Histopathological Study on Chickens Artificially Infected with Infectious Laryngotracheitis

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the histopathological changes in chickens artificially infected with infectious laryngotracheitis（ILT）. [Method] Through ar- tificial injection of allantoic liquid containing ILTV into chickens to induce infectious laryngotracheitis, the clinical symptoms in infected chickens were observed; tissues of trachea, lungs, heart, liver, kidney and spleen were collected from dead chickens, and prepared into paraffin sections, followed by histopathological observation under a microscope. [Results] This disease occured in the inoculated chickens 3d later, with a morbidity rate of 95%. The main symptoms were dyspnea, asthma and coughing up of bloody exudate; yellowish-white pseudomembrane was observed on dissected larynx trachea; swelling, haemorrhage, and further erosion were observed on the in- fected tracheal mucosa, resulting in death of chickens, with the mortality rate of 25%; histopathological observation showed that parenchymal organs exhibited exuda- tive inflammation; swelling, degeneration, necrosis and shedding of epithelial cells were observed; disturbance of blood circulation occured.[Conclusion] This study pro- vides reference bases for the treatment of ILT.

Identification of A Field Strain of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus Isolated from Jiangsu Province

[ Objective] To isolate and identify infectious laryngotracheitis virus （ILTV） from chickens. [ Method] Larynx, trachea, liver and other organs were collected from infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT）-suspected layers. And ILTV TK gene was amplified from these specimens by PCR for initial diagnosis. Virus fluid was isolated and inoculated into SPF chicken embryos via allantoic cavity and chorioallantoic membrane （CAM）, respectively. Hyaluronic acid in allantoic fluid was detected, and CAM lesions were observed. The definite diagnosis was performed through animal regression test. [Result] A 1.3 kbp fragment was amplified from larynx and its secretion of the ILT-suspected chickens. And its amino acid sequence had 98.5% homology to that of ILTV TKgene published in GenBank. After the chicken embryos were inoculated with the isolated ILFV fluid, pox spots, giant polynuclear syncytial cells having intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in CAM. After being challenged by the IL TV fluid, the chickens showed typical respiratory symptoms and pathological changes of ILT. [Coudusion] A field strain named ILTV XZ09 was isolated from larynx and its secretion of ILT-suspected chickens.

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus in chickens

Infectious laryngotracheitis(ILT) is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. ILT virus(ILTV) belongs to alphaherpesvirinae and the Gallid herpesvirus 1 species. The transmission of ILTV is via respiratory and ocular routes. Clinical and post-mortem signs of ILT can be separated into two forms according to its virulence. The characteristic of the severe form is bloody mucus in the trachea with high mortality. The mild form causes nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, and reduced weight gain and egg production. Conventional polymerase chain reaction(PCR), nested PCR, real-time PCR, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification were developed to detect ILTV samples from natural or experimentally infected birds. The PCR combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP) can separate ILTVs into several genetic groups. These groups can separate vaccine from wild type field viruses. Vaccination is a common method to prevent ILT. However, field isolates and vaccine viruses can establish latent infected carriers. According to PCR-RFLP results, virulent field ILTVs can be derived from modified-live vaccines. Therefore, modified-live vaccine reversion provides a source for ILT outbreaks on chicken farms. Two recently licensed commercial recombinant ILT vaccines are also in use. Other recombinant and gene-deficient vaccine candidates are in the developmental stages. They offer additional hope for the control of this disease. However, in ILT endemic regions, improved biosecurity and management practices are critical for improved ILT control.

Screening of Chinese Herbal Medicines against Avian Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Escherichia coli

[ Objective] This study aimed to screen Chinese herbal medicines against avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus and Escherichia coli. [ Method ] Conventional Chinese medicine plate dilution method, plate punching method and test tube method were applied to screen Chinese herbal medicines against avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus based on chicken embryo inoculation experiment. [ Result ] Forsythia suspensa, Radix lsatidis, Isatis iadigotica, Lonicera japonica, Codonopsis pilosula, Astragalus membranaceus, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, C, tyeyrrhiza uralensis and Pericarpium granati had relatively strong anti-ILTV effect; among the Chinese herbal medicines against avian E. coli, Sanguisorba offwinalis, Fructus Mume, Rheum palmatum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Radix Scutellariae and Fagopyrum cymosum had relatively strong effect against avian E. coli Os, while other Chinese herbal medicines had relatively weak or no inhibitory effect on avian E. coli 0s and 05. [ Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for further development of Chinese herbal medicine compound preparations to treat avian infectious laryngotracheitis, avian colibacillosis and other viral diseases and bacterial diseases.

Effects of Pak Ning Powder and Oral Liquid Treating Chicken Infectious Laryngotracheitis

[ Objective] To investigate the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine compound preparation ＂Pak Ning＂ on chicken infectious la- ryngotracheitis. E Methodl ＂Pak Ning＂ with different dosage forms and dosage time were used to carry out clinical observation of artificial infectious and natural infectious ILT of chickens. [ Result] The therapeutic efficacy of ＂Pak Ning＂ oral liquid water was better than powder with high cure rate, the difference was significant （P〈0.05）. compared with Ribavirin, the difference was significant （P 〈0.01 ）, and the preventive effects of feeding in advance were very well. I Conctusionl ＂Pak Ning＂ plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of ILl- with strong infectiosity and high mortality.

Protection Efficacy of Recombinant Infectious Laryngotracheitis Vaccine in Chicks

A commercial recombinant fowl pox vectored infectious laryngotracheitis （ILT） vaccine was examined its protection efficacy in one-day-old chicks by subcutaneous route with various dose-strength. The treatment groups I-III birds were vaccinated with a full, 1/2 and 1/3 dose of recommendation dose, respectively. Thereafter, at 6 wk post vaccination, they were challenged with 5x labeled dose of live ILT vaccine. Protection efficacy of the vaccine was compared among groups based on antibody production and eye lesion score. The results of eye lesion score showed that there was a significant difference between control and treatment groups, whereas the difference was not found among the treatment groups. For seroconversion, there was no significant difference between birds in group I and II. However, higher number of seroconversion birds in groups I and II than group III was observed （P 〈 0.05）. It was concluded that a half dose of recommendation dose had the same protection efficacy as a full dose of recombinant YP-LT vaccine.

Effect of the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) glycoprotein G on virus attachment, penetration, growth curve and direct cell-to-cell spread

The secreted alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein G (gG) works differently from other proteins. Analysis of the role of ILTV gG in virus attachment, penetration, direct cell-to-cell spread (CTCS) and the growth curve showed that gG or its antibody had no effect on ILTV attachment and penetration and that the gG antibody reduced the virus plaque size and the one-step growth curve on chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells, but gG did not affect the virus plaque size or the one-step growth curve on CEL cells. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) detection showed that ILTV gG is located in the perinuclear region and the membrane of the CEL cells. These results suggested that ILTV gG might contribute to direct cell-to-cell transmission.

应用喉气管重建喉咽与颈段食管1例

修复喉咽及颈段食管闭锁是一个复杂的问题,本例采用改良的BillrothⅡ氏胃大部切除术吻合原理,利用喉气管瓣重建下咽及上端食管,避免了传统方法常见的并发症,现报道如下。1临床资料患者,男,52岁,因喉咽癌术后3年,空肠造瘘术后7个月,吞咽困难4个月入院。患者3年前因喉咽后壁鳞状细胞癌在外院行'喉咽癌切除+双颈淋巴结清扫+气管切开术',术后不能大口进食,其后吞咽困难逐渐加重,遂行'空肠造瘘术',并予放化疗。入院查体:体重41.6 kg,

Long-term results of the hydroxylapatite for laryngotracheal framework reconstruction

Objective: To discuss the long-term results of the laryngotracheal (LT) reconstruction with a composites sternohyoid myocutaneous rotary door flap (RDF) and hydroxylapatite (HA) ring.Methods: Thirty-two patients suffered by LT stenosisn were treated through LT reconstruction with a composite sternohyoid myocutaneous RDF and HA ring, then we made long-term follow up. Results:Thirty of the 32 patients were successfully decannulated from 1 to 6 months postoperatively and the decannulation rate was 93%(30/32). Decannulated failed in 2 patients because of hypertrophic scar and infection in the operative region. The term of follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years in 30 patients. patients had a stable airway and an effective voice. Conclusion: A composite sternohyoid myocutaneous RDF and HA ring is a relatively simple method with positive long-term effect for LT reconstruction.

Laryngotracheal Stenosis Following Intubation for COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Report of Two Cases

Benign laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a debilitating and potentially life-threatening condition that is commonly caused by iatrogenic events as a result of endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Numerous cases are being published for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who end up with severe LTS after prolonged intubation or tracheostomy. Here, we presented two cases of LTS due to prolonged intubation after severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The characteristic of these two cases is that both of them needed second time intubation and were readmitted because of severe dyspnoea and all the workup for post-COVID-19 complications were investigated except the LTS which was later diagnosed after one month of suffering of these patients.

LARYNGOTRACHEAL FLAP FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF HYPOPHARYNX AND UPPER ESOPHAGUS AFTER RESECTION OF ADVANCED PYRIFORM SINUS CANCER

Reconstruction of the hypopharynx and upper esophagus after resection of advanced pyriform sinus cancer. is usually complicated and time-consuming. Laryngotracheal flap was used in hypopharyngaesophageal reconstruction for 26 elderly patients with advanced pyriform sinus cancer Pharyngocutaneous fistula developed in 5 patients and healed spontaneously without further surgery. Full diet was resumed in all the patients. The surgical technique and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The laryngotracheal flap in the reconstruction of hypopharyngoesophageal defect for elderly patients is a procedure of choice.

A belated revelation:from gastroesophageal reflux derived asthma to laryngotracheal irritation even spasm

The author has been inspired by the Global Evidence-Based Consensus for gastroesophageal reflux(GER),which put forward four extra-esophageal syn-dromes:reflux cough syndrome,reflux laryngitis syn-drome,reflux dental erosion syndrome and the reflux asthma syndrome.The author himself happened to receive five emergency rescue treatments following appar-ent“bronchial asthma”,which was to be diagnosed as GER at his own insistence.PPI resulted in some relief.After being rescued again from suffocation,he had a fun-daplication,which was performed at the Englewood Hospital&Medical Center,Englewood,USA in March 2006.The procedure immediately cleared up his“asthma”.A month later he brought forth a Center for GER in an army hospital in Beijing,China.Up to now,601 patients with mainly respiratory distress(84%)were treated by Stretta Radiofrequency,58 by surgery and more by PPI.The GER Center is now complete with a ward.GER patients with respiratory distresses turned out to fare better than those with acid regurgitation.A nozzle-shaped pharynx was found in patients with the reflux.Animal study revealed that the refluxate entered into tra-chea and even lungs.Gradually a hypothesis of a gastro-oesophago-laryngo-tracheal reflux took shape.Our modest effort to treat GER-derived respiratory distresses has got off to an encouraging start amid relative shortage of experience and facilities.We would like to share two thoughts with scholars and experts at home and abroad:1.The GER-derived asthma is not asthma,but GER pure and simple;2.The pathogenesis of“asthma”is not asthma,but laryngotracheal irritation/spasm and its sequence.

Ex vivo ovine model for teaching open laryngotracheal surgery

Objective: To develop an animal model for teaching open laryngotracheal surgical procedures. Methods: The heads and necks from 5 pre-pubescent sheep were harvested after humane anesthesia. After 2—5 days to allow for rigor mortis to resolve, a specimen was supported with sandbags on an operating table. Operative procedures including tracheotomy, medialization laryngoplasty, anterior cartilage grafting, tracheal resection with primary anastomosis, and laryngectomy with closure of the pharynx were attempted. Results: The ovine head and neck provided an accurate model for simulation of all attempted procedures. Ovine tissue resembled that of humans in mechanical properties and handling. Postsurgical endoscopy confirmed graft alignment. Conclusions: The sheep head and neck provides an inexpensive, realistic, and safe model for surgical training for a variety of open laryngotracheal procedures. This is particularly relevant given the recent emphasis on surgical simulation and the relative rarity of some of these pro-cedures in residency training.