Study of Cracking Mechanism and Wear Resistance in Laser Cladding Coating of Ni-based Alloy

Nickel-based alloy coatings were widely used for the remanufacturing of dies and moulds by laser cladding,but the crack sensitivity would be increase due to the higher strength and hardness,which reduced the wear resistance of Ni-based alloys.In this paper,Ni-based coatings with the addition of a plastic phase(an austenitic stainless net)were prepared using laser cladding technology,and the CeO_(2)was added in cladding layers.The cracking mechanism,microhardness,microstructure,phase composition,and wear properties were investigated.The relationship between thermal stress and the elastic and plastic fracture had been developed from the standpoint of fracture mechan-ics and thermal elastic fracture mechanics.The fracture criterion of the nickel-based coating was obtained,and the study has shown that the crack sensitivity could be reduced by decreasing the thermal expansion coefficientΔα.Thus,a new method was proposed,which the stainless steel nets were prefabricated on the substrate.It was found that the number of cracks reduced significantly with the addition of stainless steel net.When the stainless steel net with 14 mesh was added in Ni-based coatings,the average microhardness of nickel composite coating was 565 HV_(0.2),which was 2.6 times higher than that of the 45 steel substrate.Although the rare earth oxide 4 wt.%CeO_(2)and stainless steel net were added in the Ni-based coating reducing the microhardness(the average microhardness is 425 HV_(0.2)),the wear resistance of it improved substantially.The wear volume of Ni-based composite coating was 0.56×10^(−5) mm^(3)·N^(−1)·m^(−1),which was 85.1%lower than that of 45 steel.The experiment results have shown that the Nickel-based composite coating is equipped with low crack sensitivity and high abrasive resistance with austenitic stainless net and the rare earth oxide 4 wt.%CeO2.This research offers an efficient solution to produce components with low crack susceptibility and high wear-resistance coatings fabricated by laser cladding.

Microstructure Evolution and Cracking Control of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Multi-layer Laser Cladding

Multi-layer laser cladding manufacturing is a newly developed rapid manufacturing technology. It is a powerful tool for direct fabrication of three-dimensional fully dense metal components and part repairing. In this paper, the microstructure evolution and properties of 316L stainless steel deposited with this technology was investigated, compact components with properties similar to the as-cast and wrought annealed material was obtained. Cracking was eliminated by introducing of supersonic vibration and application of parameter adjustment technologies.

EFFECT OF OVERLAPPING TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE OF LASER-CLAD WC/Ni60A COMPOSITE COATING

The effect of overlapping treatment on microstructure of laser clad WC/Ni60A composite coating was studied with XRD, SEM, TEM and SAED etc. The results show that during the overlapping treatment the existence of the residual heat and edge angle effect on the substrate has changed the composition and microstructure of the coating by raising the fusion temperature and increasing the dilution degree of the coating.

Effect of Y_2O_3 on Cracking Susceptibility of Laser-Clad Ti-Based Composites Coatings

Ti-based composite coatings reinforced by in situ synthesized TiB and TiC were deposited on Ti6AlaV substrates by laser cladding. The effects of Y2O3 on the microstructure and cracking susceptibility of the coatings were investigated in details. It is shown that a small amount of Y2O3 addition can significantly refine the microstructure of the coatings by hastening spheroidization of the primary phase structure. The maximum refinement in microstructure was obtained with the optimum （2 wt%） addition of Y2O3. Moreover, it can increase the volume fraction of TiC and reduce the residual stress of the coatings due to the decrease in lattice distortion of the α（Ti） matrix. All of these factors lead to the reduction in cracking susceptibility of the coatings containing Y2O3 on the premise that the hardness of the coatings is improved. The fracture toughness of the coatings without and with Y2O3 （2 wt%） is 8.32 and 17.36 MPa.m1/2, respectively. Scanning electron microscope examination reveals a transition of the fractured surfaces from cleavage fracture to quasi-cleavage fracture resulting from the Y2O3 addition.

Numerical research on effect of overlap ratio on thermal-stress behaviors of the high-speed laser cladding coating

High-speed laser cladding technology, a kind of surface technology to improve the wear-resistance and corrosion-resistance of mechanical parts, has the characterizations of fast scan speed, high powder utilization rate, and high cladding efficiency. However, its thermal-stress evolution process is very complex, which has a great influence on the residual stress and deformation. In the paper, the numerical models for the high-speed laser cladding coatings with overlap ratios of 10%,30%, and 50% are developed to investigate the influence rules of overlap ratio on the thermal-stress evolution, as well as the residual stresses and deformations. Results show that the heat accumulation can reheat and preheat the adjacent track coating and substrate, resulting in stress release of the previous track coating and decreased longitudinal stress peak of the next track coating. With the overlap ratio increasing, the heat accumulation and the corresponding maximum residual stress position tend to locate in the center of the cladding coating, where the coating has a high crack susceptibility. For a small overlap ratio of 10%, there are abrupt stress changes from tensile stress to compressive stress at the lap joint, due to insufficient input energy in the position. Increasing the overlap ratio can alleviate the abrupt stress change and reduce the residual deformation but increase the average residual stress and enlarge the hardening depth. This study reveals the mechanism of thermal-stress evolution, and provides a theoretical basis for improving the coating quality.

Cyclic oxidation behavior of NiCoCrAlY/YSZ@Ni composite coatings fabricated by laser cladding

Composite coating on GH4169 alloy is prepared by laser cladding yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)@Ni core-shell powdersmixed with NiCoCrAlY alloy powders.The cyclic oxidation behavior of the coatings,especially the growth process of theoxide layer,is investigated based on experimental research and first-principle calculations.The results indicate that theoxidation resistance of coated GH4169 alloy is beer than that of uncoated GH4169 alloy.The coating has three layers:acellular dendrite outer layer,a planar YSZ interlayer,and an inner layer composed of Cr2O3 formed during laser clading.After oxidation at 1000 and 1050℃,as the oxidation time increases,the cellular dendrite outer layer becomes thicker,andthe planar yttria-stabilized zirconia interlayer becomes thinner.Between the planar interlayer and Cr2O3 inner layer,and Al2O3 layer formed.Notably,cracks formed in the intcrface of Al2O3/Cr2O3 owing to thcir weak interface strength,whichled to the failure of the composite coating.

Residual stress distribution in different depths of TiNi/Ti_2Ni-based laser clad coating prepared at different environmental temperatures

This study aimed to effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the laser clad coating by enhancing the environmental temperature during laser cladding,and reveal the residual stress distribution in different depths of the coating.The TiNi/Ti2Ni-based coatings were prepared on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding at different environmental temperatures of25,400,600and800°C.The changes in residual stress along the depth of the coatings were investigated in detail by the nanoindentation method.Results showed that the average residual stress of2.90GPa in the coating prepared at25°C was largest.With the increase in environmental temperature,the average residual stress was reduced to1.34GPa(400°C),0.70GPa(600°C)and0GPa(800°C).For all the coatings,the residual stress was increased with increasing the distance from the coating surface.Enhancing the environmental temperature can effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the coatings.

面向涂层裂纹的激光熔覆预测模型研究

针对激光熔覆关键工艺参数与制备涂层之间因存在复杂非线性映射关系而产生的裂纹缺陷问题,通过将遗传算法与BP神经网络结合起来构建工艺参数与涂层裂纹密度之间的网络模型,利用MATLAB软件对建立的网络模型进行训练、拟合预测。结果表明,遗传算法对BP神经网络优化后的模型中预测误差最小为3.06%,平均误差控制在11.57%以内,均方误差为0.0008,模型预测精度高,性能稳定。验证了理论模型与实际试验相结合的可行性,减少了涂层裂纹工艺研究所需的大量重复性试验,为制备无裂纹镍基熔覆层具有重要意义。

异质金属熔覆搭接率对Ni60A熔覆层显微组织影响

利用半导体激光器在45钢基体上熔覆Ni60A材料来制作镍基合金涂层的实验方法,研究了熔覆层内部显微组织、物相成分及显微硬度随着搭接率的变化规律,根据实验结果选择合适的搭接率以满足性能要求.结果表明,在搭接率为20%、30%、40%及50%时,随着搭接率的增大,熔覆层搭接区底部组织晶粒逐渐增大,中上部组织晶粒逐渐减小;熔覆层主要物相为γ-Ni固溶体相,还有大量的铬硼化物、碳化物等硬质强化相,并且当搭接率从20%逐渐增大到30%时,主要物相成分逐渐增多,搭接率从30%增大到50%时主要物相成分有所减少;熔覆层的显微硬度变化规律大致与物相成分变化规律相同,同样是在搭接率从20%增大到30%时逐渐增大,在搭接率为20%时显微硬度最低,在搭接率为30%时显微硬度最大,为700 HV,随后当搭接率增大到50%时显微硬度降低至665 HV.根据熔覆层的性能要求,显微硬度要高,组织晶粒要细小均匀,在仅考虑搭接率的变化时,综合分析显微组织、物相成分及性能,选择30%搭接率为最佳.

激光熔覆增材制造研究

阐述了近年来激光熔覆技术的研究进展,系统地对比并总结了传统激光熔覆与超高速激光熔覆的工艺,还对比了2种工艺制备涂层的关键性能指标,并梳理金属合金粉末制备工艺及熔覆材料,总结了熔覆层裂纹抑制措施,指出目前激光熔覆存在的不足,展望了未来的发展方向。

激光熔覆铁基复合熔覆层的裂纹形成机理

激光熔覆是绿色再制造重点发展的工业技术。用高能密度的二氧化碳(CO_(2))激光束,在工件表面进行激光熔覆改性处理,形成成分和性能完全不同于母材的铁基复合熔覆层。激光熔覆层组织由马氏体α-Fe和细小弥散分布的碳氮化钛Ti(C,N)陶瓷颗粒组成。若激光熔覆工艺不当,会形成纵向或横向裂纹。熔合线附近的气孔和微空洞是复合熔覆层开裂的裂纹源,裂纹最初起裂于熔覆层与母材交界处,裂纹扩展为沿晶或穿晶断裂,属于脆性断裂。

涡轮叶片薄壁叶尖激光熔覆修复裂纹分析及控制

某型航空发动机高压涡轮工作叶片叶尖磨损后,采用激光熔覆技术进行修复,经X光探伤检查发现熔覆层与基体结合面上有纵向显微裂纹,其不合格率达到20%左右。通过基体材料成分分析、金相观察、扫描电镜、工业CT等手段分析裂纹产生原因,结果表明:裂纹为激光熔覆过程中应力过大产生的热裂纹,通过增加预热、调整激光出光模式等方式可有效降低裂纹故障率。控制措施实施后,继续跟踪检查24台叶片激光熔覆修复情况,其合格率达到99%以上。

线光斑激光熔覆Ni-Al金属间化合物工艺及组织研究

为了提高P92钢的耐高温氧化性能,采用线光斑在P92钢基体表面激光熔覆Ni-Al金属间化合物,对熔覆工艺参数进行了筛选,并对试样的组织形貌和成份进行了分析。结果表明,在筛选后的熔覆工艺下试样熔覆层未发现裂纹,无开裂倾向;P92钢基体熔化较少,基体中Fe元素扩散至顶部含量不到5%,熔覆层中主要物相为Ni3Al和NiAl,熔覆层顶部至基体部分的显微组织由等轴晶向树枝晶、柱状晶和平面晶转变。当激光功率1 800 W、扫描速度2 m/min、送粉速度为17 r/min、送粉气流量为8 L/min时,可以减少基体熔化和Fe元素扩散,从而对解决激光熔覆时Ni-Al金属间化合物熔覆层开裂、钢基体中Fe元素扩散问题提供了思路。

Mo对激光熔覆WC/Ni35涂层组织与性能的影响

针对高WC含量的WC/Ni35熔覆层容易出现裂纹的问题,在WC/Ni35熔覆层中添加2、5和8 mass%Mo元素,研究Mo对WC/Ni35熔覆层组织与性能的影响。结果表明:随着Mo元素含量的增加,WC/Ni35熔覆层组织更加致密细小,柱状晶减少,等轴晶增加。添加2和5 mass%Mo元素的熔覆层中,Ni _(17)W_(3)、Cr_(4)Ni_(15)W等新的硬质相数量增多,导致熔覆层平均硬度增大;添加8 mass%Mo元素的熔覆层中,物相较多以含Mo的韧性相存在,其平均硬度和添加5 mass%Mo元素的熔覆层持平。Mo元素含量增加到5 mass%时,熔覆层中产生新的W的化合物,减少W元素的偏析现象,同时Cr元素对钝化膜的修复作用,使熔覆层耐腐蚀性提高;添加8 mass%Mo元素的熔覆层由于Cr的析出导致出现贫Cr区,熔覆层的耐腐蚀性降低。添加8 mass%Mo元素的熔覆层没有产生裂纹。在高WC含量的WC/Ni35熔覆层中添加8 mass%Mo元素,可以获得无裂纹、组织致密的熔覆层,其硬度提高,耐腐蚀性略有降低。

超声振动对激光熔覆高熵合金涂层组织与耐磨性能的影响

目的研究超声振动对高熵合金涂层的裂纹抑制机理与力学性能影响。方法采用自主设计的超声振动平台开展试验。使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察高熵合金涂层的截面形貌,对比超声添加前后裂纹的数量以及分布情况。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪等测试设备,探究添加超声前后涂层的微观组织转变、元素分布趋势与晶粒尺寸等。借助显微硬度仪与往复摩擦磨损试验机研究涂层的显微硬度与耐磨性。结果超声振动作用下,熔池的润湿角发生变化,截面由半圆状变为椭圆状。超声振动显著细化涂层的晶粒,破碎的柱状晶增加了凝固晶核的数量,同时促进了FCC相在晶界处的析出。FCC析出相形成“网状”结构,增强了晶界处吸收应力的能力,有助于抑制涂层中裂纹的扩展。涂层显微硬度由503HV0.5提升至526HV0.5,室温摩擦因数由0.669下降至0.586,摩擦曲线更加平稳。添加超声振动后,涂层的磨损机制为磨粒磨损与氧化磨损。结论超声振动产生的空化效应与声流效应减小了熔池的温度梯度,细化了晶粒,抑制了裂纹在晶界处扩展。添加超声振动后,涂层的力学性能与摩擦性能得到提升。

激光熔覆耐磨涂层的研究进展

介绍了以镍基、钴基合金为主的激光熔覆耐磨涂层的研究进展 ,分析了熔覆层开裂等问题。目前激光熔覆工艺研究较为活跃 ,而对其加热、凝固过程的相变动力学、热力学、扩散过程和界面行为以及熔覆层显微组织、相结构的研究相对较弱 ;对熔覆层开裂问题的研究多集中在工艺参数和凝固组织特征上 ,要彻底解决熔覆层开裂问题 ,应从微观角度入手 。

裂纹修复与激光技术

综述了裂纹修复原理和常规修复方法 ,着重阐述了激光填料焊和激光熔覆技术在裂纹修复中的应用现状 。

激光熔覆层开裂问题的研究现状

分析了激光熔覆层应力的产生和分布状态 ,描述了熔覆层裂纹的形成和形貌 ,归纳了目前抑制裂纹产生的方法。对解决熔覆层开裂问题提出了一些建议。

45钢多道搭接激光熔覆层的组织与性能

在45钢表面进行了激光搭结熔覆WC-12Co涂层的实验,对复合涂层的组织、硬度等进行了研究。结果表明:激光熔覆区在微观结构上分为熔覆层、熔化区和热影响区。在搭接区出现了较为粗大的组织特征,采用同一激光工艺参数,多道搭接熔覆层的显微硬度降低。多道搭接熔覆产生的重稀释导致涂层中WC硬质相含量明显降低,是造成激光熔覆层硬度下降的主要影响因素。

激光熔覆裂纹的产生原因及消除方法探究

本文综合国内外研究成果,分析了激光熔覆的影响因素,认为热应力、组织应力和约束应力是产生激光熔覆裂纹的主要因素。文章从材料选择和工艺两个方面剖析了产生熔覆裂纹的内在原因,并从热处理、韧性合金化元素和超声震动三方面探讨了预防激光熔覆裂纹的方法。