Easy removing of phenol from wastewater using vegetable oil-based organic solvent in emulsion liquid membrane process

Phenol is considered as pollutant due to its toxicity and carcinogenic effect.Thus,variety of innovative methods for separation and recovery of phenolic compounds is developed in order to remove the unwanted phenol from wastewater and obtain valuable phenolic compound.One of potential method is extraction using green based liquid organic solvent.Therefore,the feasibility of using palm oil was investigated.In this research,palm oil based organic phase was used as diluents to treat a simulated wastewater containing 300×10^(-6) of phenol solution using emulsion liquid membrane process(ELM).The stability of water-in-oil(W/O) emulsion on diluent composition and the parameters affecting the phenol removal efficiency and stability of the emulsion;such as emulsification speed,emulsification time,agitation speed,surfactant concentration,pH of external phase,contact time,stripping agent concentration and treat ratio were carried out.The results of ELM study showed that at ratio7 to 3 of palm oil to kerosene,5 min and 1300 r·min^(-1) of emulsification process the stabile primary emulsion were formed.Also,no carrier is needed to facilitate the phenol extraction.In experimental conditions of500 r·min^(-1) of agitation speed,3%Span 80,pH 8 of external phase,5 min of contact time,0.1 mol·L^(-1) NaOH as stripping agent and 1:10 of treat ratio,the ELM process was very promising for removing the phenol from the wastewater.The extraction performance at about 83%of phenol was removed for simulated wastewater and an enrichment of phenol in recovery phase as phenolate compound was around 11 times.

Study on Phthalate Esters Pollution in the Soil of Facility Vegetable Base in Yangling District of Xianyang City

[Objectives]To evaluate the pollution status of phthalate esters(PAEs)in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District of Xianyang City.[Methods]A total of 15 kinds of PAEs in soil samples were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Results]A total of 12 kinds of PAEs were detected in analyzed soil samples,with a total content of 53.4-3524.1μg/kg and an average of 602.7μg/kg.Specifically,DEHP,DBP,DIBP,DMEP,BBP and DNOP were the main PAEs pollutants in the soil,with the detection rates of 100%,100%,100%,73.3%,63.3%and 53.3%,and the average content were 286.3,167.3,123.1,157.6,121.3,and 130.5μg/kg,respectively.[Conclusions]Compared with the soil in other regions,the pollution level of PAEs in the soil of facility vegetable base in Yangling District is lower,but such compounds are widespread in the facility vegetable base,and their potential environmental risks should attract close attention.

Biochemical Characterization of Three Vegetable Based Fermented Food Products (<i>Hungrii, Rhujuk</i>and <i>Tsutuocie</i>) of Nagaland, India

Indigenous fermented foods are important constituent of staple diet of the Naga tribes of India. In Nagaland, there are variety of fermented foods and beverages with traditional and cultural value. Agriculture being the main occupation, preservation technique of perishable crops has been passed down from generation to generation. Here we present the biochemical characterization of some vegetable based fermented food products of Nagaland i.e., Hungrii (Brassica leaves), Rhujuk/Bastanga (Bamboo shoot) and Tsutuocie (Cucumber). The comparative account of nutritive values like moisture content, pH, protein content, reducing sugars, crude fibre, total phenol content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of fermented foods and its constituent raw materials was done. Results indicated high amounts of protein in Hungrii (34.07 g/100g). Most of the fermented foods had low moisture content rendering it to have longer shelf life. Rhujuk/Bastanga was found to have significantly higher levels of phenolic content (1.44 mg GAE/g and 2.44 mg GAE/g), thus having high antioxidant activity in comparison to the other fermented products. This present study thus puts some light on the proximate composition as well as the antioxidant content of some major vegetable based fermented food products of Nagaland so as to popularize these products as nutritional support to the region for health improvement.

Base editor-mediated large-scale screening of functional mutations in bacteria for industrial phenotypes

Base editing,the targeted introduction of point mutations into cellular DNA,holds promise for improving genome-scale functional genome screening to single-nucleotide resolution.Current efforts in prokaryotes,however,remain confined to loss-of-function screens using the premature stop codons-mediated gene inactivation library,which falls far short of fully releasing the potential of base editors.Here,we developed a base editor-mediated functional single nucleotide variant screening pipeline in Escherichia coli.We constructed a library with 31,123 sgRNAs targeting 462 stress response-related genes in E.coli,and screened for adaptive mutations under isobutanol and furfural selective conditions.Guided by the screening results,we successfully identified several known and novel functional mutations.Our pipeline might be expanded to the optimization of other phenotypes or the strain engineering in other microorganisms.

The Stabilization of Vegetable Oil with Antioxidant Combinations

In this paper,the effect of using hindered phenol,zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate(ZDDC),tolutriazole derivative and combinations thereof to inhibit a blend of commodity Canola Oil and high oleic content soybean oil(1:1) was investigated.Specifically,oils were oxidized by bubbling oxygen through 300 mL samples heated at 95 ℃.Antioxidant depletion rates were indirectly monitored by measuring oxidation induction times(OIT) as determined by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry(PDSC).Preliminary data indicated that oil treated with only ZDDC had the slowest rate of antioxidant depletion.

Appraisal of the vegetation-based services for cropland ecosystems: a case study of a high-yielding county in North China

As people become increasingly aware of the irreplaceability of ecosystem services, defined as “the natural environmental conditions and effects upon which people rely for existence that are formed and maintained by ecosystems and ecological processes”, more emphasis is being placed on these services. In recent years, numerous studies have focused primarily on the services of natural ecosystems. This paper expands the scope of this field from natural ecosystems to semi-natural ecosystems, i.e. cropland ecosystems, which are closely associated with human productivity and life. Taking Huantai County in Shandong Province as an example, the vegetation-based services of winter wheat/ summer maize rotation systems and cotton cropland ecosystems were systematically analyzed, including the material production, carbon dioxide fixation, oxygen release, water conservation, and nutrient recycling. These services were then evaluated in terms of economics through the applications of a market value technique, a substitution engineering method, and a shadow price method. The results indicated that the total economic value of cropland ecosystem vegetation-based services in Huantai County is 124,827.3 × 104 yuan, which is equivalent to 15.63% of the GDP of Huantai County (798, 491 × 104 yuan). Among these services, the gas regulation value is 82,698.3 × 104 yuan (66.25%), the material production value is 38,049.4 × 104 yuan (30.48%), the nutrient cycling value is 3257.3 × 104 yuan (2.61%), and the water conservation value is 822.3 × 104 yuan (0.66%). In addition, through the comparison between winter wheat/summer maize rotation systems and cotton cropland ecosystems, we conclude that the economic value of vegetation-based services provided by the former is much higher than that of the latter, which could provide a scientific guideline for adjusting the agricultural structure. Our study may facilitate the conservation of cropland ecosystems and promote effective use of vegetation-based services to achieve sustainable development of agriculture and guarantee nationwide food security.

植物油基聚氨酯包膜肥料研究进展

缓释肥包膜材料采用的聚氨酯主要由石油基原料制备,由于石油基聚氨酯成本高、环境风险较大,近年来逐渐被生物基聚氨酯所取代。在众多的生物基材料中,植物油因价格低廉、来源广泛、无毒性、可生物降解等特点,成为缓控释肥料膜材的研究热点。本文分别综述了植物油基多元醇的制备方法,植物油基聚氨酯包膜的分类,植物油基聚氨酯包膜肥料的改性及应用。环氧开环、酯交换反应、氨解法、加氢甲酰化以及臭氧氧化还原是植物油改性制备植物油基多元醇的常用技术手段。丙烯酸酯、环氧树脂、有机硅、氟改性、纳米材料等是植物油基聚氨酯包膜材料改性的常用原料,试验证明植物油基聚氨酯包膜肥料具有减少氨挥发、氮淋溶,提高氮素利用效率的作用。如何提高植物油基聚氨酯交联密度、降低生产成本、深入揭示缓释机理以及扩大在大田试验的应用场景将是今后研究的重点。

氧化亚硫酸化菜籽油加脂剂的制备及性能研究

利用亚硫酸氢钠对氧化菜籽油进行亚硫酸化改性,经过三乙醇胺中和获得植物油基加脂剂(OSF-T),最后通过添加过氧乙酸去除残余的亚硫酸盐获得低碘值加脂剂(OSF-PT)。将上述加脂剂应用于蓝湿牛皮染色加脂实验,同时与市售加脂剂AMK对比。结果表明,自制加脂剂乳液粒径在10~180 nm之间,并具有优异的乳液稳定性和分散性;加脂性能良好,其中OSF-T加脂革柔软度可达6.5 mm;OSF-T加脂革的挥发性有机物(VOC)含量为123.7 g/m^(2),OSF-PT加脂革的VOC含量为121.3 g/m^(2),均低于AMK加脂革(164.3 g/m^(2));OSF-PT加脂革比AMK加脂革的颜色更浅淡,色差(ΔE)为4.12,更适用于浅色革加脂;经过热老化和紫外老化处理,OSF-T加脂革的抗张强度仍维持在15 MPa以上,六价铬含量低于5 mg/kg。加脂剂OSF-T在皮革柔软度、力学性能、耐老化性能和六价铬含量方面均略优于市售加脂剂AMK。

Urban Planning Based on Nature—A Nature-Based Solution

After an international contest announced by the City of Abu Dhabi “Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge”1 and the article published as a digest of a paper titled A Nature-based Solution [1], the decision has been made to take part in improving thermal comfort in public spaces by mitigating the impact of the effect of Urban Heat Islands (UHI)2 in the city of the Belgrade. The basic research aims at achieving the balance between the conflicting impacts when the buildings with their infrastructure and water-green surrounding area are in such correlation that it fulfils acceptable living and heating standards and reduces the use of fossil fuels for cooling the urban areas (buildings). By implementing the remote detection it is possible to analyze and quantify the impact of over-building on the temperature rise in urban areas as well as the disturbance of the heating comfort and the increased demand for additional cooling. Now it is possible to create virtual models that will incorporate this newly-added urban vegetation into urban plans, depending on the evaporation potential that will affect the microclimate of the urban area. Such natural cooling can be measured and adapted and hence aimed at a potential decrease in areas with UHI emissions [2]. Suitable greenery in the summer season can be a useful improvement which concurrently enables and complements several cooling mechanisms—evaporative cooling and evapotranspiration, i.e. natural cooling systems. The remote detection shall establish and map the “healthy” and “unhealthy” greenery zones—that is the vegetation zones with the highest evaporative potential with the “cooling by evaporation” effect and also, by implementing the urban prediction model, it shall propose green infrastructure corridors aimed at a potential decrease in the Urban Heat Island Emission.

典型蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染风险评估及其源解析

为探究典型蔬菜基地土壤重金属的污染特征,评估其生态风险,以黄山市徽州区蔬菜基地表层土壤为研究对象,采用多种污染评价方法对其土壤重金属进行风险评价,利用相关性分析与主成分分析法对其进行源解析.结果表明,蔬菜基地土壤pH整体呈酸性,土壤重金属含量平均值大小为Cr>Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> As> Cd;除Cd含量超过国家标准外,其余均合格,但均超出了安徽省土壤环境背景值,其中,Cd与As分别超标为422.68%与264.33%.土壤重金属污染指数平均值均大于1,其中,Cd与As的潜在污染指数值均大于3,达到重度污染水平.地累积指数评估结果显示,除重金属Cd为中度污染外,其余重金属均在轻度污染以下水平.重金属Cd的潜在生态风险等级在较强及以上,其余均为轻度.重金属来源途径多种,主要与人类生产活动和成土母质有关,其中,Cd、As污染主要来自于人为源.综上可见,蔬菜基地土壤整体生态风险较高,土壤重金属存在积累趋势,应防范其潜在危害.

新工科建设背景下线上线下混合式教学提升产出导向课程目标达成度的优势及教学设计案例——以“果蔬贮藏加工学”为例

新工科建设背景下的高等工科教育对专业课的高阶性、创新性和挑战度提出了新的要求,传统课堂教学遭遇瓶颈。线上线下混合式教学基于课程目标开展反向教学设计,将线上自主学习和线下课堂教学进行有机的深度融合,聚焦高阶能力的培养,是提高专业课程教学质量和课程目标达成度的有效途径。以“果蔬贮藏加工学”为例阐述了开展混合式教学改革的必要性,并展示了混合式教学设计的案例。

基于植物功能性状的土壤侵蚀退化修复框架

当前,我国水土保持林草措施正在积极向提升生态功能为目标转变。为实现这一目标,管理者和工程师需要明确的生态学理论和方法作为指导。通过综述植物功能性状对侵蚀胁迫的响应和对土壤功能的影响机制,验证基于性状响应-影响的生态修复框架在土壤侵蚀治理中的2个关键理论:1)植物性状的变异体现植物对侵蚀退化环境的适应性;2)植物性状显著影响土壤生态过程。进而提出基于植物性状响应—影响的侵蚀退化修复框架。该框架将植物性状对环境变化响应纳入性状对生态系统影响的分析,根据恢复的水土保持服务目标,选择具有影响上述功能的特定植物性状,选择不受侵蚀(或物种间相互作用)胁迫或具有抗逆性的性状进行植物配置。该框架能扩宽当前土壤侵蚀植被治理的研究思路和实践领域,对提升我国的水土保持林草措施具有重要参考意义。

陕北黄土高原气象要素对植被覆盖的空间分异影响及风险探测

陕北黄土高原地处我国西北生态环境脆弱区,近年来受退耕还林(草)影响,区域植被覆盖变化显著,与气象要素的响应关系也呈现出了复杂的空间分异性和不确定性,亟待厘清。以不同地貌分区为响应单元,探究了陕北黄土高原变绿前后(1982—1992年与2005—2015年)NDVI指数的时空演化特征,分析了植被覆盖变化与气象要素之间的分异性响应关系,并透过最优参数的地理探测器模型(OPGD)探测了气象要素变化对植被覆盖演变的交互影响及风险。研究结果表明:(1)陕北黄土高原及各地貌分区在研究期内NDVI指数均呈显著上升趋势,且阶段化分异明显;各地貌区气温和实际蒸散发量在高原变绿前后趋势变化差异明显,1982—1992年主要呈不显著增加趋势,而2005—2015年则表现为不显著减少趋势;两个时期降水量的空间异质性较为显著,其中北部地区为持续增加趋势,而南部地区则由减少逆转为增加趋势。(2)不同地貌区NDVI指数与气温和蒸散发均呈正相关,且蒸散发与NDVI的相关性强于气温;相对高原变绿前,2005—2015年NDVI指数对各气象要素的响应强度均有所增大。(3)OPGD因子检测结果显示5km空间网格是评价气候变化对陕北黄土高原植被覆盖变化影响的最佳空间尺度,各地貌分区对NDVI指数变化影响最大的气象因子依次为:气温(黄土塬)、降水(盖沙黄土丘陵)、蒸散发(黄土峁状丘陵)、降水(黄土梁状丘陵)、降水(黄土宽谷丘陵)、蒸散发(风沙丘陵)、降水(土石丘陵);交互探测表明气象因子间的交互作用对NDVI指数的空间分异具有协同增强性,但不同时期各地貌区的主导交互因子略有差异。(4)风险探测发现不同实际蒸散发量对NDVI指数的影响有显著空间差异。(5)陕北黄土高原的植被覆盖变化并不能简单归因于退耕还林(草)等生态修复措施,而应是多要素耦合驱动的结果,气象要素在其中扮演了不可忽视的作用。

不同底肥处理对菜用蚕豆生长及产量的影响

为比较不同底肥处理对菜用蚕豆丽蚕3号生长及产量的影响,以施鸡粪有机肥+复合肥为对照,设置羊粪有机肥+复合肥、蚕沙有机肥+复合肥、炭基肥+复合肥、鸡粪有机肥+复合肥+微生物菌剂等处理,研究菜用蚕豆生长和产量变化特征。结果表明,不同底肥处理均提高了丽蚕3号的产量,施用羊粪有机肥和复合肥的处理比CK增产16.2%,增收16.1%,施用效果好、底肥总成本较低,在菜用蚕豆上具有较好的应用前景。

天津市蔬菜生产基地保鲜技术和设施发展现状与建议

蔬菜作为鲜活农产品,在贮运过程中易发生变质腐烂现象,损耗严重。调研了天津市蔬菜生产基地保鲜技术设施发展现状,针对天津市蔬菜生产基地保鲜技术设施存在的问题,提出了天津市蔬菜生产基地保鲜技术设施发展建议,为天津市蔬菜生产基地保鲜技术设施发展提供参考。

新型生物炭基肥对设施青菜产量·商品性及土壤理化性质的影响

[目的]为新型生物质炭基肥在设施农业,尤其是青菜生产栽培上的应用提供借鉴。[方法]以上海地区长期栽培青菜的设施菜田为对象,通过室内培养和田间试验相结合,研究新型生物炭基肥的保水性及其对设施青菜产量、商品性及土壤理化性质的影响。[结果]新型生物炭基肥可以降低土壤容重,提高土壤保水性和有机质含量。施用新型生物炭基肥T4处理的青菜株高、开展度、最大叶叶长×叶宽、单株重和产量显著高于T1、T2和T3处理(P<0.05),虽与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),但各指标均优于CK。[结论]该研究可为改善设施农业土壤质量及合理利用新型生物炭基肥提供数据支撑。

甘油三酯催化转化为柴油、喷气燃料和润滑油基础油

将生物质转化为可持续燃料和化学品对于解决环境问题、减少碳排放、增强能源安全以及促进经济和社会发展至关重要.在众多生物质原料中,来自不同来源的甘油三酯,如植物油、动物脂肪和微藻油,因其低氧含量和脂肪酸单元中的高度石蜡骨架,与石油衍生烃的结构相似,而特别适合生产可持续的烃燃料和化学品.这意味着通过相对简单的催化转化过程,就能有效地将甘油三酯转化为烃类产物.本文概述了甘油三酯通过加氢过程转化为无氧燃料(如柴油和喷气燃料)以及润滑油基础油等高附加值产品的过程.此外,还根据反应机理讨论了所需催化剂的重要结构性质,以及甘油三酯的不同脂肪酸组成对催化转化过程的影响.

森林碳储量快速估算技术探析

在陆地生态系统生产总值(Gross Ecosystem Product,GEP)核算体系中,碳储量核算是其核心内容。利用测树因子核算森林碳储量的传统方法存在外业工作量大、成本高、工时长、且不易实现等诸多缺点。本文介绍一种森林碳储量快速估算的新方法,该方法通过超光谱探测叶子组成成分和森林植被树种细致分类、分段式植被指数函数反演并经过曲面拟合获取稳定叶面积指数,由定量总叶面积密度反求测树因子、再通过优势树种分生物量比例关系用网格法直接求出森林生物量及碳储量,具备覆盖范围大、效率高、成本低的优点。

设施蔬菜基地机耕整地农机农艺融合技术

为提高设施蔬菜基地的整地效率、优化土壤结构并促进蔬菜生长,对农机农艺融合技术在机耕整地中的应用进行了深入分析。基于滨州地区设施蔬菜基地的实际情况,阐述了机耕整地技术的具体实施方法。农机农艺融合技术不仅显著提高了整地效率,优化了土壤结构,为蔬菜生长提供了有利的土壤条件。

A spatial-explicit dynamic vegetation model that couples carbon,water,and nitrogen processes for arid and semiarid ecosystems

Arid and semiarid ecosystems, or dryland, are important to global biogeochemical cycles. Dryland＇s community structure and vegetation dynamics as well as biogeochemical cycles are sensitive to changes in climate and atmospheric composition. Vegetation dynamic models has been applied in global change studies, but the com- plex interactions among the carbon （C）, water, and nitrogen （N） cycles have not been adequately addressed in the current models. In this study, a process-based vegetation dynamic model was developed to study the responses of dryland ecosystems to environmental changes, emphasizing on the interactions among the C, water, and N proc- esses. To address the interactions between the C and water processes, it not only considers the effects of annual precipitation on vegetation distribution and soil moisture on organic matter （SOM） decomposition, but also explicitly models root competition for water and the water compensation processes. To address the interactions between C and N processes, it models the soil inorganic mater processes, such as N mineralization/immobilization, denitrifica- tion/nitrification, and N leaching, as well as the root competition for soil N. The model was parameterized for major plant functional types and evaluated against field observations.