Application of water loop variable refrigerant flow air-conditioning system in large-scale buildings in northern China

A water loop variable refrigerant flow（WLVRF）air-conditioning system is designed to be applied in large-scale buildings in northern China.The system is energy saving and it is an integrated system consisting of a variable refrigerant flow（VRF）air-conditioning unit,a water loop and an air source heat pump.The water loop transports energy among different regions in the buildings instead of refrigerant pipes,decreasing the scale of the VRF air-conditioning unit and improving the performance.Previous models for refrigerants and building loads are cited in this investigation.Mathematical models of major equipment and other elements of the system are established using the lumped parameter method based on the DATAFIT software and the MATLAB software.The performance of the WLVRF system is simulated.The initial investments and the running costs are calculated based on the results of market research.Finally,a contrast is carried out between the WLVRF system and the traditional VRF system.The results show that the WLVRF system has a better working condition and lower running costs than the traditional VRF system.

Responses of Vertical Structures in Convective and Stratiform Regions to Large-Scale Forcing during the Landfall of Severe Tropical Storm Bilis (2006)

The responses of vertical structures, in convective and stratiform regions, to the large-scale forcing during the landfall of tropical storm Bilis （2006） are investigated using the data from a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation. An imposed large-scale forcing with upward motion in the mid and upper troposphere and downward motion in the lower troposphere on 15 July suppresses convective clouds, which leads to -100% coverage of raining stratiform clouds over the entire model domain. The imposed forcing extends upward motion to the lower troposphere during 16-17 July, which leads to an enhancement of convective clouds and suppression of raining stratiform clouds. The switch of large-scale lower-tropospheric vertical velocity from weak downward motion on 15 July to moderate upward motion during 16-17 July produces a much broader distribution of the vertical velocity, water vapor and hydrometeor fluxes, perturbation specific humidity, and total hydrometeor mixing ratio during 16-17 July than those on 15 July in the analysis of contoured frequency-altitude diagrams. Further analysis of the water vapor budget reveals that local atmospheric moistening is mainly caused by the enhancement of evaporation of rain associated with downward motion on 15 July, whereas local atmospheric drying is mainly determined by the advective drying associated with downward motion over raining stratiform regions and by the net condensation associated with upward motion over convective regions during 16-17 July.

Study of Dynamic Robustness of Servo Control System on a Water Press

The reliability and robustness of the electro-hydraulic servo control system for heavy-duty forging machine play an important role in forging processes. A mathematic model of 50 MN water press for free forging was created in this research. The dynamic robust compensator integrating with PID control method is designed and applied to the mathematical model simulation. The simulated results approved that the dynamic robust compensator application restrains interference from extra load and improves the electro-hydraulic position servo control system accuracy and stability.

Large-scale gas accumulation mechanisms and reservoir-forming geological effects in sandstones of Central and Western China

Large-scale gas accumulation areas in large oil-gas basins in central and Western China have multiple special accumulation mechanisms and different accumulation effects.Based on the geological theory and method of natural gas reservoir formation,this study examined the regional geological and structural background,formation burial evolution,basic characteristics of gas reservoirs,and fluid geology and geochemistry of typical petroliferous basins.The results show that the geological processes such as structural pumping,mudstone water absorption,water-soluble gas degasification and fluid sequestration caused by uplift and denudation since Himalayan stage all can form large-scale gas accumulation and different geological effects of gas accumulation.For example,the large-scale structural pumping effect and fluid sequestration effect are conducive to the occurrence of regional ultra-high pressure fluid and the formation of large-scale ultra-high pressure gas field;mudstone water absorption effect in the formation with low thickness ratio of sandstone to formation is conducive to the development of regional low-pressure and water free gas reservoir;the water-soluble gas degasification effect in large-scale thick sandstone can not only form large-scale natural gas accumulation;moreover,the degasification of water-soluble gas produced by the lateral migration of formation water will produce regional and regular isotopic fractionation effect of natural gas,that is,the farther the migration distance of water-soluble gas is,the heavier the carbon isotopic composition of methane formed by the accumulation.

Large-scale model test study on the water pressure resistance of construction joints of karst tunnel linings

Model tests and numerical calculations were adopted based on the New Yuanliangshan tunnel project to investigate the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints in high-pressure and water-rich karst tunnels.A large-scale model test was designed and conducted,innovatively transforming the external water pressure of the lining construction joint into internal water pressure.The effects of the embedded position and waterstop type on the water pressure resistance of the construction joint were analyzed,and the reliability of the model test was verified via numerical calculations.The results show that using waterstops can significantly improve the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The water pressure resistance of the lining construction joint is positively correlated with the lining thickness and embedded depth of the waterstop.In addition,the type of waterstop significantly influences the water pressure resistance of lining construction joints.The test results show that the water pressure resistance of the embedded transverse reinforced waterstop is similar to that of the steel plate waterstop,and both have more advantages than the rubber waterstop.The water pressure resistance of the construction joint determined via numerical calculations is similar to the model test results,indicating that the model test results have high accuracy and reliability.This study provides a reference for similar projects and has wide applications.

水生态系统韧性视角下热带雨林地区的蓝绿空间评价——以五指山市南圣河为例

热带雨林地区因特殊的气候特点及空间特征,河流蓝绿空间面临的雨洪压力与人类社会活动压力较大,其韧性建设对于整个生境具有关键性影响。国内外研究聚焦于韧性承洪实践与韧性评估量化,鲜有基于不同生态压力冲击对河流蓝绿空间开展多维韧性评价。文章以南圣河为对象,基于雨洪等自然灾害的脉冲式压力与人类社会对生态系统施加的慢性压力两类情境,构建水生态系统的“压力-脉冲-韧性”模型,通过“构建理论模型―叠合双维承压评价―解析吻合/冲突点―探析韧性策略”的逻辑方法实现特定地域蓝绿空间的评价与优化。研究发现:1)生态系统服务价值越高,调节功能越高,蓝绿空间韧性越强。2)突发性脉冲方面,在极端日降雨量增加情景下,河流水系的缓冲半径与水源类型密切相关,水库受到水安全威胁的风险大于河流,地表的径流曲线数值(简称CN)一般与历史经验相关。3)慢发性压力方面,韧性压力与城市人口密切相关,人口越密集,韧性压力越大;且不同季候的游憩密度与丰枯期存在分异,丰水期雨洪威胁大,游憩密度低,枯水期雨洪威胁小,游憩密度高。

水生态文明城市建设对企业绿色创新的影响

以2006—2022年我国沪深两市A股水污染密集型上市公司为样本,运用双重差分模型分析了水生态文明城市建设试点政策对企业绿色创新的影响。研究结果表明,水生态文明城市建设试点政策实施以后,为满足经营合法性和利益相关者的环保诉求,水污染密集型企业绿色创新水平显著提升;且对于高耗水行业、非国有企业、位于经济发展水平较高城市的企业和面临较低环境不确定性的企业,该试点政策微观促进效果更明显;机制分析表明,相比于媒体关注,媒体压力能正向调节水生态文明城市建设试点与企业绿色创新之间的关系。

金刚石压机冷却水温控系统的设计

针对当前金刚石压机冷却水温控系统使用传统PID算法控制精度低、温度波动大的问题,提出一种将改进鲸鱼算法与神经网络PID控制算法相结合的控制方法,实现PID参数的自适应调整。同时以GD32单片机为核心、步进电机为执行机构,设计循环冷却水温控系统硬件控制器来控制流量调节阀的开度,实现温度控制。仿真和实验结果表明:与传统PID算法相比,使用该温控系统进行温度控制时,超调量更小,控制精度更高,控制效果有很大提升。

胶合板用高温花生粕和低温花生粕蛋白基胶黏剂的制备与表征

[目的]以高温花生粕(HPM)和低温花生粕(CPM)为试验原料,通过变性交联提高胶黏剂的胶接性能和耐水性,为花生粕蛋白基胶黏剂的进一步实际应用提供参考。[方法]采用尿素(U)变性和聚酰胺多胺环氧氯丙烷(PAE)树脂交联两步法制备HPM和CPM蛋白基胶黏剂,并比较其在胶合强度、黏度、官能团、热性能和微观形貌方面的差异。[结果]与未变性交联的HPM和CPM胶黏剂相比,变性交联后HPM和CPM胶黏剂制备的杨木胶合板干态胶合强度分别提高134.1%和111.4%,湿态胶合强度分别满足国家标准Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类胶合板要求;变性交联后HPM与CPM胶黏剂黏度分别提高101.5%和70.5%,热分解温度分别提高至316.44和307.57℃,且HPM制备的胶黏剂表面最紧密。[结论]变性交联后HPM胶黏剂的胶合强度、耐水性优于CPM胶黏剂,HPM比CPM更适宜作胶黏剂原料。

辊压树脂浸胶法对桉木重组木尺寸稳定性影响机理

【目的】为解决重组木制备过程中重组单元施胶不均匀导致的尺寸稳定性差的问题,通过辊压树脂浸胶工艺制备重组木,探究辊压树脂浸胶工艺对桉木重组木尺寸稳定性的影响机理。【方法】分别通过吊笼式浸胶法和辊压树脂浸胶法制备桉木重组木,采用超景深显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、微计算机断层扫描仪和激光共聚焦显微镜观察重组单元和重组木表面形貌、微观结构和胶液分布情况,并采用X射线光电子能谱仪、粗糙度仪、接触角测定仪以及63℃水泡24 h和28 h循环法(沸水煮4 h,63℃烘20 h,沸水煮4 h)研究重组木表面化学成分、表面粗糙度、表面润湿性和耐水性能。【结果】与吊笼式浸胶法制备的重组木(CWS)相比,辊压树脂浸胶法制备的重组木(RWS)表面裂隙减少,粗糙度降低,表面润湿性减弱,耐水性能显著增强。RWS表面粗糙度R_(a)和R_(z)相比CWS分别下降了34.38%和72.75%。接触角测试结果表明,第20 s时RWS的表面接触角相对于CWS增大幅度为283.95%。63℃水泡24 h测试结果显示:RWS的吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水宽度膨胀率分别为5.47%和1.11%,与CWS相比降低幅度分别达到52.16%和50.09%。28 h循环测试结果显示:RWS的吸水厚度膨胀率和吸水宽度膨胀率分别为6.24%和1.17%,与CWS相比降低幅度分别为51.45%和58.51%。辊压浸胶过程对重组单元产生了二次破坏,增加了胶液进入的通道;同时,辊压使细胞在被压缩到恢复原貌的过程中产生的负压,增加了胶液的渗透深度,形成网状胶合结构,加强了重组木的胶合性能,抑制了木材细胞在吸水后的回弹。【结论】辊压树脂浸胶法提高了重组木内部胶液分布的均匀性,降低了桉木重组木表面的粗糙度和润湿性,显著提高了重组木的耐水性能,改善了重组木的尺寸稳定性,对重组木的工艺优化和连续化生产具有重要的参考和指导意义。

磷石膏人造骨料组分优化及耐水性改善研究

针对磷石膏占用大量耕地资源、易产生环境污染等问题,使用磷石膏、矿渣、粉煤灰、水泥等材料制备人造骨料推动磷石膏资源化利用。通过正交设计得到最佳配比:9%(质量分数,下同)矿渣粉,10%粉煤灰,5.5%水泥,75.5%磷石膏,并通过压制制备人造骨料。人造骨料28 d筒压强度最高可达7.2 MPa,1 h吸水率低于10%。分析其固化机理可知,胶凝体系各物料相互之间反应、物料激发部分磷石膏发生水化反应生成钙矾石、水化硅酸钙凝胶等水化产物,水化产物逐渐填充颗粒间空隙,颗粒间结合更加紧密使得磷石膏基骨料强度持续发展。采用直接掺混、预处理磷石膏、浸泡包衣3种不同改善方法对其开展耐水性能改善研究,发现采用防水剂OS时,不同处理方法均能改善骨料界面亲水性,其中包衣处理后接触角达到122.7°,骨料表面已为疏水状态。包衣处理对骨料强度影响小,可有效提升骨料各项耐水性能。

环氧大豆油木材胶黏剂的制备及其热压工艺的优化

为开发具有较强耐水性的环保可再生胶黏剂,以环氧大豆油(ESO)为原料,选用顺丁烯二酸酐(MA)为固化剂,乙酰丙酮锌〔Zn(acac)2〕为催化剂,制备ESO木材胶黏剂,同时制备了杨木胶合板,考察了MA添加量对胶黏剂性能的影响,通过DSC分析优化了催化剂添加量,对胶黏剂进行了红外光谱和TG/DTG分析,并利用正交实验对热压工艺进行了优化。结果表明:当MA添加量为27%时胶黏剂性能达到最佳;催化剂的最优添加量为3%;通过红外光谱和TG/DTG分析证明ESO与MA发生了交联固化反应;最佳热压工艺为热压温度150℃、热压时间10 min、热压压力2 MPa、涂胶量320 g/m^(2),在此条件下湿态胶合强度为1.613 MPa,符合国家规定的普通胶合板Ⅱ类板要求(≥0.70 MPa)。该胶黏剂制备方法具有简单、高效、环保等优势,是实现ESO在木材产品生产中可持续应用的一种很有前景的策略,具有很大的工业应用潜力。

基于不同滴灌定额的压砂瓜需水规律

在田间试验条件下,采用随机区组设计,灌溉定额设置4个处理:高水600 m^(3)/hm^(2)(A1)、中水450 m^(3)/hm^(2)(A2)、中水300 m^(3)/hm^(2)(A3)、低水150 m^(3)/hm^(2)(A4)和1个不灌水对照(CK),研究不同灌溉定额下压砂瓜田间土壤含水率、作物系数、产量、水分利用效率和需水规律。结果表明,压砂瓜随着灌溉定额的增加,土壤含水率、耗水量和产量均增加。0~40 cm土层土壤含水率在A1处理下最高,CK最低,对比不同土层土壤含水率变化,0~10 cm波动最明显,10~20 cm和20~30 cm波动次之,30~40 cm波动最小;不同处理各生育阶段耗水量表现为果实膨大期>开花坐果期>伸蔓期>苗期>成熟期,日耗水量表现为开花坐果期>果实膨大期>伸蔓期>苗期>成熟期;各生育阶段作物系数表现为开花坐果期>果实膨大期>伸蔓期>苗期>成熟期。水分利用效率在一定范围内随灌溉定额增加而增大,但灌溉量过高,水分利用效率反而会降低。中水处理A2水分利用效率最高,水资源被充分利用。兼顾节水、水分利用效率、经济价值三方面综合考虑,中水处理A2(450 m^(3)/hm^(2))为最适宜的灌溉定额。

超高压隔膜压滤机在煤泥脱水工艺中的应用研究

本文采用超高压隔膜压滤机对陕西省延安市某选煤厂洗选过程中产生的煤泥水进行深度脱水处理,得出以下结论:超高压隔膜压滤机配套滤布采用单丝滤布PA800比配套丙纶复丝750B滤布的脱水效果更好且泥饼的脱落率更高;在压榨压力为8MPa的情况下,煤泥深度脱水后的含水率在17%左右,能够提高煤泥的发热量、应用价值,同时稳定性好、较经济;随着压榨时间的延长,煤泥出泥含水率可降低1%~2%;进泥压力的变化对煤泥出泥含水率的影响较小,可忽略。

板框式压滤机在熔硫装置中的使用

针对熔硫装置水平衡处理困难及占地面积大等问题,考虑了使用板框式压滤机对含固污水进行处理,过滤后的污水循环使用,并对装置的减排效果进行了实验和分析。结果表明,使用板框式压滤机可以有效减少生产工艺水和外排污水,具有较好的减排效果和经济效益。

30at%铝钪合金靶材的制备与显微组织

为解决传统粉末冶金制备30at%铝钪靶材难度大、杂质高、合金分相、致密度低等问题,以高纯单质Al、Sc为原料,采用真空磁悬浮熔炼-水冷浇铸-气雾化-热压烧结工艺制备30at%铝钪合金材料,并研究了微量Sc含量变化对靶材的XRD,微观形貌以及Al_2Sc和Al_3Sc比例影响;用氧氮分析仪、ICP-OES分析仪对靶材的氧含量、杂质进行了测定,用SEM、XRD对靶材块体的微观形貌、物相结构进行了表征。测试结果显示:采用真空磁悬浮熔炼-水冷浇铸-气雾化-热压烧结工艺制备了氧含量小于1500ppm,纯度大于3.5N,Al_3Sc和Al_2Sc两相结构,且铝钪粒子平均晶粒小于20m,致密度大于99%的铝钪靶材,当靶材Sc含量从30at%升高到30.5at%时,Al_2Sc与Al_3Sc的比例从60:40变为66:34,Al_2Sc比例升高,Al_3Sc明显降低,靶材镀膜后薄膜100w应力降低。

提升高压氢气压缩机效能的技术改造

概述了高压氢压机的工作原理,通过对氢气处理工艺的改进,降低了氢气含水率和高压氢压机故障率,提高了高压氢压机效能,为企业带来了效益。

深层碳酸盐岩储层深度酸压技术与应用

随着勘探开发的深入,碳酸盐岩储层向深层、超深层方向发展,其储层埋藏深、产层厚度大、地层温度高、非均质性强、孔隙、裂缝系统复杂、开发难度大,需进行深度酸压才能进行有效改造。而碳酸盐岩酸蚀裂缝的有效长度和导流能力是影响酸化压裂效果的关键因素。在酸化压裂中,根据储层特点、施工参数、酸压工艺等,对深层碳酸盐岩储层工作液优化形成的变黏抗酸滑溜水、一体化在线变黏酸等酸液体系以缓速、缓蚀、低滤失、深穿透为原则,从而减少酸液滤失,提高酸液效率,降低酸岩反应速度,提高导流能力,结合酸液体系的作用原理、施工参数等优化形成了前置液造缝技术、变黏抗酸滑溜水体积酸压、多体系酸液交替注入、缝内转向等为核心的深度酸压技术,实现对深层碳酸盐岩储层的深度酸压改造,现场应用取得了较好的增产效果。

双碱法脱硫工艺提标改造与实践

介绍了淄博铁鹰球团制造有限公司双减法脱硫工艺技术改造过程和应用实践。通过对脱硫工艺的石灰浆液制备及输送系统、SO_(2)吸收系统、石膏脱水系统、工艺水系统、电气及自动控制系统等关键环节技术创新与改造,有效解决了脱硫能力不足、压滤效果差、塔体及喷淋管路结晶严重、工艺水平衡困难等运行难题,并实现了由双减法向石灰-石膏法脱硫工艺过渡,满足了生产需要,降低了脱硫运行成本。

海上水基钻井液废弃物压滤液回用技术研究与应用

海上油田环保项目水基钻井液废弃物压滤液如果能够实现资源化利用,那将大大降低海上环保项目钻井过程中产生的废弃物终端处理费用,实现降本增效。从滤液回用技术难点出发,通过室内实验,研究压滤液回收利用配置的钻井液性能是否稳定和对储层保护的效果方面进行分析,证实了其可行性。以海上某调整井项目为依托,将压滤液配置的钻井液应用到该项目5口井的钻井中,钻井全过程中的钻井液性能稳定,储层配伍性强,无污染,进一步验证了压滤液回用的可行性,实现了水基钻井液废弃物压滤液的重新利用。该项技术的成功应用,对后续海陆油田环保钻井项目的成本控制、资源化利用均具有重要的指导意义。