Difference between grid connections of large-scale wind power and conventional synchronous generation

In China, regions with abundant wind energy resources are generally located at the end of power grids. The power grid architecture in these regions is typically not sufficiently strong, and the energy structure is relatively simple. Thus, connecting large-capacity wind power units complicates the peak load regulation and stable operation of the power grids in these regions. Most wind turbines use power electronic converter technology, which affects the safety and stability of the power grid differently compared with conventional synchronous generators. Furthermore, fluctuations in wind power cause fluctuations in the output of wind farms, making it difficult to create and implement suitable power generation plans for wind farms. The generation technology and grid connection scheme for wind power and conventional thermal power generation differ considerably. Moreover, the active and reactive power control abilities of wind turbines are weaker than those of thermal power units, necessitating additional equipment to control wind turbines. Hence, to address the aforementioned issues with large-scale wind power generation, this study analyzes the differences between the grid connection and collection strategies for wind power bases and thermal power plants. Based on this analysis, the differences in the power control modes of wind power and thermal power are further investigated. Finally, the stability of different control modes is analyzed through simulation. The findings can be beneficial for the planning and development of large-scale wind power generation farms.

Challenges of Power Delivery from Jiuquan Wind Power Base

The 10-GW-class Jiuquan Wind Power Base in Gansu Province is to get its Phase I Project completed soon, and will further expand and become the world largest wind power base in the future. Whether electricity from the wind power base can be delivered on such a large scale becomes the focus of attention of the world. This paper analyzes four challenges facing the wind power base, including transmission capability, peak regulation and frequency modulation, capacity balance and generation accommodation, as well as system stability.

Operation and Development of Grid-Integrated Jiuquan Wind Power Base

In this paper the author describes the current development of the 10-GW wind power base in Jiuquan, Gansu Province. The future planning of the wind power base and the relevant power grid are also introduced based on the assessment on the wind resources and the wind power operation with the grid.

Analysis and Prospects of Jiangsu Offshore Wind Power Resources

Jiangsu is a province with massive energy consumption. Although it is short of energy and mineral resources, it has abundant renewable energy resources, especially offshore wind energy. In this paper, the condition and spatial distribution of wind energy in Jiangsu are introduced, and also the recommendations to develop offshore wind power are put forward.

海上风电产业发展趋势与Power to X模式应用

文章对海上风电各国总体发展现状及未来发展趋势进行分析,表明各国都在加强对海上风电开发利用,但随着海上风电高速发展,有限的近海风电资源开发趋于饱和,深远海域风电成为海上风电未来发展的方向。然而水深离岸远,深远海风能开发困难,难于实现商业化。文章介绍了一种将新能源电力转换为其他能源载体的Power to X模式。氢作为1种可再生能源载体,可基于Power to X模式,通过将新能源电力电解水制氢的方式,有效降低深远海风电的成本。

Providing Frequency Support of Hydro-Pumped Storage to Taiwan Power System with Wind Power Integration

The combination of wind and pumped storage is a useful method to compensate the fluctuation of wind power generation, which would exploit the abundant wind potential and increase wind power penetration. Taiwan Power Company (TPC) develops renewable energy actively in recent years. Moreover, TPC has started planning a high penetration wind power system and building offshore wind farms around the coast of Zhangbin, Yunlin and Penghu. The target of the offshore wind power installed capacity is up to 3 GW by 2025. However, the integration of the large scale of wind power would give huge challenges to the system operator because wind is randomly characterized. In this study, after high penetration wind power is integrated, the impacts of system frequency and the dispatch of conventional units will be discussed. Additionally, the hybrid system combing wind power with pumped-storage will be planning to reduce the effect of system frequency.

新能源风力发电项目66 kV系统应用前景研究

随着“3060”碳达峰、碳中和目标的实施,大容量风电基地将不断出现,未来风电机组单机容量越来越大,集电线路采用66 kV电压等级,由于其在投资和电能损耗方面的优势,将是风电场发展的必然趋势。文章对35 kV与66 kV集电线路的经济性进行分析,以期为相关人员提供参考。

基于5G技术的海上风电通信系统研究

[目的]海上风电项目众多设备位于海洋之上,交通不便导致运维检修难度大。海上设备信息的快速、无延迟、安全送达陆上显得格外重要。针对通信系统的特殊需求,文章提出了基于5G技术的海上风电场通信系统方案。[方法]首先建立信号覆盖面大、可靠性强的PTN+一体化小基站,再将5G一体化小基站和PTN网关融为一体,通过宽带PTN接入,实现快速、便捷的5G信号覆盖,并采用特定带宽的5G网络,提高通信系统的安全性。[结果]基于PTN+一体化小基站方式的5G通信系统建成后,实现了基于光传输的、支持多业务且利用特定带宽的IP传输。此系统可以帮助规划梳理各风机子系统,实现风机内部全方位信号覆盖,并可以将风机、海上升压站等设备运行状态及数据快速、安全的传输到陆上运维中心,解决风机多子系统、多业务实时安全传输困难的问题。[结论]研究的5G通信系统改善了海上风电通信,并利用特定带宽和新兴技术,实现了海上风电场的通信及时性和可靠性,提高了海上风电场海上运维人员的沟通效率,符合海上风电项目海上设备的通信需求,有望在工程中应用推广。

近海风力发电用铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料研究进展

近海风力发电机组制动具有“三高”(高速、高力矩、高压力)和“一特殊”(海洋水雾、盐雾腐蚀环境)的特点,铜基粉末冶金材料因具有组织均匀、导热性好、耐磨性高、摩擦系数稳定等优点,可应用于近海风力发电的摩擦材料。本文综述了近年来铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料在成分组元、制备工艺以及仿真模拟等方面的研究进展,其中铜基粉末冶金材料的成分组元主要包括基体组元、润滑组元和摩擦组元,其制备工艺主要采用传统热压烧结和放电等离子烧结,同时概述了材料在制动过程中温度场和应力场的仿真模拟,最后展望了铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的发展前景。

含风电并网的源荷双层机组优化组合模型

针对系统调峰能力不足,严重限制新能源的消纳问题,提出计及源荷两侧可调节资源的综合市场服务机制与需求响应的双层机组组合模型。上层对荷侧建立计及响应不确定性的以净负荷波动最小为目标函数的价格型需求响应模型;下层对源侧建立包含电力市场深度调峰辅助服务与碳市场奖惩阶梯式碳交易机制的综合市场交易机制,构建以综合运行成本最小为目标函数的机组组合模型;最后,将原问题转化为混合整数线性规划问题,通过设置不同场景验证该模型的有效性。

九边形模块化多电平变换器的解耦模型与控制策略

九边形模块化多电平变换器(N-MMC)是一种具备多端口、低频性、高可靠性等特点的AC-AC变换器,在海上风电领域应用前景广阔。但是,九边形变换器存在不同频率的电气分量强耦合的问题。为此,该文提出了一种九边形变换器的解耦方法。首先,根据九边形变换器的拓扑结构,分析了其桥臂电压、电流的关系,建立了九边形变换器的解耦模型;然后,在此基础上推导了PI控制策略和非线性的无源控制(PBC)策略;最后,在Matlab仿真平台和RT-Lab半物理平台上进行了多种工况的仿真和实验验证,对比了解耦后采用PBC控制、PI控制、未解耦直接采用准比例谐振(QPR)控制的效果,验证了所提解耦模型与PBC控制的可行性与优越性。

计及规模化电动汽车调控潜力的含风电系统优化调度策略

针对目前现行较为固定的分时电价策略难以引导电动汽车参与系统风电消纳的问题,提出一种计及规模化电动汽车调控潜力的含风电系统优化调度策略。首先,从可调度时间和可调度空间两个角度出发构建电动汽车调控潜力评估指标,建立规模化电动汽车参与电网调控的潜力评估模型;其次,参考调控潜力评估结果进行电动汽车分群,建立兼顾风电消纳与电动汽车集群间差异的分群分时电价模型;然后,以电网侧总负荷峰谷差最低、用户侧电动汽车用户充电费用最低为目标,以电动汽车集群的充放电状态为决策变量,建立一种综合考虑电网与电动汽车用户利益的优化模型;最后通过实例仿真验证了所提方法的可行性与有效性。

西北新型电力系统先行示范体系探究

西北地区能源资源禀赋,是加快构建新型电力系统的排头兵,是实现全国“双碳”目标的主阵地。从西北地区“多煤富新”的资源优势、新能源为装机主体的电源布局、大外送格局的网架结构及当前西北电网新能源的高效利用情况来看,西北电网已具备新型电力系统体系雏形。但随着能源转型的稳步推进、沙戈荒大型风光基地等国家重点项目的落地,西北电网“三高双随机”的特征愈加凸显,西北新型电力系统体系建设仍面临着巨大挑战。该文分析了现阶段西北新型电力系统体系建设在电力保供、新能源高效利用、电网安全面临的挑战,以问题为导向,系统性阐述了保供电、促转型、保安全“三位一体”的西北新型电力系统先行示范体系建设研究和创新实践,并提出了策略性发展建议与展望。

风-光-储和需求响应协同的虚拟电厂日前经济调度优化

目前可再生能源直接并入电网仍然面临稳定性和经济性问题,经过虚拟电厂整合可以缓解对电网的影响。以系统整合后最终运行成本达到最小作为目标,进行新能源出力和负荷在未来24 h的预测,计及电网侧在不同时间内的电价变化情况,采用反向学习的混沌映射自适应粒子群算法对风-光-储能和需求响应不同组合搭配的5种调度方案进行探讨,与原始粒子群算法相比,所提算法可以跳出局部最优解而找到全局最优解。计算结果表明,风-光-储和需求响应都参与供电相比风-光-储供电可以将运行成本降低4.47%,用户舒适度提高3.51%。

大基地风电场“以大代小”等容量排布方案分析

“以大代小”是风电项目进行等容或扩容改造升级常用的一种方式。以大基地风电场为研究对象,探究针对大基地项目进行“以大代小”技术改造的规划方案。将大基地风电场划分为9个待改造区域,分别采用两种改造方案,从机组单机容量、机组轮毂高度、改造区域机组对周边机组的尾流影响等几个关键因素入手,分析这些因素对场区发电量的影响及发电量提升效果,进而得到最优的改造机型和布局规划。研究结果表明,保持轮毂高度不变,提升单机容量,发电量增加幅度并不显著。当抬升轮毂高度且提升机组单机容量时,发电量提升效果较为明显。当选取的轮毂高度与周边机组轮毂高度较为接近时,随着改造区域单机容量增大,对周边机组的尾流影响越大,影响最大的为处于改造区域下风向的机组,影响最小的通常为处于改造区域上风向的机组。抬升轮毂高度,随着单机容量的提升,发电量提升效果较为显著。根据大基地风电场的实际风资源条件,在场区中间区域适当抬升轮毂高度,可以提升发电量并减少对周边风电场的尾流影响。等容量技术改造时,应优先选择高塔架大兆瓦机组进行改造。

水泥工厂清洁能源发电方式分析

对比了多种清洁能源发电方式在水泥厂应用的优缺点,介绍了光伏发电方式光伏板的布置、单晶硅太阳能电池组件的应用及并网方式,容量为9.2MW的光伏发电系统,测算25年寿命期内年平均发电量9504MW·h;余热电站发电方式取用窑头熟料冷却机中段废气余热,装机规模7.5MW;风力发电方式利用所在区域北高南低的自然条件,在厂区内布置2台机组,容量9.1MW,周边区域规划集中式风电场,容量40.95MW。此外,介绍了垃圾焚烧发电方式的常规应用,提出了水泥企业提前规划布局氢能产业的设想,为实现水泥工厂的“零购电”提供了思路。

青海海西柴达木沙漠新能源基地风光容量配比优化研究

随着新能源规模爆发式增长,新能源基地外送方案规划方法备受关注。为了满足影响日内峰谷结构的新能源输送需求,通过分析青海海西州柴达木沙漠地区风光资源不同时间尺度下的出力特性,构建风光容量配比优化模型,采用优化算法确定某高比例清洁能源基地风光容量最佳配比,并分析不同容量配比和光伏容配比下的风电、光伏之间的出力互补效果。结果表明:青海海西州柴达木沙漠地区光伏、风电互补后,扭转了单一电源单独出力的反调峰特性。光伏/风电容量比例1.5~2.0互补效果最佳,验证了优化模型的有效性,未来可进一步应用至其他新能源基地外送方案规划中。

Collaborative Planning of Distributed Wind Power Generation and Distribution Network with Large-scale Heat Pumps

With the advancement of clean heating projects and the integration of large-scale distributed heat pumps into rural distribution networks in northern China,power grid companies face tremendous pressure to invest in power grid upgrades,which bring opportunities for renewable power generation integration.The combination of heating by distributed renewable energy with the flexible operation of heat pumps is a feasible alternative for dealing with grid reinforcement challenges resulting from heating electrification.In this paper,a mathematical model of the collaborative planning of distributed wind power generation(DWPG)and distribution network with large-scale heat pumps is developed.In this model,the operational flexibility of the heat pump load is fully considered and the requirements of a comfortable indoor temperature are met.By applying this model,the goals of not only increasing the profit of DWPG but also reducing the cost of the power grid upgrade can be achieved.

Probabilistic load flow method considering large-scale wind power integration

The increasing penetration of wind power brings great uncertainties into power systems,which poses challenges to system planning and operation.This paper proposes a novel probabilistic load flow(PLF)method based on clustering technique to handle large fluctuations from large-scale wind power integration.The traditional cumulant method(CM)for PLF is based on the linearization of load flow equations around the operation point,therefore resulting in significant errors when input random variables have large fluctuations.In the proposed method,the samples of wind power and loads are first generated by the inverse Nataf transformation and then clustered using an improved K-means algorithm to obtain input variable samples with small variances in each cluster.With such pre-processing,the cumulant method can be applied within each cluster to calculate cumulants of output random variables with improved accuracy.The results obtained in each cluster are combined according to the law of total probability to calculate the final cumulants of output random variables for the whole samples.The proposed method is validated on modified IEEE 9-bus and 118-bus test achieve a better performance with the consideration of both traditional CM,2 m+1 point estimate method(PEM),Monte Carlo simulation(MCS)and Latin hypercube sampling(LHS)based MCS,the proposed method can achieve a better performance with the consideration of bothcomputational efficiency and accuracy.

基于事件优化理论的"风-储-荷"联合单元最优平抑控制策略

目前风电平抑控制策略大多单一地以储能备用来减小并网功率波动,未综合考虑电力系统内部多种备用资源的灵活性.引入辅助服务市场机制,提出了基于事件优化理论的"风-储-荷"联合单元日前最优平抑控制策略.根据事件优化理论中事件的基本概念,定义风电不确定事件,构建新的事件Q因子,以贪婪事件优化理论下的策略作为初始平抑控制策略,并采用Softmax函数将策略表示为动作空间上的概率分布.构建联合单元的不确定事件平抑模型,基于储能备用匹配度,以平抑动作效益最大为优化目标建立收益函数,并基于收益函数求解策略下的系统性能.提出一种策略梯度迭代在线算法,以初始平抑控制策略梯度迭代求解最优策略参数,同时考虑平抑效果和平抑效益,得到"风-储-荷"联合单元的最优平抑控制策略.通过算例仿真验证了所提策略的有效性.