Microstructure and abrasion wear behavior of Ni-based laser cladding alloy layer at high temperature

Ni-based alloy coating on 21-4-N heat-resistant steel was prepared using CO2 laser, and the high-temperature abrasion wear was tested. The microstructure of this cladding layer and its abrasion wear behavior at high temperature by changing compositions and temperatures were investigated by means of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Among the three compositions of cladding layer, i.e. Ni21+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, Ni25+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 and Ni60+20%WC+0.5%CeO2, the experimental results show that Ni21+20%WC+ 0.5%CeO2 cladding layer is made up of finer grains, and presents the best abrasion wear behavior at high temperature. The wear pattern of laser cladding layer is mainly grain abrasion at lower temperature, and it would be changed to adhesive abrasion and oxide abrasion at higher temperature.

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of in situ NbC Particles Reinforced Ni-based Alloy Composite Coating by Laser Cladding

The in situ synthesized NbC particles reinforced Ni-based alloy composite coating was produced by laser cladding a precursor mixture of Ni-based alloy powder, graphite and niobium powders on a steel substrate. The microstructure, phase composition and wear property of the composite coating were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD） and dry sliding wear test. The experiment results show that the composite coating is homogeneous and free from cracks, and about 0.8 mm thick. The microstructure of the composite coating is mainly composed of NbC particles, CrB type chromium borides, 7-Ni primary dendrites, and interdendritic eutectics. CrB phases often nucleate and grow on the surface of NbC particles or in their close vicinity. NbC particles are formed via in situ reaction between niobium and graphite in the molten pool during the laser cladding process and they are commonly precipitated in three kinds of morphologies, such as quadrangle, cluster, and flower-like shape. Compared with the pure Ni- based alloy coating, the microhardness of the composite coating is increased about 38%, giving a high average hardness of HV0.21000, and the wear rate of the composite coating is decreased by about 32%, respectively. These are attributed to the presence of in situ synthesized NbC particles and their well distribution in the coating.

Laser cladding of Ni-based alloy on stainless steel

The coatings on a stainless steel substrate were conducted by laser cladding of Ni-based alloy, using a 5 kW continuous wave CO2 flow transverse laser. SEM, EDX and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the microstructure and constituent phases of the obtained coatings by laser cladding with direct injection of the powder into the melt pool. Solidification planar, cellular and dendrite structures were observed in Ni-based alloy coating. There exists an optimum metallurgical bond between Ni-based laser cladding layer and the base material. The high hardness of the Ni-based alloy coating is attributed to the presence of M7C3-type carbides (essentially chromium-riched carbide) dispersed in the γ(Ni,Fe) phase matrix.

THE MULTI-LAYER LASER CLADDING OF Ni60 ALLOY

The Multi layer coating of Ni60 alloy was got by multi layer laser cladding. The height of the coating was about 12mm and the wall of the coating was perpendicular to the base. The microstructure of the coating was made up of fine dendrite. The conjunction between layers was good.

Effect of molybdenum on the microstructure and corrosive wear resistance of laser clad Ni-based coatings

Five kinds of Ni-based coatings with 0 wt% , 2. 5 wt% , 5.0 wt% , 7.5 wt% and 10. 0 wt% molybdenum were prepared on 45CrNi steel plates by using laser cladding technique. The effect of Mo on the microstructure of Ni-based coatings was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy. The corrosive wear resistance and the corrosion resistance of five coatings were tested. The results show that the corrosive wear resistance of the coating with 5.0 wt% Mo is better than those of other coatings. During the corrosive wear process, the corrosion and wear effects are combined. The corrosive wear resistance is closely related to the microstructure of the coating.

Laser multi-layer cladding of Mg-based alloys

By laser multi-layer cladding using a pulsed Nd-YAG irradiation the thickness of the cladding zone Mg-based alloys(ZM2 and ZM5) can reach about 1.0 mm.The microstructure of the substrate and the cladding zone was studied using optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffractometry(XRD) and micro hardness analysis. It is observed that constituent of ZM5 alloy is δ+Mg 17Al 12, that of ZM2 alloy is α+MgZn+Mg 9Ce. That of cladding layer ZM2 alloy(L-ZM2) is Mg+Mg 2Zn 11+MgCe; while that of the cladding layer ZM5 alloy(L-ZM5) is Mg+Mg 32(Al, Zn) 49. The hardness of the cladding area can be increased to values above HV127. Very fine uniform microstructure and the produced new phases of nanometer/sub-micrometer order were obtained. Now, many repaired Mg-based alloy components have been passed by flying test in outside field.

In Situ Synthesis of Titanium Nickel Intermetallic Compounds Layer and TiN Coating By Laser Cladding

Laser cladding,together with laser nitriding was used to synthesize a titanium nickel intermetallic compound layer on the nickel substrate and a TiN coating on the cladding layer. During the laser cladding, Ti and Ni powders were blown into the melting pool by a six-hole coaxial nozzle powder injection system. Exothermic reactions between Ti and Ni took place in the melting pool, and a cladding layer of titanium nickel intermetallic compounds was produced. Laser nitriding in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere followed the production of the cladding layer, and formed a golden yellow TiN layer over it. An optical and a scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the microstructures and measure the thicknesses of the cladding layer and the TiN layer. Phase identification was carried out by XRD. For the nitriding sample, the microhardness profile of the clad layer was tested. The optimal process parameters of the in situ synthesis of titanium nickel intermetallic compounds were obtained.

A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF LASER CLADDING BY POWDER FEEDING

A novel model was presented to predict the evolutionary development of cladding layer, and a method based on Lambert-Beer theorem and Mie's theory was adopted to treat the interaction between powder stream and laser beam. By using the continuum model and enthalpy-porosity method, the fluid flow and heat transfer in solid-liquid phase change system were simulated. The commercial software PHOENICS, to which several modules were appended, was used to accomplish the simulation. Numerical computation was performed for Stellite 6 cladding on steel, the obtained results are coincident with those measured in experiment basically.

Laser cladding of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with Ti+TiC powders

TiC/Ti composite layers were produced by laser melting the preplaced mixture of Ti and TiC powders. The results show that the microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of the clad layer are all evaluated. The composite layer consists of TiC and α-Ti phases. TiC in the clad zone exists in the form of fine dendrites and Ti fills among TiC dendrites, which has a typical structure of TiC/Ti composite. The microhardness of the composite coating is significantly enhanced as high as HV_ 0.2940 as compared to HV_ 0.2345 of the substrate region. The composite layer has excellent wear resistance compared to titanium alloy.

Fracture Behaviour of Laser Clad Fe-and Ni-base Alloy Coatings on a Cast Iron under SEMI Loading

Laser cladding technique has been applied to renovate some partially-damaged (or worn) components with Fe, Ni, Co-base alloys, hence to improve their hardness values and wear resistance successfully in previous reports. But for some punching or shearing cast iron dies damaged or worn in automobile manufacture, the renovated surfaces also bear some impact loading. Therefore, a small-energy and multi-impact (SEMI) test was designed to investigate the fracture behaviour of renovated cast iron dies achieved by laser cladding of Fe and Ni-base alloys under SEMI loading to meet above requirement. observations show that the fracture took place in the substrate near to the substrate/coating interface rather than at the interface. The tempering temperature has a great influence on the cycles to fracture of laser-clad samples under SEMl loading, i.e. the low tempering temperature of 300℃ gives a maximum cycle to fracture, while a higher tempering temperature of 400℃ has a minimum. Furthermore, the fracture mechanism has also been discussed in present study

Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Laser Clad NiWCRE Alloy Layer

The effects of heat treatment on tnicrostructure and hardness of laser surface-clad Ni2 !+20%WC+0.5%CeO2 on the heat-resistant cast iron were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscope(TEM) and microhardness test. The experimental results showed that heat-treating at 500’C has no effect on microstructure and hardness of the layers. Although the phase composition of the layers heat-treated at 700°C and 800°C remain unchanged, more Ni3B and N14B3 phases are precipitated on the matrix of the cladding layer, the metastable phase—M7C3 is transformed into steady phase—M23C6, and the precipitated phases coarsened.

Influence of Ta on Microstructure and Abrasive Wear Resistance of Laser Clad NiCrSiB Coating

A mixture of NiCrSiB alloy powder and tantalum （Ta） powder was used as laser clad material to improve abrasive wear resistance of the Ni-based coating. The microstructure and wear resistance of the coating were investigated. Addition of Ta element works to suppress the growth of coarse M7C3 carbide in the coating, resulting in a decrease in aspect ratio of coarse carbide. In the abrasive wear test, in situ synthesized TaC particles well bond with Ni-based matrix, and are hardly pull out from wear surface. Grooves on the worn surface of NiCrSiB coating are much deeper and sharper than those in the NiCrSiB＋Ta composite coating. Also, a weight loss of the composite coating is much lower than that of the NiCrSiB coating. The wear resistance of the laser clad Ni-based coating is enhanced to a much greater extent through the addition of Ta. This is attributed to the in situ synthesized hard TaC particles of nearly equiaxed shape, the Ni-based matrix strengthened by Ta and the decrease in aspect ratio of the coarse brittle carbides.

Cr_(3)C_(2)/WC的添加对Stellite 12熔覆层耐磨耐蚀性的影响

目的 提高Stellite 12熔覆层的耐磨耐蚀性能。方法将Stellite 12合金粉末与碳化物(Cr_(3)C_(2)、WC)混合,采用激光熔覆技术在H13钢板上制备复合熔覆层。通过超景深显微镜和XRD分析其显微组织和物相,通过显微硬度测试、摩擦磨损试验和电化学腐蚀试验,分别评价熔覆层的硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性,并通过超景深显微镜对磨痕形貌进行分析。结果添加碳化物后,熔覆层的微观组织以柱状晶和树枝晶为主,物相主要由γ-Co固溶体和碳化物(M23C6、M7C3)组成;Cr_(3)C_(2)的添加使得熔覆层的硬度降低,由610HV0.2降至530HV0.2,但耐磨性得到提高,磨损量由0.45 mm^(3)降至0.33 mm^(3),下降了28%,耐蚀性得到提高,腐蚀电位由-0.385 V增加到-0.264 V,腐蚀电流密度由9.269×10^(-10)A/cm^(2)降至1.496×10^(-10)A/cm^(2),极化电阻由3.982×10^(7)Ω·cm^(2)提升至2.424×10^(8)Ω·cm^(2),提高了1个数量级;WC的添加使其硬度由610HV0.2提高至750HV0.2,磨损深度变浅,磨损量由0.45 mm3降至0.19 mm^(3),下降了43%,但耐腐蚀性有所降低。3种熔覆层的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。结论WC的添加可以有效提高熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性,但耐腐蚀性有所降低;添加Cr_(3)C_(2)后,耐蚀性得到显著提高,耐磨性略微提升,但硬度降低。

Research of Laser Cladding Ni-based Alloys on Stainless Steel

Laser cladding of NiCrBSi coatings on 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel substrate were obtained by high power laser.Microstructure,composition distribution and wear properties of the as-cladded coatings by different laser power were investigated using SEM,EDS and M-2000 wear resistance machine.The results show that the coating can be characterized as two regions,cladding and bonding zones.The cladding zone consists of multiple phases such as γ-(Ni,Fe) and CrB,which presenting several morphologies:dendritic,eutectic,irregular granulated and needle-like structures.The bonding zone was mixed by NiCrBSi and the melted substrate surface,mainly made up of columnar grains.Dilution rate increased with the increase of laser power.The wear test results show that the wear mechanism of the multi-track clad coatings is abrasive and adhesive wear.The wear rate is in the range of (2.2～2.6)×10-5mm3/m·N and the average friction coefficient is 0.52.The wear resistance decreased when increasing laser power.EDS analysis indicates that the main constitutional compositions of Ni,Fe,Cr and Si homogeneously distribute in the coatings.Fe fraction was apparently improved in the higher laser power cladded coatings.

42CrMo钢表面激光熔覆钴基金刚石耐磨层组织及性能

目的增强42CrMo钢的耐磨性,改善其严重的磨损失效情况。方法采用激光熔覆技术同步送粉的方式在42CrMo钢表面制备金刚石/WC颗粒增强钴基复合熔覆层,借助SEM、EDS、XRD、显微硬度仪和多功能综合性能测试仪,研究了熔覆层宏观形貌与微观组织、物相组成、显微硬度与耐磨性。结果使用Ti/TiC粉末对金刚石进行预处理可以改善其烧蚀和石墨化;适量ZrH2提升了熔覆层宽厚比,促进了熔池对流传质作用,同时,活性元素Zr改善了金刚石颗粒的润湿性能,提高了黏结相对金刚石的把持力。熔覆层多道搭接过渡均匀,其显微组织主要由细小枝晶及致密网状碳化物共晶组成,熔覆层与基体结合区域反应生成了平面晶组织,进而提高了熔覆层结合强度。激光熔覆热特性使W2C、ZrC、γ-(Co,Fe)、M6W6C、CoZr_(2)、(Ti,Zr)O_(2)、TiCx、Co_(3)Ti等物相存在于熔覆层内,细晶强化及弥散强化作用使得熔覆层的平均显微硬度(1002HV0.2)是基体的3倍。熔覆层平均磨损量是基体平均磨损量的1/2,熔覆层平均摩擦因数也明显低于基体,表明熔覆层的耐磨性能得到提升,其磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损,熔覆层内金刚石因承担摩擦载荷而钝化,但磨痕中的金刚石完整且未发生脱落。结论金刚石/WC颗粒增强钴基复合熔覆层的耐磨性显著提高,可用于42CrMo钢表面强化。

碳化钨对Fe基合金激光熔覆层性能的影响

采用向Fe基合金粉末中加入一定比例碳化钨硬质颗粒的方法,分别对熔覆层的硬度、摩擦系数以及磨痕的磨损形貌进行分析,探索碳化钨对Fe基合金熔覆层使用性能的影响。结果表明,基体的硬度为302 HV,Fe基合金熔覆层的平均硬度为500 HV,而加入5%、10%、15%碳化钨硬质颗粒的Fe基梯度复合熔覆层的平均硬度分别为662、771、806 HV;Fe基合金熔覆层比基体具有更好的耐磨性,随着Fe基合金粉末中添加碳化钨硬质颗粒的比例逐渐增大,熔覆层与对磨副之间的摩擦系数逐渐减小,磨损量逐渐减小,当碳化钨硬质颗粒的比例达到15%时,由于熔覆层内有较多未熔的碳化钨硬质颗粒,反而磨损量增大,犁沟现象严重。

激光功率对铁基合金熔覆层组织及性能的影响

选取5种不同的激光功率(1000、1200、1400、1600和1800 W)在Q235碳素钢表面制备铁基合金熔覆层,利用光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术、显微维氏硬度计和往复摩擦磨损试验机等研究了熔覆层的组织、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:熔覆层组织由枝晶内马氏体、枝晶间铁素体与部分残留奥氏体构成。随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层的厚度与稀释率增加,二次枝晶界面逐渐大量溶解,残留奥氏体量不断降低。当激光功率为1200 W时,熔覆层的平均硬度最高,为606.4 HV0.5,是基材硬度的3.6倍,磨损体积与磨损率最小,表现出良好的耐磨性能。熔覆层磨损机制是磨粒磨损与黏着磨损。

基于316L过渡层的431不锈钢激光熔覆层组织与性能研究

采用激光熔覆技术制备316L不锈钢涂层作为过渡层,在过渡层表面激光熔覆431马氏体不锈钢作为表面熔覆层.通过OM和SEM观察分析了熔覆层截面的微观组织特征,并借助XRD分析了熔覆层和过渡层的物相组成,利用显微硬度仪和电化学工作站测试熔覆层的硬度分布和耐腐蚀性.试验结果表明:加入过渡层后获得的熔覆层表面光滑平整,没有气孔裂纹等缺陷;表面熔覆层由马氏体、铁素体和少量残余奥氏体组成,过渡层由奥氏体组成;整个熔覆层的硬度从顶端向下呈现出梯度减小,表面熔覆层的硬度为538 HV,比基材提高了3倍,过渡层的平均硬度为300 HV;熔覆层的腐蚀电流为0.9569×10^(-6) A/cm^(2),腐蚀电位为-0.16644 V,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性优于基材.

激光增材制备Ti-6Al-4V/TiC金属陶瓷熔覆层组织与性能强化

Ti-6Al-4V合金因具有良好的强度、塑性、韧性、耐蚀性以及可焊性,在航空航天以及化工装备制造领域具有广泛应用,但其硬度以及耐磨性不高等性能短板,一定程度上限制了其摩擦磨损工况下的服役寿命。本研究基于激光熔覆优化工艺方法,增材制备具有TiC添加相的Ti-6Al-4V合金同质金属陶瓷熔覆层,表征并验证TiC增强相对熔覆层组织以及基本力学性能的强化作用。结果表明:熔覆层主要物相包括α-Ti,β-Ti以及TiC,其中TiC在熔覆层内过饱和析出,且受熔覆层不同位置过冷度差异影响,析出的TiC在熔覆层顶部以细小的颗粒状为主,而在熔覆层中部则主要呈树枝及花瓣状析出,熔覆层底部新增了麦穗状的析出形状,而稀释区则未见明显TiC析出。熔覆层平均显微硬度为530HV0.5,较基体提升了61%;在35 N载荷下,熔覆层平均摩擦因数为0.3583,较基体降低了11%,体积磨损率约为基材的87%,磨损形式为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损。

7075铝合金表面制备AlSi_(10)Mg涂层

以AlSi_(10)Mg合金粉末为熔覆材料,在7075铝合金基体上进行单层单道激光熔覆实验,研究激光功率、扫描速率、送粉率对熔覆层成形的影响规律,以阐述稀释率较高和气孔率较低现象产生的原因。结果表明:随着激光功率的增加,熔覆层宽度增大、高度减小;当激光功率增加到一定程度后,增加送粉率会使熔覆层的宽度和高度显著增大;而送粉率较低时,扫描速率对熔覆层宽度和高度的影响较小。激光功率较高时,基材和粉末熔合充分,产生的气泡较少;同时,送粉率较低时,熔覆层的高度较低,更利于气泡从熔池中逸出,熔覆层气孔率降低至0.07%。因此,在较高激光功率搭配较低送粉率的工艺下会形成高度较低的熔覆层,整体稀释率较高。此结果为降低铝合金激光熔覆气孔缺陷提供一定的指导意义。