Study on Evacuation Strategy of Commercial High-Rise Building under Fire Based on FDS and Pathfinder

With the development of economy and society and the growth of population,the high-rise and multi-function of commercial buildings have become an international trend.But it also poses huge fire hazards.Most of the existing studies’research objects are predominantly high-rise residential buildings,without considering the impact of different functional zones(Standard floor,entertainment zone,office zone,equipment room and so on)and personnel distribution of commercial buildings evacuation.And the influence of using elevators to carry evacuees on the refuge floor on personnel evacuation is rarely studied.In this work,the fire scenario of the Yangtze River InternationalConferenceCenter,a high-rise commercial building,is simulated with the Pyrosim programto get the necessary parameters under various fire scenarios and to calculate the available evacuation time TASET.At the same time,according to the complex functional zone of the commercial high-rise building and the distribution of people in different time periods,a reasonable evacuation strategy is developed and simulated by Pathfinder software.The results indicate that unorganized evacuation will lead individuals to take the erroneous evacuation route,resulting in a vast region of congestion;comprehensive consideration of the time staggering and the reasonable distribution of evacuation routes can significantly improve evacuation efficiency,and the TRSET of night and working hours is 36.6%–55.3%and 49.9%–79.6%of unorganized evacuation,respectively.For the night fire,60%of the people use elevator-refuge floor to evacuate is the optimal strategy;for the fire during working hours,half of the people on standard floors use the elevator to evacuate and people on multifunctional floors evacuate in four batches is the best plan.The results of this study can provide viable solutions and a foundation for analyzing the fire evacuation and safety of big commercial high-rise buildings.

Basic Characteristics of an Appropriate Waste Fillers for Solvent Free and Water-Borne Industrial Polymer Floors and Their Utilization

Recently the manufacture of epoxy coating and flooring materials begun to be under strong pressure to use more environmentally friendly raw materials in its composition.First tendency to reduce of solvents and diluents contained in the materials appeared at the end of 90´s.This situation was supported by the Council of Europe in 2004 to reduce VOC emissions to zero till 2020.Solvent materials were thus largely replaced by solvent free materials from which the volatile substances are not released into the air.But pressure continued to increase,and over the past decade began to take centre stage water-based epoxy.On the Czech market solvent based material is still occasionally used,but predominant are solvent free materials.There are no commonly used materials containing wastes as fillers in new water-borne and solvent-free epoxy materials.Characteristics identification of the waste material as a potential filler is a set of properties that determine the limits of secondary raw materials or waste as a filler.This paper describes the basic characteristics which must be selected to meet the requirements,to affect negatively the workability,sedimentation,properties and behavior of the final floor system.Some materials must comply with special requirements,such as resistance to chemicals,etc.Next part of paper talks about utilization of polymer floors and their mechanical properties.

Experimental Mode and Vibration Comfort Analysis of High-Rise Glulam Building Floor Structure

In order to better meet the objective requirements of the use safety of the high-rise glulam building floor structure and the living comfort of the residents,the transient excitation,environmental excitation and frequency spectrum identification methods were used to carry out experimental modal test in-site on the three rooms numbered A,B and C of the same glulam structural building.The three rooms have different functions,different floor sizes and different floor supporting structures.The research results have shown that the first-order bending frequency of the floor structure of Room A is 27.50 Hz,the transverse second-order bending frequency is 34.75 Hz,the longitudinal second-order bending frequency is 53.25 Hz,and the first-order torsional frequency is 56.25 Hz.The reinforced wooden beam at the bottom of the floor of Room A increases the transverse stiffness of the floor structure,but does not offset the anisotropy caused by the longitudinally installed glulam floors.The fundamental frequency values of the floor structures of the three rooms numbered A,B,and C are 27.5,13 and 18 Hz,respectively.This has a relatively high innovation and reference significance for integrating the theory of structural dynamic characteristics with the dynamic testing technology,improving the design level of high-rise glulam structure buildings,and improving the living comfort of residents.

Potential application of radiant floor cooling systems for residential buildings in different climate zones

A radiant floor cooling system(RFCS)is a high-comfort and low energy consumption system suitable for residential buildings.Radiant floor systems usually work with fresh air,and their operating performance is affected by climatic conditions.Indoor and outdoor environmental disturbances and the system’s control strategy affect the indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency of the system.Firstly,a multi-story residential building model was established in this study.Transient system simulation program was used to study the operation dynamics of three control strategies of the RFCS based on the calibrated model.Then,the performance of the control strategies in five climate zones in China were compared using multi-criteria decision-making in combination.The results show that control strategy has a negligible effect on condensation risk,but the thermal comfort and economic performance differ for different control strategies.The adaptability of different control strategies varies in different climate zones based on the consideration of multiple factors.The performance of the direct-ground cooling source system is better in Hot summer and warm winter zone.The variable air volume control strategy scores higher in Serve cold and Temperate zones,and the hours exceeding thermal comfort account for less than 3%of the total simulation period.Therefore,it is suggested to choose the RFCS control strategy for residential buildings according to the climate zone characteristics,to increase the energy savings.Our results provide a reliable reference for implementing RFCSs in residential buildings.

New lumped-mass-stick model based on modal characteristics of structures: development and application to a nuclear containment building

In this study, a new lumped-mass-stick model （LMSM） is developed based on the modal characteristics of a structure such as eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The simplified model, named the ＂frequency adaptive lumped-massstick model,＂ hasonly a small number of stick elements and nodes to provide the same natural frequencies of the structure and is applied to a nuclear containment building. To investigate the numerical performance of the LMSM, a time history analysis is carried out on both the LMSM and the finite element model （FEM） for a nuclear containment building. A comparison of the results shows that the dynamic responses of the LMSM in terms of displacement and acceleration are almost identical to those of the FEM. In addition, the results in terms of floor response spectra at certain elevations are also in good agreement.

Neural Network Approach to Response of Buildings Due to Earthquake Excitation

The present article investigates the physical phenomena associated with the wave passage effect into a building considering the ground floor as the soft floor with the conformity of the up-to-date scenario of the construction of high rise buildings, due to shear excitation of the base. The aim of the study is to analyse the post-earthquake situation of the building in respect to its health. With this vision, the ensuing problem on two-dimensional building models, non-incorporating soil-structure interaction, is being tackled by both analytical and neural network approaches. Computational results from both ends (of the approaches) show that the wave energy does not always propagate from the ground into the building, but for lower frequency range it sails to the building without any disturbances. However, for higher frequency range, the computational results show that the building experiences large “torsional” deformations, as a result the building may collapse. Finally, both the approaches maintain a good agreement among themselves. The present investigation may lead to a long way in contributing to better and more rational, simplified design criteria.

INFLUENCE OF UNCERTAINTY OF ROCK PROPERTIES ON SEISMIC RESPONSES OF REACTOR BUILDINGS

The influence of the dispersion and uncertainty of the dynamic shear wave velocity and Poisson＇s ratio of soil in a hard rock site was investigated on the seismic response of reactor building structure. The analysis is performed by considering the soil-structure interaction effects and based on the model of the reactor building in a typical pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant （NPP）. The numerical results show that for the typical floor selected, while the relative increment ratio of the dynamic shear wave velocity varies from -30% to 30% compared to the basis of 1 930 m/s, the relative variation of the horizontal response spectra peak value lies in the scope of ±10% for the internal structure, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the spectra peak is 0.0% in most cases. The relative variation of the vertical response spectra peak value lies in the scope of - 10% to 22%, and the relative variation of the frequency corresponding to the Spectra peak lies in the scope of - 22% to 4%. The analysis indicates that the dynamic shear wave velocity and the Poisson＇s ratio of the rock would affect the seismic response of structure and the soil-structure interaction effects should be considered in seismic analysis and design of NPP even for a hard rock site.

Seismic Isolation of Reactor Assembly for a Fixed Base Accelerator Driven System Reactor Building

In the SILER （Seismic-Initiated events risk mitigation in LEad-cooled Reactors） Project, it is interesting to apply seismic isolation technology for the reactor assembly of the fixed base reactor building for ADS （Acceleration Driven System） heavy liquid reactor MYRRHA （Multipurpose Hybrid Research Reactor for High-Tech Application） which contains the most critical safety related components, such as reactor vessel, safe shutdown and control rod mechanisms, primary heat exchangers, primary pumps, spoliation target assembly and fuel assemblies, etc. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possibility of an application of a partial seismic isolation to the safety critical components only, here, the reactor assembly. This paper presents the preliminary analysis results of the isolated reactor assembly and compares these with those of seismic isolated ADS reactor building. The analysis results show the reduction of the seismic acceleration response but the increase of the relative displacement for the reactor assembly. Some safety issues, especially, coolant＇s incapable covering the reactor core make difficult to apply for the partial seismic isolation of the ADS reactor assembly due to large relative displacement occurring the partial isolation system. Further study on the partial seismic isolation application of the critical safety components are also discussed.

广州白云站高架层组合楼盖人致振动及车致振动舒适度研究

广州白云站铁路站房高架候车层采用钢-混凝土组合楼盖结构体系,最大跨度为28.5m。针对其振动舒适度问题,通过数值模拟研究高架层人行激励和承轨层列车激励下结构的动力时程响应。人致振动研究考虑了多种行走激励,对结构施加固定单人步行、移动单人步行、随机多人步行和固定多人步行等工况,分析其振动舒适度。车致振动研究采用一种简化的列车荷载模型模拟列车激励,研究了列车行驶速度、行驶位置以及列车激励同人行激励耦合对高架层楼盖振动响应的影响。数值模拟结果表明:随机多人步行方法和考虑荷载折减的固定多人步行方法较适合模拟实际人群荷载;列车激励对高架层组合楼盖峰值加速度的影响不可忽略,应通过整体分析进行考虑;各人行激励工况以及列车激励同人行激励耦合工况下的结构振动舒适度均满足规范要求。

装配式叠合楼板后浇带接缝处细节施工研究

叠合楼板因整体性能好、构造简单、弹性好以及使用便捷等优势在装配式建筑中具有广泛的应用价值,装配式叠合楼板后浇带接缝处因模板与后浇带叠合板存在空隙等导致其存在漏浆通病问题,其不仅影响装配式建筑的整体美观,而且还增加施工成本。鉴于此,以某装配式项目为例,针对传统施工模式下后浇带接缝处存在的漏浆通病,提出在模板底部采取螺杆反吊和利用废钢筋焊接形成自拉加固体系,加固接缝处模板,以此减少叠合板后浇带接缝空隙,控制叠合板后浇带接缝漏浆通病。

CARBON EMISSION-BASED MEASUREMENT OF FLOOR AREA RATIO BONUS FOR RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDINGS IN CHINA

Green building development in China relies mainly on compulsory measures that lack incentive policies to motivate the enthusiasm of real estate developers.A floor area ratio bonus is encouraged by the Chinese State Council.In order to ensure the feasibility of a reward quota,residential buildings that met the requirement for energy efficiency during the official assessment in Ningbo in 2014 were selected as research objects.The amount of energy and water savings in terms of the Assessment Standard for Green Building is converted into carbon emissions.Carbon emissions of different star-rated green buildings are then measured in accordance with the actual water and power consumption of residential dwellings in 2014.A regression equation is set up concerning the floor area ratio and index for residential land per capita.A carbon emission-based method is proposed for measuring the reward quota associated with floor area ratio and recommendations are given for development using green building.

装配式叠合楼板现存问题分析及应对措施

装配式叠合楼板广泛应用于实际工程中,然而仍存在若干问题亟待解决。为此,对叠合楼板的设计、生产、施工和成本4个方面的现存问题进行了深入地讨论、归纳和总结。同时,还提出了解决这些问题的具体应对措施,并将其作为工程应用的参考。

装配式框架结构中预制梁叠合层预制保护层免高空支模施工技术

装配式建筑中预制梁安装通常会存在叠合层上部钢筋碰撞的问题,同时由于预制梁与预制板叠合层交接位置需支设侧模封闭,常常造成工期延误,高空支模施工也增大了安全风险以及施工成本。为解决装配式框架结构中预制梁叠合层上部钢筋碰撞以及侧模难封闭等问题,本文以D市QZ项目为例,基于文献调研和实际项目研究,提出了一种预制梁叠合层预制保护层免高空支模施工技术,解决后期封闭预制梁叠合层与预制板交接位置在现场高空支模的难题,同时缩短了安装预制梁后节点处理钢筋错位碰撞的时间。该方法不仅节约了施工工期和成本,同时提高了整个施工工程的安全性,以期为相应装配式工程项目提供参考借鉴。

钢筋桁架楼承板在钢筋混凝土框架结构中的应用

钢筋桁架楼承板作为主体结构和外围护结构中常见的预制构件而被广泛应用。本研究基于徐庄高新区某工程总承包项目,研究了钢筋桁架楼承板在钢筋混凝土框架结构体系中的应用,总结了工程施工中的重难点,并提出了相应的施工措施,取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。

深圳京基东滨时代大厦超限高层塔楼结构设计

深圳京基东滨时代大厦塔楼为框架-核心筒结构,结构高度194.35m,属于超B级高度的超限高层建筑,四角及南北两侧均设有L形墙或一字形墙与框架梁平面外相接。为满足建筑功能需求,2层取消了大量楼板和外框架与核心筒相连的框架梁,形成跃层柱。41层东西两侧外框柱均往内收进,需设置托柱转换梁。以上难点增加了结构设计难度。采用性能化设计,有针对性地对关键部位采取相应的加强措施,并对特殊部位进行专项分析,如L形墙或一字形墙等特殊墙体、跃层柱、托柱转换梁等。通过弹塑性动力时程分析考察整体结构的抗震性能。计算结果表明:该结构抗震性能均能达到设计的预期目标。

苏州太仓阿尔卑斯雪世界超限高层结构设计

苏州太仓阿尔卑斯雪世界结构形式为钢筋混凝土框架结构,屋盖采用平面桁架体系。存在扭转不规则、楼板不连续、偏心率大于0.15、错层等不规则项,为超限高层建筑。对基础形式、结构体系、荷载取值、性能目标等进行了介绍,并采用YJK、PMSAP、MIDAS Gen三种软件进行了弹性计算,应用Paco-Sap软件进行动力弹塑性分析;阐述了雪场结构设计中的关键问题,如层间位移角、长短柱、桁架关键节点、温度荷载等。计算结果表明,结构的周期比、层间位移角等指标均满足规范要求。采用性能化设计和动力弹塑性分析方法实现结构和构件在中震和大震作用下的既定性能目标,并对结构关键部位和构件采取了针对性的加强措施。

包头奥运冰雪中心结构设计

包头奥运冰雪中心属于超限高层建筑,下部混凝土部分为框架结构体系,局部大跨度楼盖采用双向交叉平面桁架体系,屋盖采用立体桁架。各层空间关系较为复杂,具有扭转不规则、楼板不连续、结构超长、错层等特点。结构设计采用基于性能的抗震设计方法,采用YJK、PMSAP和MIDAS Gen进行弹性分析和比较,应用Paco-spa软件进行动力弹塑性分析。此外,对大跨度楼盖的舒适度、钢结构楼屋盖的整体稳定性、关键节点、楼屋盖的防倒塌能力以及超长结构的温度应力、薄弱楼板应力进行了专门分析。并根据分析结果对结构的关键部位和构件采取针对性的加强措施。计算结果表明,结构的各项指标满足规范和既定抗震性能目标要求,结构设计合理、安全可行。

某带穿层斜柱双筒体超限高层结构设计

仁恒世纪大厦为框架-双筒体结构,建筑高度198m,结构平面呈哑铃状,属于具有扭转不规则、楼板不连续、局部不规则(局部穿层柱、个别构件错层)、斜柱托换等一般不规则项的超限高层建筑。介绍了工程结构特点和整体抗震性能化设计过程。论述了嵌固端选择、多角度地震输入、跨层斜板及穿层斜柱受力分析等设计重难点。结果表明:本工程采用的框架-双筒体结构具有良好的抗震性能;设计时将绝对嵌固端和名义嵌固端均设置在基础顶是合适的;塔楼双筒体布置并未导致明显的强弱轴,多角度地震输入的结构响应接近;裙楼跨层斜板对结构整体受力影响较小;穿层斜柱不会发生屈曲稳定破坏,通过构造加强后斜柱拉梁的设计安全可靠。

严寒地区电厂锅炉房底层负压控制及余热利用的研究与应用

严寒地区电厂锅炉房是具有内热源的超高大空间建筑,冬季底层负压大,供暖效果难以保障。本文提出了从锅炉房上部送入室外空气的解决方案。采用该方案可以使室内压力增大,底层负压和冷风渗透量减小,还能使热量向下传递。由于锅炉房设备散热量远大于供暖热负荷,在送风量合适的情况下,可关停供暖系统而不影响底层的供暖效果,既保证了底层设备不被冻坏,又节省了供暖热能,还改善了锅炉房上部的工作环境。

地铁邻近高层住宅建筑振动分布规律及影响因素研究

通过有限元法建立轨道-隧道-土体-建筑大型精细化有限元模型,考虑轮轨激励的频率特性,结合源强原位测试验证模型的可靠性,在此基础上,系统研究建筑不同房间、楼板不同位置、不同楼层的振动分布规律,结合楼板的模态分析,重点研究不同房间振动水平差异的形成原因。结果表明,同一楼层不同房间振动差异受楼板一阶固有频率与输入源强卓越频率重叠关系影响,不同房间的振动水平仿真结果差异达到15.1 dB;当房间楼板一阶固有频率远低于源强卓越频率时,房间楼板振动极值点出现在房间楼板中央以外的位置,反之则出现在楼板中央;振动随楼层高度的增加表现为波动变化规律,不同房间的最大值可能出现的位置为首层、中间层或顶层。