the topographic characteristics of the northwestern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are analyzed. Five representative peaks are first determined according to the topographic profile maps for the ridge and piedmont lines, and then the topographic gradient characteristics are analyzed according to the representative topographic profile acquisition method.Based on the geomorphologic database data, the regions between the ridge and the piedmont lines are divided into four geomorphologic zones; and the topographic characteristics are finally analyzed for the different geomorphologic zones regions using the DEM data. The research results show that from the piedmont to the ridge, there exist four geomorphologic zones: arid, fluvial, periglacial and glacial. The arid has the lowest elevation, topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics. The fluvial has lower elevation and the highest topographic gradient, but with lower relief and slope characteristics. With higher elevation, the periglcial has lower topographic gradient, but the highest relief and slope characteristics. The glacial has the highest elevation with higher topographic gradient, relief and slope characteristics.

A mechanism for the origin and development of the large-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower reach of Laoha River,Northeast China

By viewing satellite imagery, a striking large-scale dunefield can be clearly perceived, with a size of nearly 63 km long and 11 km wide, and trending NE-SW, on the right flank of the lower Laoha River, Northeast China. By means of remote sensing imagery analysis and field observation as well as a comparison with a small-scale dunefield on the right flank of the lower Xiangshui River, analogous to the case of the lower Laoha River, this paper presents a new mechanism for its origin and development. The results show that： （1） the large-scale dunefield bears a tile-style framework overwhelmingly composed of transverse barchanoid ridges perpendicular to the predominant winds, and inlaid diverse blowouts. （2） The small-scale dunefield, referred to as a primary structural unit of the large one, is typical of an incipient dunefield, following the same rules of evolution as the larger. （3） A succession of barchanoid ridge chains can steadily migrate downwind in much the same manner as surface wave propagation in air or water stimulated by an incised valley, and ultimately tend to bear roughly the same wavelength and amplitude under stable climate and hydrologic regimes. （4） The first ridge chain acquires its sand source substantially from the downwind escarpments exposing the loose Quaternary sandy sediments to the air, while the ensuing ridges derive their sands dominantly from in situ deflation of the underlain Quaternary loose sandy sediments in blowouts, partly from the upwind ridges through northern elongated horns. Theoretically, the sands from riparian escarpments can be transported by wind to the downwind distal end of a dunefield after sufficient long du- ration. （5） The lower Laohahe region experienced probably three significant climatic changes in the past, corresponding to the three active dune belts, suggesting that once a large-scale dunefield occurs, it is nearly impossible to be completely stabilized, at least in its central portions. At present, seasonal shrinkage and stagnation of the lower Laoha River, wide-spread farming and afforestation in the valley, and establishing windbreaks downwind of the valley as well as surrounding the dunefield, appear to have significantly modified local flow fields and sand sources, engendering significant degradation of the dunefield.

Classification of wintertime large-scale tilted ridges over the Eurasian continent and their influences on surface air temperature

This study investigates the major patterns of large-scale tilted ridges(LSTRS)over the Eurasian continent and their connections with large-scale surface air temperature during boreal winter.A total number of 134 LSTR events with zonal extent exceeding 90°of longitude on the peak day are identified.Using self-organizing map(SOM),the LSTRs are classified into five clusters that are characterized by different spatial distributions and orientations.The leading two clusters are closely associated with extensive and persistent cold events over different places.Considering the first cluster,LSTRs extend from the Ural Mountains to Northeast Asia and are favorable for the amplification and southeastward extension of the Siberian high.Therefore,this cluster is closely associated with the occurrence of extensive and persistent cold events in china.In comparison with the first cluster,the LSTRs of second group are situated to the west,with starting points from the Kola Peninsula,and cause extensive and persistent cold events over Eastern Europe,central Asia,and central Siberia.The results suggest that the vertical coupling between LSTRs and the corresponding anomalous sea level pressure is crucial for the persistent cold temperature events associated with the leading two SOM clusters.

Mapstar外部命令的制作及其在地形图编制中的应用

Mapstar软件作为河南省第二轮1∶10 000 DLG更新的基本操作软件具有强大的开放性。它在系统目录下提供了外部文件供用户编写外部命令,用户可以根据需要参考属性参数列表在该目录下编写*.ecl文件,达到属性统改的目的,实现工具条中不能实现的功能,从而为地形图的编制提供较大的便捷,提高地形图编制的效率。

A Novel Airborne 3D Laser Point Cloud Hole Repair Algorithm Considering Topographic Features

Hole repair processing is an important part of point cloud data processing in airborne 3-dimensional(3D)laser scanning technology.Due to the fragmentation and irregularity of the surface morphology,when applying the 3D laser scanning technology to mountain mapping,the conventional mathematical cloud-based point cloud hole repair method is not ideal in practical applications.In order to solve this problem,we propose to repair the valley and ridge line first,and then repair the point cloud hole.The main technical steps of the method include the following points:First,the valley and ridge feature lines are extracted by the GIS slope analysis method;Then,the valley and ridge line missing from the hole are repaired by the mathematical interpolation method,and the repaired results are edited and inserted to the original point cloud;Finally,the traditional repair method is used to repair the point cloud hole whose valley line and ridge line have been repaired.Three experiments were designed and implemented in the east bank of the Xiaobaini River to test the performance of the proposed method.The results showed that compared with the direct point cloud hole repair method in Geomagic Studio software,the average repair accuracy of the proposed method,in the 16 m buffer zone of valley line and ridge line,is increased from 56.31 cm to 31.49 cm.The repair performance is significantly improved.