Distribution and exploration direction of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin, SW China

Based on the analysis of the basic characteristics of medium-and large-sized marine gas fields in Sichuan Basin, combined with the division of major reservoir forming geological units in the marine craton stage and their control on key hydrocarbon accumulation factors, the distribution law of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in the basin was examined and the exploration direction was pointed out. Through the analysis of the periodic stretching-uplifting background, it is concluded that five large scale paleo-rifts, three large scale paleo-uplifts, five large scale paleo erosion surfaces were formed in the marine craton stage of Sichuan Basin, and these geological units control the key reservoir forming factors of medium and large sized gas fields:(1) Large-scale paleo-rifts control the distribution of high-quality hydrocarbon generation centers.(2) The margin of large-scale paleo-rifts, high position of paleo-uplifts and paleo erosion surfaces control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs.(3) Large-scale paleo-rifts, paleo-uplifts, paleo erosion surfaces and present tectonic setting jointly control the formation of many types of large and medium-sized traps.(4) Natural gas accumulation is controlled by the inheritance evolution of traps in large geological units. Based on the comparative analysis of the distribution characteristics of medium-and large-sized gas fields and large geological units, it is proposed that the superimposition relationship between single or multiple geological units and the present structure controls the distribution of medium-and large-sized gas fields, and the "three paleo" superimposed area is the most advantageous. According to the above rules, the main exploration fields and directions of medium-and large-sized marine carbonate gas fields in Sichuan Basin include periphery of Deyang-Anyue paleo-rift, eastern margin of Longmenshan paleo-rift, margins of Kaijiang-Liangping oceanic trough and Chengkou-western Hubei oceanic trough, the high part of the subaqueous paleo-uplifts around Central Sichuan, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of Maokou Formation in eastern and southern Sichuan Basin, paleo erosion surfaces of the top boundary of the Leikoupo Formation in central and western Sichuan Basin.

Feasibility of condensate water recycle of split air handling unit in Chinese University buildings

Recycling the condensate water of the air conditioner could be explored as an alternative water source to con-tribute to building the green campus.This paper explored the condensate water production through actual mea-surement based on a split air handling unit(SAHU)in a university building.Then,the statistical analysis was used to analyze the recycling feasibility and the impact factors of the condensate water production in 31 Chinese provincial capital cities to obtain the recycling potential map of the condensate water generated from a SAHU.Results showed that:(1)In the measurement,the amount of condensate water produced by a single split air conditioner was 1.6 kg from 12:40 to 13:40.Therefore,the daily output of condensate water of the air condi-tioner with the university operation schedule could reach 52.99 kg during the main air-conditioning season.(2)Among the 31 provincial capital cities in China,the largest condensate water outputs could be found in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter zone and the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone,with an average monthly output of 1600 kg and 1100 kg,respectively.(3)Regression analysis showed that the dry-bulb temperature and dew point temperature of outdoor air had the highest positive and significant influence on condensate water production.The objective of this study is to provide theoretical guidance for the design and energy conservation evaluation of the feasibility of SAHU condensate water recycling in universities.

旁路蓄热对凝汽式机组调峰容量的影响

为研究熔盐蓄热技术对凝汽式机组调峰容量的影响,以660 MW超临界凝汽式机组为例,选择低熔点LMPS II熔盐为蓄热介质,将蓄热系统与汽轮机旁路系统相结合,构建3种旁路蓄热方案,应用EBSILON软件建立系统的仿真模型,研究凝汽式机组引入熔盐蓄热后调峰容量和调峰容量补偿的变化。结果表明:整机旁路蓄热方案可以使机组发电负荷率降得最低;在蓄热时长相同的条件下,低压旁路蓄热方案放热顶峰运行时间最长;以30%发电负荷率作为起始蓄热工况,旁路蓄热方案的调峰容量增加3.21%~6.42%;在蓄热起始工况发电负荷率较低时,机组的调峰容量补偿较大。

罗茨真空机组系统稳定性的提升

为解决螺杆真空系统运行效率低、真空稳定性差的问题,增强对螺杆真空控制系统的温度、电流、压力的监控,降低了事故处理的滞后性;增加板式换热器及列管冷凝器,冷却了热态气体,降低了真空泵负荷,提升了真空泵运行效率;对三级真空泵进行变频升级,有效调整了产能需求,保证了设备运行的最佳效率。通过以上工艺、设备、电气方面的调整,螺杆真空泵持续、高效的稳定运行得以实现。

吸收式溴化锂机组回收蒸汽凝液余热制冷技术改造分析

介绍了余热回收溴化锂制冷机组的工作原理,针对鑫润公司60万t/a草酸技改乙二醇装置存在的1.0 MPa(G)蒸汽冷凝液大量直排、所含余热未进行利用的问题,进行了技术改造,即在乙二醇冷冻站新增吸收式溴化锂制冷机组系统,利用凝液余热制取冷冻水。改造后,热能浪费问题得到了有效解决,每年可节约电能2740.53万kW·h,相当于节约标准煤3368.11 t、减少CO_(2)排放量15629.24 t。

600 MW超临界机组凝结水泵节能改造实践

探讨了凝结水泵变频调速技术的原理,并进行了变频改造试验分析和节能经济性分析。经过凝结水泵变频改造后,机组在低负荷时可节约电率51%,在高负荷时可节约电率13%~35%,节电效果显著,为企业节省了成本。

抽凝改背压机组汽水系统方案设计与对比分析

上海汽轮机厂60 MW等级单缸抽汽凝汽式机组需要改造为30 MW背压式发电机组。抽汽凝汽式机组的汽封系统为供汽和漏汽结合,而背压式机组只有漏汽汽封系统,二者完全不同。介绍了其中汽水系统的设计改造方案。在最大限度保留原有机组设备,包括其辅助系统的原则下,针对汽封和疏水系统进行了改造,尽可能使各接口的压力和管道走向等与原机组匹配。由于取消了机组抽汽,且后半缸在闷板之后光轴运行,因此疏水点和系统配置需要重新设计。提出了2个汽封系统的改造方案,即封堵部分漏汽腔室,保留外部2档漏汽接管的方案,以及利用原有漏汽管道对端部汽封接法进行合理优化,以匹配背压机组需求的方案,并进行了比较。以二者对机组的性能影响和配置便捷性为标准,确定后者为优选方案。研究成果可为类似的改造项目中汽水系统的设计提供参考。

Experimental Analysis of the Performances of Unit Refrigeration Systems Based on Parallel Compressors with Consideration of the Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency

The performances of a refrigeration unit relying on compressors working in parallel have been investigated considering the influence of the compressor volumetric efficiency and isentropic efficiency on the compression ratio.Moreover,the following influential factors have been taken into account:evaporation temperature,condensation temperature and compressor suction-exhaust pressure ratio for different opening conditions of the compressor.The following quantities have been selected as the unit performance measurement indicators:refrigeration capacity,energy efficiency ratio(COP),compressor power consumption,and refrigerant flow rate.The experimental results indicate that the system refrigeration capacity and COP decrease with a decrease in evaporation temperature,increase of condensation temperature,and increase in pressure ratio.The refrigerant flow rate increases with the increase in evaporation temperature,decrease in condensing temperature and increase in pressure ratio.The compressor power consumption increases with the increase in condensing temperature and increase in pressure ratio,but is not significantly affected by the evaporation temperature.

Large-sized bone defect repair by combining a decalcified bone matrix framework and bone regeneration units based on photo-crosslinkable osteogenic microgels

Physiological repair of large-sized bone defects is great challenging in clinic due to a lack of ideal grafts suitable for bone regeneration.Decalcified bone matrix(DBM)is considered as an ideal bone regeneration scaffold,but low cell seeding efficiency and a poor osteoinductive microenvironment greatly restrict its application in large-sized bone regeneration.To address these problems,we proposed a novel strategy of bone regeneration units(BRUs)based on microgels produced by photo-crosslinkable and microfluidic techniques,containing both the osteogenic ingredient DBM and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)for accurate biomimic of an osteoinductive microenvironment.The physicochemical properties of microgels could be precisely controlled and the microgels effectively promoted adhesion,proliferation,and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs)in vitro.BRUs were successfully constructed by seeding BMSCs onto microgels,which achieved reliable bone regeneration in vivo.Finally,by integrating the advantages of BRUs in bone regeneration and the advantages of DBM scaffolds in 3D morphology and mechanical strength,a BRU-loaded DBM framework successfully regenerated bone tissue with the desired 3D morphology and effectively repaired a large-sized bone defect of rabbit tibia.The current study developed an ideal bone biomimetic microcarrier and provided a novel strategy for bone regeneration and large-sized bone defect repair.

Thermodynamic Simulation of CCP in Air-Cooled Heat Pump Unit with HFCs and CO₂Trans-Critical

The exergy analysis and finite time thermodynamic methods had been employed to analyze the compound condensation process (CCP). It was based on the air-cooling heat pump unit. The cooling capacity of the chiller unit is about 1 kW, and the work refrigerant is R22/R407C/R410A/CO2. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was employed to build the simulation model. The thermodynamic simulation model is significant for the optimization of parameters of the unit, such as condensation and evaporation temperature and mass flow of the sanitary hot water and size of hot water storage tank. The COP of the CCP of R410A system is about 3% - 5% higher than the CCP of the R22 system, while CCP of the R407C system is a little lower than the CCP of R22 system. And the CCP of CO2 trans-critical system has advantage in the hot supply mode. The simulation method provided a theoretical reference for developing the production of CCP with substitute refrigerant R407C/R410A/CO2.

基于物联网的冷凝机组云监控系统与远程诊断

冷库制冷设备的维修、维护受到用户分布边远、时间紧迫、维修人员数量等限制,对厂家的售后服务形成较大的挑战。基于物联网的远程监控技术,结合冷凝机组、冷库构造技术构成云监控平台,利用分组、分项目远程管控不同区域的制冷设备,达到有效统管众多制冷设备的目的;同时通过对目标设备数据的收集传输、处理、呈现,实现动态掌控设备运行情况,控制制冷设备工作参数,能获得更好的能耗指标;再者利用预警功能自动发现提示故障,能查索设备的历史数据,辅助维修人员分析、定位故障原因,从而提高响应速度和服务质量。

宽温脱硝催化剂低负荷特性研究

燃煤机组低负荷运行时,遇到SCR脱硝催化剂硫酸氢铵(ABS)失活问题,对此现象进行了试验研究。结果显示:1)烟气温度低于ABS凝聚温度时,ABS在催化剂微孔内逐渐积聚造成堵塞而失活,而ABS凝聚温度与微孔孔径成反比,与烟气中NH_(3)和SO_(3)体积分数的乘积正相关;2)与常规催化剂一样,孔径2~20 nm的微孔仍然是宽温脱硝催化剂的结构主体,改变不了其在低负荷下ABS失活的现象;3)基于催化剂ABS失活的物理可逆特性,防治结合仍旧是解决ABS问题的根本方法。

超超临界机组水汽异常排查及腐蚀机理探究

某电厂两台1000 MW超超临界机组主蒸汽氢电导率及氢含量异常升高,常规排查无异常后,进一步分析可能为有机物超标引起。对相关水样进行有机物含量检测,分析溯源,确定指标异常是由作为源水产水的海水淡化装置机械密封水(含丙二醇防冻剂)泄漏引起,漏液经补给水处理系统进入机组热力系统,导致机组主蒸汽氢电导率及氢含量异常。对丙二醇在水汽系统中的理化特性、及对热力系统造成的腐蚀与氧化机理进行深入探究。为汽水系统指标异常原因分析提供新思路,更直观地指出电厂化学监督工作的重要性。

基于相变蓄热的空气源热泵系统蓄放热性能实验研究

为进一步研究基于相变蓄热的空气源热泵系统动态运行特性以及蓄放热特性,本文搭建了基于相变蓄热的空气源热泵系统蓄放热性能测试平台,并对系统进行了实验研究。研究结果表明:蓄热过程中系统平均功耗为2.3 kW,平均制热量为5.4 kW,平均性能系数为2.4,冷凝蓄热器蓄热量与蓄热时间呈线性关系,在5.8 h的蓄热时间内蓄热量可达31.5 kW·h;放热过程中冷凝蓄热器放热量与放热时间呈幂函数关系,在2 h的放热时间内放热量可达9.5 kW·h,平均放热功率为4.7 kW。相关研究成果对该系统在特定场合的应用具有一定的指导作用。

双抽热电机组–抽背热电机组双机联合运行特性及优化研究

为挖掘混合类型热电联产机组的节能潜力、降低发电成本,通过EBSILON软件搭建60MW双抽(double-extraction condensing unit,CC)-抽背(extraction condensing unit with a high back-pressure,CB)热电联产机组的仿真模型,研究该联合机组的运行特性并建立基于可解释增强机和鸟群算法的双抽-抽背热电联产机组负荷优化模型,最后以典型日热电负荷优化任务为例,给出双机热电负荷优化结果。结果表明:当保持双抽机组的中压流量不变,存在中压流量极限值10.39t/h,使低压流量与电功率的运行区域只受到最大主蒸汽流量、最小凝汽量以及最小主蒸汽流量的限制;存在中压流量极限值59.26t/h,使运行区域只受最大主蒸汽流量和最小凝汽量限制;当双机总中压流量一定时,双抽-抽背机组的联合运行区域可以用极限工况即抽背机组承担最大中压流量,双抽机组承担剩余中压流量来近似表示。该优化方法与热电负荷平均分配方案对比,典型日可以降低1148.58GJ热耗,发电标准煤耗率由212.10g/(kW·h)降低为209.05g/(kW·h),可以节省标煤3.05g/(kW·h)。

不同单元型式的直接空冷岛数值试验对比研究

利用ANSYS Fluent软件研究某2×660MW直接空冷岛,以期提高其整体换热性能。对不同单元型式、散热器管束和风机布置方式下的空冷岛方案进行流动和传热特性的数值模拟、分析和研究。在环境风速风向的影响下,不同布置型式的空冷岛出现一定的性能差异。静风状态下,不同布置方案的空冷岛通风量及换热量之间的差别很小,均在1%以内。TRL考核风速各风向下,与常规空冷布置方案相比,双小“A”风机低位布置方案的机组背压较低。炉后风向下,双小“A”风机低位布置方案的机组平均背压低于常规布置方案约1.57kPa。

燃煤机组烟气水分回收系统设计与运行最优化

采用陶瓷复合膜冷凝器进行燃煤机组烟气水分回收时会存在燃煤机组发电负荷波动范围大的问题,为此提出一种基于情景的设计-运行两阶段最优化方案,通过考虑机组负荷波动特征,生成一组带有概率的情景,以整个寿命周期内总投资和运行成本最低为目标函数,获得最优的陶瓷复合膜冷凝器的设计和运行方案。最后,以某330 MW燃煤机组为案例进行计算。结果表明:与仅基于额定负荷优化的参考方案相比,基于情景的设计-运行两阶段最优化方案可使膜面积减小3%,总成本节省8%,其中投资成本降低3%,运维成本降低12%。

300MW热电机组凝汽器变工况运行的热经济性模拟研究

为解决新能源消纳问题,提高燃煤供热机组的灵活运行能力,低压缸零出力技术得到广泛关注。通过Ebsilon建立了某300MW机组在纯凝工况、抽凝工况和低压缸零出力工况的仿真模型及凝汽器变工况仿真模型,计算分析了各工况的热经济性变化,并研究了循环水流量和入口温度的变化对机组热经济性的影响。结果表明,低压缸零出力工况的冷源损失更少,循环水流量相比纯凝工况降低了89.65%。循环水流量的增加、入口温度的降低均有利于机组低压缸零出力工况时的经济运行,循环水流量在设计流量的55%增至130%时,发电煤耗降低了1.021 g/(kW·h);循环水入口温度由25℃降至15℃,发电煤耗减少了0.729g/(kW·h)。该研究可为热电机组在多供热方式下的冷端系统高效运行提供指导。

硫磺装置一级冷凝器腐蚀原因及对策

某炼油厂硫磺回收装置一级冷凝器E102换热管束发生腐蚀穿孔现象。通过对该换热器的管束进行漏磁检测,化学分析、金相分析、扫描电镜观察、能谱分析和X射线衍射分析等手段对腐蚀部位进行金属材质、腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物等进行分析,结合工艺流程综合判断,结果表明,一级冷凝器腐蚀穿孔的主要原因是该管束夹杂,导致在工艺过程气的环境下出现局部电化学反应,从而导致最终夹杂部位穿孔。