Degradation process assessment of prestressed concrete continuous bridges in life-cycle

To accurately evaluate the degradation process of prestressed concrete continuous bridges exposed to aggressive environments in life-cycle,a finite element-based approach with respect to the lifetime performance assessment of concrete bridges was proposed.The existing assessment methods were firstly introduced and compared.Some essential mechanics problems involved in the degradation process,such as the deterioration of materials properties,the reduction of sectional areas and the variation of overall structural performance caused by the first two problems,were investigated and solved.A computer program named CBDAS(Concrete Bridge Durability Analysis System) was written to perform the above-metioned approach.Finally,the degradation process of a prestressed concrete continuous bridge under chloride penetration was discussed.The results show that the concrete normal stress for serviceability limit state exceeds the threshold value after 60 a,but the various performance indicators at ultimate limit state are consistently in the allowable level during service life.Therefore,in the case of prestressed concrete bridges,the serviceability limit state is more possible to have durability problems in life-cycle;however,the performance indicators at ultimate limit state can satisfy the requirements.

Evaluation method research on prestressed concrete bridges

Considering the construction features of prestressed concrete bridge, the comprehensive evaluation method about the bridge damage conditions are studied. Particular attentions are paid on establishing a muhilevel evaluation model for damaged prestressed concrete bridge, and the evaluation indices of the model as well as the rating standards are defined in the model. A normal relative function about the evaluation indices of each element is developed to calculate the relative degree, and for each element which is no sub-level elements. When evaluating the elements in sub-item level or index level of the model, the weights of elements that are pertained to one element are adopted, taking account of their deterioration degree. At the same time, the dam- age conditions of bridge are characterized by relative degree, element evaluation scale and structural technology mark of bridge, so it agrees with Code for Maintenance of Highway Bridges and Culvers.

Weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections in prestressed concrete box girder bridges

Based on experimental study result of two simply supported beams,which were prestressed by vertical tendons,the research on the weakening effect of vertical prestress ducts on web sections of prestressed concrete box girder was carried out. The test result shows that in the condition without grouting into the ducts,the cracking load is evidently lower than that with full grouting,and stirrup stress and principal tension stress at the surface of concrete will increase obviously. Meanwhile,the finite element analysis has been done to the test beams. The research is consistent with the analysis of finite element. The research tells that strengthening the detection and management for the vertical prestress grouting quality have an important meaning to prevent cracking of the prestressed concrete box girder bridge and provide one theoretical and testing basis for analyzing the cracking reason of such bridges.

Dynamic finite element model updating of prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge

The dynamic finite element model （FEM） of a prestressed concrete continuous box-girder bridge, called the Tongyang Canal Bridge, is built and updated based on the results of ambient vibration testing （AVT） using a real-coded accelerating genetic algorithm （RAGA）. The objective functions are defined based on natural frequency and modal assurance criterion （MAC） metrics to evaluate the updated FEM. Two objective functions are defined to fully account for the relative errors and standard deviations of the natural frequencies and MAC between the AVT results and the updated FEM predictions. The dynamically updated FEM of the bridge can better represent its structural dynamics and serve as a baseline in long-term health monitoring, condition assessment and damage identification over the service life of the bridge .

Seismic Analysis for Rigid-Framed Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Bridge in Tianjin Light Railway

The seismic analysis of a rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge in Tianjin Light Railway is performed. A 3-D dynamic finite element model of the bridge is established considering the weakening effect caused by the soft soil foundation. After the dynamic characteristics are calculated in terms of natural frequencies and modes, the seismic analysis is carried out using the modal response spectrum method and the time-history method, respectively. Based on the calculated results, the reasonable design values are finally suggested as the basis of the seismic design of the bridge, and meanwhile the problems encountered were also analyzed. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as: 1) Despite the superiority of rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge, the upper and lower ends of the piers of the bridge are proved to be the crucial parts of the bridge, which are easily destroyed under designed earthquake excitations and should be carefully analyzed and designed; 2) The soft soil foundation can possibly result in rather weakening of the lateral rigidity of the rigid-framed bridge, and should be paid considerable attention; 3) The modal response spectrum method, combined with time-history method, is suggested for the seismic analysis in engineering design of the rigid-framed prestressed concrete bridge.

Lifetime Reliability Analysis of Flexural Cracking for Prestressed Concrete Bridge

Time-dependant reliability is analyzed for the flexural cracking of prestressed concrete bridges under service limit state. The limit state function and random variables are derived from Chinese highway bridge design specifications. For deterioration of structural performances, chloride-induced reinforcement corrosion is emphasized. Through integrating first order reliability method （FORM） and time discretized approach, the time-variant reliability is evaluated. For illustrative propose, the reliability of a typical simply supported prestressed concrete beam is exemplified.

Bridge Falsework in Staged Construction of a Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge

The formwork and falsework in the construction of twin ribbed slab decks on a multi-span ecological bridge for a dual carriageway are presented. The bridge is situated in a valley plain which is crossed by small rivers and was designed principally with the environment in mind. The bridge length is over 356 m, and the width of the decks is 11.5 m. For the bridge works, a simple conventional falsework system was chosen with steel frames for the supports and steel rolled beams for the decks. The formwork was constructed in solid timber and plywood as multiple-use panels. The falsework was designed in order to build the two 10-span bridge decks in stages. The decks are continuous cast-in-situ prestressed concrete twin rib with spans of 30 m, 34 m and 45 m. An individual falsework system was designed, which was easy to move transversally following completion of each stage for one deck. After finishing each stage, for the second deck, the falsework was dismantled and used again in the next construction fronts. An individual arrangement for the falsework along with timber pilings was used to cross the biggest river. The formwork timber panels were used several times in the multistage bridge construction. The adopted falsework system is very simple, but it allowed the speedy construction of the two decks where there were severe time constraints.

Unified analogue method of effective prestress for post-prestressed tendon

In order to obtain the present effective prestress and its longitudinal distribution of prestressed tendon during the process of inspection and evaluation, a unified analogue method was put forward. Based on the theory for calculating instantaneous prestress loss of the tendons with complicated geometry, a universal numerical model was established. Therefore, the distribution of effective prestress could be simulated after recognizing the nominal coefficients of prestress loss with the obtained stress data of objective steel tendon. The numerical simulation results of a full-length tendon of a three-span continuous beam bridge show that the relative errors between the calculated value and the value in the code are within 5%, which meets the requirement for engineering application.

简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区UHPC-NC组合桥面板抗裂性研究

针对当前简支变结构连续小箱梁桥负弯矩区钢束易堵孔、运营中桥面开裂病害等问题,提出一种无负弯矩钢束的UHPC-NC组合桥面板结构。以一座3×30 m简支变结构连续小箱梁桥为研究对象,以正常使用极限状态梁体不开裂为控制准则确定UHPC合理构造尺寸,对所提出的负弯矩组合桥面板结构进行1∶2的缩尺模型试验。试验显示:裂缝首先出现于UHPC-NC交界面处的普通混凝土部分,随后逐渐向UHPC层沿伸,且C50混凝土开裂、梁体破坏对应的截面弯矩分别为3 520,9 152 kN·m(考虑1∶8弯矩缩尺比),大于正常使用极限状态、承载能力极限状态梁体截面弯矩3 300,5 838 kN·m,即该组合桥面板结构满足小箱梁的抗裂与承载能力要求。基于试验结果建立精细化有限元模型,采用参数分析法研究UHPC厚度对梁体开裂荷载、极限承载力等方面的影响。结果表明:梁体开裂弯矩主要由UHPC上覆层厚度决定,相较于普通钢筋混凝土梁,5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高28.9%,7.5 cm厚的UHPC上覆层可将梁体开裂弯矩提高41.6%;在配筋率不变的情况下,增大UHPC层厚度对梁体承载力无显著提升。综合考虑梁体受力性能以及施工便利性,建议背景工程UHPC厚度取10 cm。

PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳及疲劳后静力性能试验研究

为研究大跨径部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁的抗疲劳性能,进一步探究混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计的可行性及合理性,制作了斜拉桥缩尺节段模型,并对主梁采用部分预应力设计,开展4轮共4×250万次主梁具有不同初始损伤及带裂缝工作状态下的疲劳试验;疲劳试验结束后,以4种不同主梁裂缝宽度(0.1mm、0.2mm、0.3mm和0.5mm)为控制工序,反复加载一定倍数的等效活载至主梁裂缝宽度逐步达到0.5mm,以全面研究PPC斜拉桥主梁多状态疲劳后的受力性能。试验结果表明:在等效设计疲劳荷载作用下,主梁无初始损伤时,体系刚度基本无退化,主梁最大裂缝宽度预损伤分别为0.1mm、0.2mm时,跨中截面体系刚度下降量仅为3.35%、4.44%,且未发现裂缝张开;主梁带裂缝工作状态下,跨中截面体系刚度平缓下降7.46%,上峰值静载下,裂缝数量及高度略有增加,但卸载后裂缝均闭合,说明PPC斜拉桥具有良好的抗疲劳性能;疲劳后主梁大损伤静载试验中,主梁裂缝平稳发展,各工序反复加载过程中,主梁挠度、裂缝状态及斜拉索索力均具有较好的恢复能力,当主梁最大裂缝宽度为0.5mm时,荷载达到了7.49倍活载,斜拉桥体系仍然具有较大的剩余承载力。该文试验研究结果表明混凝土斜拉桥主梁采用部分预应力设计具有工程应用的可行性。

PC箱梁桥火灾爆炸联合作用下损伤效应研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了预应力混凝土(prestressed concrete,PC)箱梁桥三维有限元模型,采用隐式分析方法对PC箱梁桥进行单独火灾分析,得到其在不同时刻下的温度及热应力的分布特征,采用显式分析方法对PC箱梁桥进行单独爆炸分析,得到其在不同爆炸当量下的局部破坏特征以及整体位移情况.随后,对综合考虑高温和高应变率效应的混凝土本构模型和钢材本构模型进行试验验证,在得到可靠性结果的基础上对PC箱梁桥进行火灾爆炸联合作用分析.结果表明:发生桥上火灾时,桥面板的热应力重分布现象应该得到关注,桥上火灾热应力随着燃烧时间的推移,顶板和翼缘板应力下降程度要大于腹板上方混凝土应力下降程度,桥面板的热应力使得在爆炸的过程中会出现小当量炸药也能造成箱梁顶板严重局部损伤的现象.发生小当量爆炸时,若燃烧持续时间较短,材料产生的高热应力起主导作用,从而在后续爆炸过程中对顶板造成严重的局部损伤,但整体位移与常温爆炸相似;若燃烧持续时间较长,材料的高温软化效应起主导作用,顶板损伤情况有所减小,但整体位移会增大.发生大当量爆炸时,无论是材料产生的高热应力还是材料的高温软化均会造成箱梁顶板的严重破损,冲击波在箱梁的聚集作用下冲击底板与腹板交界处,最终底板坍塌.从热应力分布现象和爆炸局部破坏特征来看,单箱多室的箱梁桥可以适当提高抗爆性.

重载铁路桥梁体外预应力筋加固性能研究

运营提载会导致重载铁路桥梁损伤累积和刚度退化加剧,对重载铁路预应力混凝土桥梁进行加固可以改善桥梁的受力状况,提高桥梁承载能力。为了研究重载铁路桥梁体外预应力筋加固的性能,分别制作重载铁路24 m超低高度预应力混凝土梁的未加固足尺试验模型与体外预应力筋加固足尺试验模型,并开展200万次疲劳试验与疲劳后静力试验。建立未加固预应力混凝土梁与体外预应力筋加固预应力混凝土梁的精细化有限元模型,通过试验与有限元分析,研究加固前后重载铁路预应力混凝土梁的静力与疲劳性能,揭示加固前后梁体挠度和应力变化规律,并分析不同轴重列车作用下加固预应力混凝土梁的力学性能。研究结果表明:重载铁路桥梁外加预应力筋的加固效果良好,疲劳试验中加固梁刚度退化幅度、跨中挠度、梁内预应力筋应力、梁底及下翼缘混凝土应力显著比未加固梁的小;在33 t轴重列车与1.2倍中等荷载(ZH)轴重作用下,外加预应力筋加固的24 m超低高度预应力混凝土梁的适应性良好,预应力混凝土梁挠度与应力响应均符合规范要求。研究结果可为重载铁路桥梁的设计、养护、维护与加固提供基础与参考。

斜拉桥非对称V形钢塔-混凝土基座结合部构造设计优化

某空间异型斜拉桥主塔钢柱与斜撑在底部形成非对称V形结构,钢构件轴线严重偏离下部混凝土基座顶面垂线,给结合部构造设计带来困难。目的 为了确定所采用构造方案中的众多参数,缓解塔柱到基座的刚度陡变,降低结合部各部件的应力最大值,方法 基于精细化非线性有限元模拟,通过改变参数取值,对多种典型工况下各部件的应力进行分析、对比、验算,对于锚杆设置这一参数的影响,还研究了承压板与混凝土基座之间的界面应力。结果 研究结果表明:张拉1~4号索的施工极端工况和平面内外弯矩绝对值相加最大的使用工况最为关键,基座混凝土主拉应力常起控制作用,塔根应力比较接近规范限值;加厚承压板、适当提高混凝土强度有利于控制锚箱钢板和基座混凝土应力;原方案锚箱中部纵横向钢板作用很小;锚杆布置位置合理远比数量重要,弯矩作用下受拉侧施加预应力能够起到有益作用。结论 最终优化方案大量减少了锚箱钢板块数和锚杆根数,预应力分布也更合理。研究结果兼顾安全、适用和经济,对相关工程具有借鉴意义。

体外预应力UHPC无腹筋梁抗剪性能试验研究

为研究体外预应力超高性能混凝土(Ultra-high Performance Concrete,UHPC)无腹筋梁的抗剪性能,设计了3片体外预应力UHPC无腹筋梁,剪跨比分别为1.44、2.56、3.67,采用四点加载的方式进行抗剪性能试验,获得了试验梁的荷载-位移关系、荷载-应变关系、破坏形态以及极限抗剪承载力。试验结果表明:体外预应力UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪破坏方式均表现为脆性破坏,随着剪跨比的增大,试验梁破坏形态依次表现为斜压破坏、剪压破坏、剪拉破坏;剪跨比越大,斜裂缝的数量越少、倾角越小,试验梁的极限抗剪承载力越小,且减小趋势变缓。基于极限平衡法推导了体外预应力UHPC无腹筋梁的抗剪承载力计算公式,验算了14片无黏结预应力UHPC梁的抗剪承载力,该公式适用性良好。

大跨径预应力混凝土连续梁桥加固研究进展

基于我国危旧桥改造需求多、病害情况复杂给桥梁加固提出的挑战,需把握桥梁加固国内外的研究现状,为未来深入研究和工程应用提供参考。结合大跨径预应力混凝土连续梁桥主要加固手段的基本原理,对各加固手段的优点、局限性及适用对象进行分析,系统梳理近两年来的最新研究成果,并对未来发展进行了展望。

受损PPC斜拉桥主梁灌缝加固后疲劳性能试验研究

为进一步研究受损部分预应力混凝土(PPC)斜拉桥主梁裂缝灌浆加固后的疲劳性能,对受较大疲劳及静力损伤的PPC斜拉桥节段缩尺模型主梁进行裂缝灌浆加固,并开展疲劳及疲劳后静载试验研究。研究结果表明:在疲劳荷载作用下,灌浆裂缝未重新开裂,在疲劳加载初期(约20万次),结构体系刚度下降较快,后期下降较平缓;250万次疲劳加载后,主梁L/4、L/2和3L/4截面处的结构体系刚度分别降低12.83%、9.48%、13.62%,较原主梁第4轮疲劳加载下结构体系刚度下降幅度大,但疲劳结束时结构体系刚度仍然比原主梁第4轮疲劳加载初始结构体系刚度大;对裂缝进行灌浆处置能有效恢复PPC斜拉桥主梁的抗裂强度及结构体系刚度;随着荷载增大,灌浆裂缝逐步张开,但最大裂缝宽度对应位置发生转移,同时不断有新裂缝产生,且裂缝分布区域范围增大,环氧树脂胶的作用极大地延缓了裂缝宽度的增大,提高了主梁的抗裂性能;环氧树脂胶不仅能修复混凝土裂缝界面,同时能有效恢复钢筋与混凝土间的黏结滑移损伤;对受严重损伤的PPC斜拉桥主梁仅进行裂缝灌浆处置后,主梁仍然具有良好的抗疲劳性能,同时,其疲劳后的抗裂性能及刚度也得到较大恢复。

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥设计关键技术

武汉市江汉四桥拓宽工程主桥采用与旧桥外形一致、呈反对称布置的主跨232 m独塔混合梁斜拉桥,跨径布置为(232+70+40+20)m,采用刚构体系。主梁采用钢-混叠合梁与预应力混凝土梁组成的混合梁,钢-混结合面位于主跨距桥塔中心线9 m处,主跨采用双边工字形叠合梁,桥面宽23.5 m,标准梁高1.6 m;边跨采用预应力混凝土边主梁和箱形截面主梁,桥面宽23.5~27.0 m,标准梁高2.1 m。桥塔采用“A”形混凝土塔,塔高114.5 m,其下布置整体式承台,采用18根ϕ2.8 m的群桩基础。斜拉索按空间扇形双索面布置,共104根斜拉索,采用标准强度1770 MPa高强平行钢丝索,主跨梁端采用锚拉板锚固,边跨梁端设置槽口锚固,塔端采用锚固齿块锚固,主塔斜拉索锚固区纵、横桥向均配置有无粘结预应力钢棒。汉阳岸边墩采用T形钢筋混凝土板墩及钻孔桩基础;汉口岸边墩、辅助墩均采用钢筋混凝土独柱墩及钻孔桩基础。桥塔塔柱采用爬模施工;边跨主梁采用支架现浇施工,主跨主梁采用悬臂拼装施工。结构计算结果表明,大桥结构刚度及应力均满足要求。

某在役重载铁路32 m预应力混凝土T梁后装声屏障适应性分析

随着我国货运铁路重载扩能运输的发展,大轴重、长编组引起的噪声污染日趋严重,后装声屏障已成为减小噪声污染的主要措施之一,但通过扩能改造提升的在役重载铁路桥梁原设计时并未考虑后装声屏障对桥梁结构的影响。为研究在重载铁路桥梁上后装声屏障的适应性,以在役铁路桥梁主梁型32 m简支T梁(专桥-2059A)为研究对象,采用数值模拟与结合现场实测桥梁现状分析的方法,基于不同荷载组合作用,开展T梁加装声屏障后主梁、声屏障与桥梁连接的位置及道砟槽板适应性分析,并对T梁翼缘板及声屏障结构的潜在薄弱位置进行破坏分析。研究结果表明:T梁加装声屏障后,主梁纵向强度受梁体L/8~L/4处抗剪控制,其中梁体L/8处抗剪安全系数为1.70,小于规范要求值1.80;声屏障与桥梁连接位置安全储备不足,其中,在最不利荷载组合作用下,挡砟墙钢筋应力超过容许值1.25倍、裂缝宽度超过容许值0.54 mm;道砟槽板在最不利荷载组合作用下,其钢筋应力安全储备剩余23.2%、裂缝宽度比规范容许值小0.07 mm。综合考虑3种分析,该类型T梁不宜后装声屏障;在最不利情况下,T梁及声屏障结构破坏顺序依次为预埋化学锚栓处、挡砟墙处、声屏障立柱与水平杆交接处、道砟槽板变高度处、翼缘板根部处。

高速公路30 m UHPC无腹筋预应力U型节段组合梁抗弯承载能力足尺试验研究

中开高速公路改扩建工程中首次在高速公路中大规模采用30 m跨度的UHPC无腹筋预应力U型节段组合梁,充分利用了新型桥梁质量轻、整体性好、耐久性优异的特点。成果是世界首次针对这种梁型开展足尺寸抗弯承载能力试验。详细介绍了新型结构的力学特点和试验结果。研究结果表明:UHPC无腹筋预应力U型节段组合梁具有承载能力高、结构延性优异的特点。

高速公路后张法预应力混凝土桥梁施工技术与应用

后张法预应力混凝土桥梁施工技术可以为桥梁建设提供有力支持,合理应用该技术,能够提高桥梁的耐久性和承载力,更好地规避裂纹等病害,进而延长桥梁的使用寿命,为我国交通事业的发展作出更大贡献。该文重点阐述后张法预应力科技在路桥施工中的几个关键环节,并重点介绍在高速公路路桥施工中预应力后张法科技的重要施工方法,并给出相应的常见的措施,可供参考。