“Approach” and “Threshold” Effects of Large-scale Urban Events on Heritage Conservation:A Study on Heritage Conservation from Standpoint of Cultural Anthropology

Large-scale urban events like the Olympic Games,the World Expo,etc.,have brought about an "approach" leading to renewed conservation measures for old city areas.While they make many heritages receive better protection,they also create new problem of "threshold" to heritage conservation;thus,ideas about the effects of large-scale urban events on cultural heritage preservation are polarized into two opposite directions.Using cultural anthropology as the basis of analysis,this article interprets how these conflicting concepts came to be.As large-scale urban events accelerate and strengthen urban development,they also often cause the abandonment of specific cultural elements during the process of heritage conservation for the oldest city areas.This leads to a general loss of direction in cultural protection efforts.A potential solution is to unearth the cultural spirit of the old cities and preserve it through practical technologies,in considering the specific function of large-scale urban events.In so doing,it is possible to explore new directions and approaches to conserve the heritages of the old city under the guide of urban cultural development strategies.

URBANIZATION EFFECTS ON OBSERVED CHANGES IN SUMMER EXTREME HEAT EVENTS OVER ZHEJIANG PROVINCE, EAST CHINA

Although the urban heat island(UHI) is a well-documented phenomenon, relatively little information in the literature is available about its impact on summer extreme heat event(EHE). As UHI is characterized by increased temperature, it can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of EHEs within cities. Based on daily maximum temperature records from 62 observation stations in Zhejiang province from the period 1971-2011 and satellite-measured nighttime light imagery from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP) Operational Linescan System(OLS) during 1992-2010, we analyzed the long-term change of summer EHEs and its association with the rapid urbanization process. The results could be concluded as follows:(1) Zhejiang has experienced rapid urbanization and dramatic growth in urban areas in the past two decades, especially after 2000.(2) The summer mean maximum temperature and the 95 th percentile of summer daily maximum temperature in most of its stations have increased, with the most significant increase occurring in the highly urbanized areas including the city belt around Hangzhou Bay, Taizhou-Wenzhou and Jinghua-Yiwu city belts.(3) The hot days and hot-day degrees, defined by both daily 95 th percentile and the threshold of 35℃, show that the UHI effect causes additional hot days and heat stress in urban stations compared to rural stations.The results in this study suggest that the UHI effect should be determined and incorporated in preparing high temperature forecasts in cities.

Logistic Regression Analysis on the Correlation between Physical Diseases and Life Events and Depression in the Elderly

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the effects of physical diseases and life events on depression among urban elderly people.[Methods]Five hundred urban elderly people in Shiyan City were selected using a convenient sampling method to investigate and diagnose depression using the Geriatric Mental State Schedule and its accompanying computer diagnostic system.The Minimum Data Set(MDS)and related factor survey form were used to investigate physical diseases and life events,and statistical analysis was conducted using methods such as logistic regression analysis and factor analysis.[Results]The prevalence rates of angina,stroke,or partial paralysis,migraine,vision problems,hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism,as well as the number of physical diseases were significantly higher in elderly depression patients than in objects free of depression.Stroke or partial paralysis[OR(95%CI)=6.389(1.684,24.237)],emotional trauma events[OR(95%CI)=1.438(1.069,1.934)]and adverse health and economic events[OR(95%CI)=1.652(1.099,2.483)]were risk factors for late life depression(LLD).[Conclusions]Some physical diseases and life events may affect the onset process of depression in urban elderly people,and various measures need to be taken to reduce the risk of physical diseases and life events on depression.

Impact of Big Events on Urban Renewal Based on Urban Catalyst Theory: A Case Study of 2016 Rio Summer Olympics and 2010 Shanghai World Expo

With the acceleration of the process of economic globalization and information synchronization, every major event is accompanied by the simultaneous renewal of the city. In the era of urban development, the launch of major events is also for the renewal and development of the city. 2016 Rio Summer Olympics and 2010 Shanghai World Expo are taken as the research objects. Through the analysis of urban renewal from the perspective of the role of big event catalyst, it is verified that the big event catalyst has a positive impact on urban renewal, transportation, industrial transformation and other aspects. Moreover, it tries to combine the theory of urban catalyst to analyze its inspiration for the Beijing Winter Olympic Games, hoping to play a catalytic role in accelerating the urban renewal and transformation of Beijing and the reorganization of urban structure.

The Implementation of Large-Scale Urban DevelopmentProjects in Brazilian Cities Case Study:Rio deJaneiro/RJ

The planning and implementation of large-scale urban development projects(UDPs)tend to arouse expectations of increasing investments to urban and social improvements.However,these urban interventions have been less democratic and more elite-driven priorities,resulting in socio-spatial segregation in the city.In the case of the Rio de Janeiro/RJ,the urban interventions planned for the years following the 2016 Olympic Games have not yet occurred in the totality.In this sense,it is necessary to understand the impacts of this mega-event’s intervention when the legacy does not attend the expectations of improvements in the city.Thus,the analyses took into account official documents and the perception of residents close to the areas that received interventions for the Olympic Games,regarding the changes that occurred in these places.It is evident the importance of discussing the subject to later outline guidelines or strategies that aim to minimise significant impacts generated by this insertion in the urban environment.

Patterns of Interactions of the Complex City System:Emotional Urban Objects as Triggering Agents-A Secondary Publication

This article presents an analysis of the patterns of interactions resulting from the positive and negative emotional events that occur in cities,considering them as complex systems.It explores,from the imaginaries,how certain urban objects can act as emotional agents and how these events affect the urban system as a whole.An adaptive complex systems perspective is used to analyze these patterns.The results show patterns in the processes and dynamics that occur in cities based on the objects that affect the emotions of the people who live there.These patterns depend on the characteristics of the emotional charge of urban objects,but they can be generalized in the following process:(1)immediate reaction by some individuals;(2)emotions are generated at the individual level which begins to generalize,permuting to a collective emotion;(3)a process of reflection is detonated in some individuals from the reading of collective emotions;(4)integration/significance in the community both at the individual and collective level,on the concepts,roles and/or functions that give rise to the process in the system.Therefore,it is clear that emotions play a significant role in the development of cities and these aspects should be considered in the design strategies of all kinds of projects for the city.Future extensions of this work could include a deeper analysis of specific emotional events in urban environments,as well as possible implications for urban policy and decision making.

Main Energy Paths and Energy Cascade Processes of the Two Types of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over the Yangtze River–Huaihe River Basin

Two types of persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over the Yangtze River-Huaihe River Basin were determined in a recent statistical study： type A, whose precipitation is mainly located to the south of the Yangtze River; and type B, whose precipitation is mainly located to the north of the river. The present study investigated these two PHRE types using a newly derived set of energy equations to show the scale interaction and main energy paths contributing to the persistence of the precipitation. The main results were as follows. The available potential energy （APE） and kinetic energy （KE） associated with both PHRE types generally increased upward in the troposphere, with the energy of the type-A PHREs stronger than that of the type-B PHREs （except for in the middle troposphere）. There were two main common and universal energy paths of the two PHRE types： （1） the baroclinic energy conversion from APE to KE was the dominant energy source for the evolution of large-scale background circulations; and （2） the downscaled energy cascade processes of KE and APE were vital for sustaining the eddy flow, which directly caused the PHREs. The significant differences between the two PHRE types mainly appeared in the lower troposphere, where the baroclinic energy conversion associated with the eddy flow in type-A PHREs was from KE to APE, which reduced the intensity of the precipitation-related eddy flow; whereas, the conversion in type-B PHREs was from APE to KE, which enhanced the eddy flow.

Extensive Cold-Precipitation-Freezing Events in Southern China and Their Circulation Characteristics

Concurrence of low temperature,precipitation and freezing weather in an extensive area would cause devastating impacts on local economy and society.We call such a combination of concurrent disastrous weather“extensive coldprecipitation-freezing”events(ECPFEs).In this study,the ECPFEs in southern China(15°−35°N,102°−123°E)are objectively defined by using daily surface observational data for the period 1951−2013.An ECPFE in southern China is defined if the low temperature area,precipitation area and freezing area concurrently exceed their respective thresholds for at least three consecutive days.The identified ECPFEs are shown to be reasonable and reliable,compared with those in previous studies.The circulation anomalies in ECPFEs are characterized by a large-scale tilted ridge and trough pairing over mid-and high-latitude Eurasia,and the intensified subtropical westerlies along the southern foot of the Tibetan Plateau and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation over the subtropical western Pacific.Comparative analysis reveals that the stable cold air from the north and the warm and moist air from the south converge,facilitating a favorable environment for the concurrence of extensive low-temperature,precipitation and freezing weather.

Comparison of two types of persistent heavy rainfall events during sixteen warm seasons in the Sichuan Basin

Based on hourly precipitation from national surface stations,persistent heavy rainfall events(PHREs)over the Sichuan Basin(SCB)are explored during the warm season(May to September)from 2000 to 2015 to compare synoptic circulations and maintenance mechanisms between different PHRE types.There are two main types of PHREs:one is characterized by a rain belt west of 106°E over the SCB(WSB-PHREs),and the other features a rain belt east of 106°E over the SCB(ESB-PHREs).In total,there are 18 ESB-PHREs and 10 WSB-PHREs during the study period.Overall,the rain belts of WSB-PHREs are along the terrain distribution east of the Tibetan Plateau,while the precipitation intensity of ESB-PHREs is stronger.For the two types of PHREs,the shortwave trough over the SCB and the western Pacific subtropical high act as their favorable background environments,particularly for ESB-PHREs.The water vapor of WSB-PHREs is mainly transported from the South China Sea,whereas for ESB-PHREs the South China Sea and Bay of Bengal are their main moisture sources.The composite vorticity budgets of southwest vortices during their mature stage indicate that the convergence effect is a dominant factor for maintaining the two types of PHREs,and the strong vertical vorticity advection is also favorable,but the relative contribution of vertical advection is larger for WSB-PHREs.

Classification of wintertime large-scale tilted ridges over the Eurasian continent and their influences on surface air temperature

This study investigates the major patterns of large-scale tilted ridges(LSTRS)over the Eurasian continent and their connections with large-scale surface air temperature during boreal winter.A total number of 134 LSTR events with zonal extent exceeding 90°of longitude on the peak day are identified.Using self-organizing map(SOM),the LSTRs are classified into five clusters that are characterized by different spatial distributions and orientations.The leading two clusters are closely associated with extensive and persistent cold events over different places.Considering the first cluster,LSTRs extend from the Ural Mountains to Northeast Asia and are favorable for the amplification and southeastward extension of the Siberian high.Therefore,this cluster is closely associated with the occurrence of extensive and persistent cold events in china.In comparison with the first cluster,the LSTRs of second group are situated to the west,with starting points from the Kola Peninsula,and cause extensive and persistent cold events over Eastern Europe,central Asia,and central Siberia.The results suggest that the vertical coupling between LSTRs and the corresponding anomalous sea level pressure is crucial for the persistent cold temperature events associated with the leading two SOM clusters.

Spatiotemporal Variability in Extreme Temperature Events in an Arid-Semiarid Region of China and Their Teleconnections with Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation

With a warming climate,temperature extremes have been a main global issue in recent decades due to their potential influence on the sustainable development of human life and natural ecosystems.In this study,12 indicators of extreme temperature events are used to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution,periodic structure and teleconnections with large-scale atmospheric circulation in Xinjiang,Northwest China by combining wavelet coherence(WTC) analysis based on continuous wavelet transform(CWT) analysis with the sequential Mann-Kendall test.We find that over the past six decades,the climate in Xinjiang has become warmer and has suffered from increases in the frequency of warm extremes and decreases in the frequency of cold extremes.Warm extremes have mainly occurred in the southern Tianshan Mountains surrounding the Tarim Basin and western part of the Taklamakan Desert,and cold extremes have primarily occurred in the southwestern Altai Mountains and northern foot of the Tianshan Mountains.Extreme temperature events,including warm extremes,cold extremes,and other temperature indices,have significant interannual variability,with the main oscillation periods at smaller(2–4-year band),intermediate(4–7-year band),and greater time scales in recent decades.Furthermore,cold-extreme indices,including frost days,cool days,and cool nights all show a clear changepoint during 1990–1997 at the 95% confidence level,and both ice days and cold spell duration indicator have a potential changepoint during 1981–1986.However,the changing points for warmextreme indices are detected during 1992–1998.The temperature variables are significantly correlated with the EI Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) and Arctic Oscillation(AO),but less well correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO).The phase difference in the WTC spectra is not uniform between temperature extremes and climatic oscillations.Our findings will have important implications for local governments in taking effective measures to mitigate the potential effects of regional climate warming due to human activities in Xinjiang.

Recommendations for Large-scale Farmland Operation in Hilly Areas Based on Long Tail Theory

At the background of urban and rural integration,this paper analyzed and discussed factors restricting large-scale farmland operation in China's hilly areas from the qualitative perspective. It recognized large-scale farmland operation on the basis of the long tail theory. Finally,it came up with recommendations for developing large-scale farmland operation in hilly areas.

The Impacts of International Sport Events:Case Studies of Two Hungarian Cities,Gyor and Székesfehérvár

After the period between 1998 and 2002, sport has again and continuously been considered as a priority strategicsector in Hungary since the year 2010. Hungary has demonstrated remarkable performance in organisinginternational sport events. The FINA World Championships and the European Youth Olympic Festival, both heldin 2017, as well as the annual GyulaiIstván Memorial Athletics Hungarian Grand Prix have profound worldwidesignificance. The objective of the study is to give an insight into how the two host cities （Gyor and Székesfehérvár）and their residents perceive these international sport events and their impacts in Hungary.

Impacts on Bats by a Supertyphoon vs.Ordinary Typhoons along a Habitat Urbanization Gradient

Two major human-caused threats to ecosystems are habitat modification and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.To study the combined effect of these threats,the authors used acoustic monitoring of bats along a habitat modification gradient on the island of Okinawa,Japan.During the observation period,the island experienced numerous typhoons and one supertyphoon.Native bat species remained active even at high wind speeds(up to 30 m/s in some cases).Milder typhoons had no observable effect on bat populations,with activity levels fully recovering within a few hours or days.The super typhoon also did not seem to affect bats in fully or partially forested habitats but caused their local disappearance at the urban site,which they have not re-colonized three years after the event.Notably,bats that disappeared at the urban site were species roosting in well-protected places such as caves and concrete structures.In all cases,the biomass of small flying insects and the acoustic activity of insects recovered within days after extreme weather events.Thus,the striking difference between habitats in supertyphoon effects on bats cannot be explained by the super typhoon directly killing bats,destroying their roosting sites,or decreasing the abundance of their prey.The results underscore the importance of preserving natural habitats in areas particularly affected by changing climate and show that the survival of species and ecosystems during the numerous episodes of climate change in the Earth’s history does not necessarily mean their ability to survive the accelerating climate change of our time.

文化再生语境下事件性更新的空间选址策略研究

文化大事件已经被西方城市广泛接受作为推动城市更新与可持续发展的重要工具,中国在实践层面跟上了新发展态势。学术领域虽认知文化大事件对城市文化、经济、社会影响深远,但对事件性更新的目标建构与策略选择缺乏深入探讨,尤其对加深事件性更新效能的关键——空间选址尚缺乏系统性梳理。文章在理清文化、事件与城市更新三者理论关系的基础上,以全球知名文化大事件的空间选址实证为基础,围绕文化更新中的宏观区位要素、中观文化产业要素、微观场地要素来归纳文化大事件在不同尺度层级中的选址策略。

文化话语视角下城市节会的全球传播策略研究——以中国杭州节会为例

城市节会是一个城市全球传播的重要场所和途径,但鲜有研究关注城市节会的话语实践,或从话语角度审视城市节会的全球传播策略。本文以文化话语研究为框架,聚焦杭州节会(西湖国际博览会、世界休闲博览会),从话语要素出发分析其作为城市节会的鲜明特点,以及近年来遇到的困境,并提出城市节会全球传播的话语策略,以期为包括杭州节会在内的中国城市节会提出国际传播策略建议。

“亚运杭州”的赛事文化遗产与城市发展路径研究

本文从梳理杭州的传统文化遗产入手,将“亚运杭州”的赛事文化遗产纳入其中,指出文化遗产的提炼及其纪念空间的生产,对于杭州城市发展的重要意义。在内容上,既具体分析了“亚运杭州”的符号文化遗产、场馆文化遗产和数字文化遗产的表现,也具体解释了纪念空间在城市文化线路更新和城市公共空间更新的形式。最后,本文从纪念身份的活化、纪念建筑的活化、纪念场所的活化和纪念活动的活化四个方面设计了遗产保护利用与城市更新发展的主要路径。

职工基本养老保险统筹层次:政策变迁与扩散机制

全面审视职工基本养老保险统筹层次不断提高的历史进程有利于真正意义上全国统筹的实现。职工基本养老保险统筹层次变迁历程具有诱致性制度变迁与强制性制度变迁相结合的特征,变迁轨迹呈渐进式、强制性和阶梯状。在总结其变迁特征的基础上,采用事件史分析法实证分析了职工基本养老保险统筹层次政策的扩散过程。研究发现:第一,省长来自异地对于职工基本养老保险省级统收统支政策的采纳创新具有显著负向影响,并从政策属性的角度对其作出了解释。第二,在职工基本养老保险统筹层次提升进程中,区域内部因素发挥诱致性作用。邻近省份采纳省级统收统支政策的比例和中央信号的释放将显著加速政策的落地过程。这证实了职工基本养老保险统筹层次变迁历程以强制性制度变迁为主,并兼具诱致性制度变迁的特征。基于职工基本养老保险省级统收统支政策的扩散机制,提出全国统筹可以从充分考虑区域内部特征和激发地方官员的内生动力等方面促进全国统收统支政策落地。

城市轨道交通列车加开计划编制模型研究

本文主要研究城市轨道交通在计划编制阶段由于客流不均衡需要在初始运行图加开列车的问题,在确保列车运行安全降低运营成本的前提下合理地加开列车实现运输能力的灵活配置。将列车运行过程形式化描述为事件-活动网络,构建了分时段多目标优化列车加开计划编制模型,提出了启发式决策规则与禁忌搜索算法相结合的两阶段求解算法。结合地铁运行实际数据,在高峰时段和平峰时段分别构建不同算例场景,验证了模型和算法的可行性和有效性。

Characteristics of Hg pollution in urban stormwater runoff in Nanjing city, China

In order to assess the mercury Hg pollution in urban stormwater runoff in Nanjing 11 rainfall events in the Maqun region of Nanjing circle expressway were monitored and the events mean concentrations EMC of Hg and the impact of rainfall characteristics on Hg pollution in runoff were analyzed.Results show that the pollution of different Hg species is serious and total Hg THg dissolved Hg HgD and particulate Hg HgP are found to be in the range of 0.173 to 3.347 0.069 to 0.862 and 0.104 to 2.485μg/L respectively.The average EMC value of THg exceeds the Ⅴ class limitation value of Quality standards of surface water environment GB 3838-2002 of China. Hg in runoff mainly exists in particulate form and the concentrations of Hgre 0.250 to 2.821 μg/L are far more than those of Hg0 0.023 to 0.215 μg/L and Hg2＋ 0.026 to 0.359 μg/L . The order of rainfall characteristics impacting on Hg pollution in runoff is dry periods 〉runoff time〉duration of rainfall〉storm intensity〉rainfall.