Heat-treated microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming Ti-6Al-4V alloy

The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated The influences of the temperature and time of solution treatment and aging treatment were analyzed. The results show that the microstructure of LSFed samples consists of Widmanstatten α laths and a little acicular in columnar prior β grains with an average grain width of 300 μm, which grow epitaxiaUy from the substrate along the deposition direction （27）. Solution treatment had an important effect on the width, aspect ratio, and volmne fraction of primary and secondary a laths, and aging treatment mainly affects the aspect ratio and volume fraction of primary α laths and the width and volume fraction of secondary a laths. Globular a phase was first observed in LSFed samples when the samples were heat treated with solution treatment （950℃, 8 h/air cooling （AC）） or with solution treatment （950℃, 1 h/AC） and aging treatment （550℃, above 8 h/AC）, respectively. The coarsening and globularization mechanisms of a phase in LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloy during heat treatment were presented. To obtain good integrated mechanical properties for LSFed Ti-6Al-4V alloys, an optimized heat treatment regimen was suggested.

Influence of processing parameters on deposition characteristics of Inconel 625 superalloy fabricated by laser solid forming

A series of single track clads of Inconel 625 alloy were fabricated by laser solid forming.To achieve the high dimensional accuracy and excellent mechanical properties,the effect of processing parameters on the geometry,the formation of Laves phase and the residual stress was investigated.The results show that laser power and scanning speed had a dramatical influence on the width and height of single-track clads.According to the columnar to equiaxed transition curve of Inconel 625,the grain morphology can be predicted during the LSF process.With the increasing laser power and the decreasing scanning speed,the segregation degree of Si,Nb,Mo,the volume fraction and size of Laves phase increased.Vickers indentation was used to demonstrate that optimizing processing parameter can achieve the minimum residual tensile stress.

Effect of Intermediate Heat Treatment Temperature on Microstructure and Notch Sensitivity of Laser Solid Formed Inconel 718 Superalloy

Inconel 718 superalloys deposited by laser solid forming （LSF） were heat treated with solution treatment,intermediate heat treatment （IHT） and two-stage aging treatment in sequence （SITA heat treatment）.The effect of IHT temperature on microstructure,tensile property and notch sensitivity of LSFed Inconel 718 superalloy at 500 ℃ were investigated.As-deposited columnar grains have transformed to equiaxed grains and the grains were refined due to the recrystallization during the SITA heat treatment.It is found that the size and amount of δ phase dispersed at grain boundaries decreased with the increasing of IHT temperature,and δ phase disappeared when the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃.The ultimate tensile strength （UTS） and yield strength （YS） of smooth samples increased to a maximum when the IHT temperature reached 980 ℃ and then decreased slightly to a minimum when the IHT temperature was 1 000 ℃,and followed by slight increasing again till the IHT temperature reached 1 020 ℃,resulted from the competition of precipitation strengthening effect of γ″ and γ＇ phase and the grain boundary weakening effect caused by the gradual disappearance of δ phase with increasing the IHT temperature.The notch sensitivity factor （qe） decreased but still greater than 1 as the IHT temperature increased,which is attributed to the decrease of the size and amount of δ precipitation.

Numerical Simulation Research on Laser Shock Forming of Thin Metal Sheet

Laser shock forming (LSF) of sheet metal is a new technique realized by applying an impulsive pressure generated by laser-induced shock wave on the surface of metal sheet. LSF of brass sheet metal was investigated using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with an energy per pulse of 15～50 joules. ABAQUS software was used to simulate laser shock forming process. The central displacement of the shocked region is measured and compared with the simulation. The higher pulse energy, the higher central displacement of the shocked region were obtained. The deformation of the simulation matches the experiment quite well.

自由曲面镜补偿大功率激光波前畸变技术研究

对于一台性能稳定的激光器,在出光阶段整个系统处于热交换的稳定状态,即激光波前分布可以保持稳定不变。基于此特点,提出制造自由曲面镜,以校正激光器的波前畸变,提高光束质量。本文首先介绍了自由曲面镜的波前补偿原理、设计及加工过程,然后通过数学建模,从理论上对其波前补偿能力进行了仿真计算,最后在板条固体激光器中进行了波前补偿实验:在激光器输出功率为12.5 kW时,自由曲面镜对激光光束相位及远场光束质量都有明显的改善和提高。自由曲面镜不像变形镜那样受到致动器间距的限制,因此对于高阶像差的校正也更为有效,且成本低廉,再者也不会增加系统的复杂度,与自适应光学系统相比各有所长。

High strength and ductility of 34CrNiMo6 steel produced by laser solid forming

Because of the excellent mechanical properties of 34 CrNiMo6 steel, it is widely used in high-value components. Many conventional approaches to strengthening-steels typically involve the loss of useful ductility.In this study, 34 CrNiMo6 Steel having high strength and ductility is produced by laser solid forming(LSF)with a quenching-tempering(QT) treatment. Tempering of bainite is mainly by solid phase transformation in the previous LSF layers during the LSF process. The stable microstructure of LSF consists of ferrite and fine carbides. The microstructure transfers to tempered sorbite after heat-treatment. The tensile properties of the LSF steel meet those of the wrought standard. The UTS and elongation of LSF sample at 858 MPa, 19.2%, respectively, are greater than those of the wrought. The QT treatment enhanced the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the LSF sample. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, reduction in area, and elongation of the LSF+QT sample at 980 MPa, 916 MPa, 58.9%, and 13.9%,respectively, are greater than those of the wrought standard. The yield strength of the LSF+QT sample is approximately 1.27 times that of the wrought. The LSF samples failed in a ductile fracture mode, while the LSF+QT samples showed mixed-mode failure. The defects have only a small effect on the tensile properties owing to the excellent ductility of the LSF sample.

Microstructure and compressive/tensile characteristic of large size Zr-based bulk metallic glass prepared by laser solid forming

The large size, crack-free Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Al_(10)Ni_(5) bulk metallic glass(BMGs) with the diameter of 54 mm and the height of 15 mm was built by laser solid forming additive manufacturing technology, whose size is larger than the critical diameter by casting. The microstructure, tensile and compressive deformation behaviors and fracture morphology of laser solid formed Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Al_(10)Ni_5 BMGs were investigated. It is found that the crystallization mainly occurs in the heat-affected zones of deposition layers, which consist of Al_5Ni_3Zr_2, NiZr_2, ZrCu, CuZr_2 phases. The content of amorphous phase in the deposit is about 63%.Under the compressive loading, the deposit presents no plasticity before fracture occurs. The fracture process is mainly controlled by the shear stress and the compressive shear fracture angles of about39?. The compressive strength reaches 1452 MPa, which is equivalent to that of as-Cast Zr_(55)Cu_(30)Al_(10)Ni_5 BMGs, and there exist vein-like patterns, river-like patterns and smooth regions at the compressive fractography. Under the tensile loading, the deposit presents the brittle fracture pattern without plastic deformation. The fracture process exhibits normal fracture model, and the tensile shear fracture angle of about 90?. The tensile strength is only about 609 MPa, and the tensile fractography mainly consists of micro-scaled cores and vein-like patterns, dimple-like patterns, chocolate-like patterns and smooth regions. The results further verified the feasibility and large potential of laser additive manufacturing on fabrication and industrial application of large-scale BMGs parts.

Microstructure evolution of laser solid forming of Ti-Al-V ternary system alloys from blended elemental powders

Morphology evolution of prior β grains of laser solid forming （LSF） Ti-xAl-yV （x 11,y 20） alloys from blended elemental powders is investigated. The formation mechanism of grain morphology is revealed by incorporating columnar to equiaxed transition （CET） mechanism during solidification. The morphology of prior β grains of LSF Ti-6Al-yV changes from columnar to equiaxed grains with increasing element V content from 4 to 20 wt.-%. This agrees well with CET theoretical prediction. Likewise, the grain morphology of LSF Ti-xAl-2V from blended elemental powders changes from large columnar to small equiaxed with increasing Al content from 2 to 11 wt.-%. The macro-morphologies of LSF Ti-8Al-2V and Ti-11Al-2V from blended elemental powders do not agree with CET predictions. This is caused by the increased disturbance effects of mixing enthalpy with increasing Al content, generated in the alloying process of Ti, Al, and V in the molten pool.

Laser Solid Forming Repairing and Remanufacturing of High Strength Steel

Laser solid forming (LSF) is an advanced manufacture technology developed from early 1990s, which can realize the rapid manufacturing high performance near-net-shaping complicated metallic components with full-dense directly. Currently this technology has been widely used for rapid manufacturing of metal parts, repairing and remanufacturing service of large parts with defects in aerospace, energy, transportation industry etc. In present paper, the main progresses on the research and application of LSF are reviewed, and the emphasis has been focused on manufacturing high performance high strength steel metal parts. The results of LSFed high strength steel samples show that the comprehensive mechanical properties are usually in the classes of forging parts, which the dense, fine and homogeneous microstructure in LSFed parts, especially, high strength steel parts with metallurgical-defects-free can be obtained by careful optimizing the forming and heat treatment parameter. To realize the high performance repairing and remanufacturing of the high strength steel component is one of the most remarkable progress for LSF recently. The mechanical properties of the repaired and remanufacturing parts by LSF can reach the wrought standards only with annealing treatment. It is believed that the repair and remanufacturing of high performance metallic components by LSF should be one of the most promising applications for LSF in the coming future.

Effect of dimensionless heat input during laser solid forming of high-strength steel

Laser solid forming(LSF)technology can be used to rapidly manufacture and repair high-strength steel parts with superior performance,but the value of the heat input during operation is difficult to quantify,which has a substantial impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the parts.A promising method to improve the forming efficiency and quality of LSFed parts is to accurately control the heat input and explore its relationship with the microstructure and mechanical properties.To remove the interference of other variables from the experiment,the dimensionless heat input Q;^(∗)was introduced.The Q^(∗)values were designed in advance to calculate the experimental parameters used to perform the LSF experiment.The microstructure was observed at different regions of the sample,and its mechanical properties were analyzed.From the results,the following conclusions were drawn.The Q;^(∗)value was directly related to the cooling rate and heat accumulation in the top structure,leading to the formation of different microstructures;it also modified the original structure at the bottom,affecting the subsequent thermal cycle and indirectly changing the tempered martensite morphology.The heat input also affected the mechanical properties of the sample.The hardness of the stable zone decreased with increasing Q;^(∗)value,and the lowest value was 190 HV.Similarly,the tensile strength and yield strength of the LSFed samples decreased considerably with increasing Q;^(∗)value,and the lowest values were 735 and 604 MPa,respectively.Only the elongation and reduction in the area increased after a slight decrease.The Q;^(∗)value had a significant effect on heat treatment.When Q;^(∗)=2.9,the increase in tensile strength and yield strength after heat treatment was the largest(29%and 44%,respectively).

热处理对激光立体成形GH3536力学性能的影响

为提高激光立体成形GH3536航空发动机零件高温段的力学性能,对成形后的合金采用3种热处理制度,测试热处理后试样的拉伸和持久性能,分析了断口形貌和失效机理。结果表明:经双级时效热处理后的GH3536合金的抗拉强度和持久寿命有所提高;980℃固溶+双级时效热处理后的合金显微组织中存在Laves相,影响了合金力学性能;适当提高固溶处理温度和延长保温时间后,合金组织内部强化相弥散分布,改善了合金力学性能。

激光立体成形熔道截面形貌尺寸影响因素研究

为实现复杂结构金属零件高精度制造成形,系统研究了激光立体成形各工艺参数对熔道截面形貌尺寸的影响规律。结果表明,激光立体成形熔道形貌尺寸与工艺参数有重要关系。沉积层截面面积、高度和宽度随着激光功率、送粉速率和基板温度的增大而增大,随着扫描速度的增大而减小,随着离焦量的增大呈现先增大后减少的趋势;重熔层截面面积、高度和宽度随着激光功率和基板温度的增大而增大,与扫描速度、送粉速率和离焦量等因素关系不大。

激光立体成形和超声冲击混合制造Ti60合金的显微组织和性能

采用激光立体成形(LSF)和超声冲击处理(UIT)混合制造的方法,通过逐层强化表面,改善Ti60合金的结构和性能。采用SEM、TEM和XRD分析并比较UIT前后LSF处理Ti60样品的显微组织、力学性能和阻燃性能。结果表明,UIT后LSF处理Ti60合金的晶粒得到细化,冶金缺陷减少。同时,UIT后沉积层严重变形,并在表面形成纳米晶体。此外,沉积层表面显微硬度提高,残余应力由拉应力变为压应力。烧蚀坑面积减少了21%,Mo,Nb和Zr元素的比例增加。综上所述,LSF和UIT的混合制造可以改善LSF处理Ti60样品的显微组织和性能。

激光立体成形钛合金角盒的组织与性能研究

民用飞机机翼外翼壁板常采用T型长桁结构,其中机翼根部的长桁连接结构是重要的传力结构,主要采用与之相对应的角盒进行连接。本文利用激光立体成形技术对民用飞机的钛合金长桁对接角盒进行打印制造,并对其显微组织的演变规律、力学性能及缺陷进行研究。研究结果表明,随炉试样内部显微组织为细小杆状的α相,不存在性能的各向异性,均为网篮组织。试块X、Y、Z 3个方向抗拉强度均高于889 MPa,且其偏离X、Y、Z 3个方向的拉伸强度平均值的程度及离散度不超过5%,整体性能较好;试样拉伸断裂属于韧性断裂,拉伸断口由纤维区、放射区、剪切唇区3部分组成,疲劳断裂是塑性断裂,且在疲劳断裂中,二次裂纹连续且密集。加工后试样的尺寸与成形质量都符合行业使用要求。

Hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of the laser solid formed TC4 titanium alloy

Hot compressive experiments of the laser solid formed(LSFed)TC4 titanium alloy were conducted at a wide temperature range of 650-950℃and strain rate of 0.01-10 s^(-1).The Arrheniustype constitutive models of the LSFed TC4 alloy were established at the temperature range of 800-950℃and of 650-800℃,respectively.The average relative error between the predicted stresses and experimental values in those two temperature ranges are 10.4%and 8.3%,respectively,indicating that the prediction models constructed in this paper are in a good agreement with experimental data.Processing maps were established by the principle of dynamic materials modeling on the basis of the data achieved from the hot compression experiments.The processing parameters corresponding to the stable and unstable regions of material deformation can be determined from the processing maps.The microstructure evolution of the stable and unstable regions of the samples after tests were observed.Finally,the effect of hot compressive parameters on the microstructure were investigated to research the dynamic recrystallization and the texture of the deformed LSFed TC4 alloy.

激光立体成形AlSi10Mg合金的微观组织及力学性能

激光立体成形已逐渐成为大型高性能复杂铝合金构件制造的一条重要途径。采用具有不同波长的CO_2和YAG激光器在铸态基材上进行了AlSi10Mg合金的激光立体成形,研究了不同激光器对AlSi10Mg合金沉积态和T6热处理态下的微观组织和力学性能的影响。利用XRD、OM和SEM研究了AlSi10Mg合金成形件的微观组织;利用电子拉力试验机测试了AlSi10Mg合金成形件的力学性能。结果表明:相比铸态基材,AlSi10Mg合金沉积态组织主要由<100>取向沿沉积方向外延生长的柱状α-Al枝晶和枝晶间呈纤维或颗粒状生长的Al-Si共晶组成,组织显著细化;且在530℃,3~5 min固溶处理后可实现共晶Si的球化。与CO_2激光相比,采用更短波长的YAG激光进行成形时组织更为细化。经T6热处理后,采用YAG激光成形的AlSi10Mg合金力学性能明显优于压铸铝合金。

金属材料激光立体成形技术

对激光立体成形技术的基本原理、发展状况以及成形特性、凝固组织形成规律进行了系统深入的研究 ,发现要获得理想的成形效果 ,就必须对单层涂覆厚度、单道涂覆宽度、搭接率等主要参数进行精确控制。在工艺研究的同时 ,对成形件微观组织形成规律进行了研究 ,发现其内部组织主要由外延生长的细长枝晶构成 ,其枝晶一次间距在 10～30 μm之间。在进一步严格控制工艺条件的基础上 ,获得了具有定向乃至单晶组织的试样。结合成形特性方面的研究结果 ,通过总结优化工艺 ,获得了不同合金的激光立体成形件 ,成形件内部致密 ,表面质量良好 。

激光立体成形高性能金属零件研究进展

激光立体成形技术是从20世纪80年代初期发展起来的一项先进制造技术,能够实现高性能复杂结构金属零件的无模具、快速、全致密近净成形。该技术可以用于承受强大力学载荷的三维实体金属零件的快速制造,也可应用于具有较复杂形状和较大体积制造缺陷、误加工损伤或服役损伤零件的修复。主要围绕激光立体成形技术在追逐高力学性能方面的研究工作,综述了激光立体成形研究和应用的主要进展情况。对多种合金的大量研究工作表明:激光立体成形金属零件的综合力学性能同锻件相当,导致这样优越的力学性能的主要原因在于其材料组织致密、细小、均匀,可以通过优化成形工艺和热处理工艺而获得基本上没有冶金缺陷的状态。激光立体成形技术的主要应用对象是兼顾高性能和复杂结构的金属零件的制造和修复。实现高性能修复是激光立体成形技术最近的一个引人注目的研究进展,修复零件的力学性能可以仅在简单的退火热处理状态下即达到锻件力学性能标准,这使得过去认为不可修复的高性能重要金属零件具备了现实的修复技术途径,这必将是激光立体成形技术最有前景的应用方向之一。

激光立体成形Ti_2A1Nb基合金组织演化

利用SEM、XRD和TEM研究了激光立体成形(LSF,lasersolid forming)Ti2A1Nb基合金的组织演化规律。结果表明:激光立体成形Ti2A1Nb基合金沉积态组织由B2/β0相(ordered-bcc)和O相(orthorhombic)组成。沉积态的相组成及微观结构从成形试样顶部→中部→底部呈现从B2/β0固溶体→B2/β0+O魏氏体→B2/β0固溶体的变化,进而使得激光沉积态Ti2A1Nb基合金中间部位的显微硬度值最大,顶部与底部相当。合金显微硬度随激光功率的增大而增大。

成骨细胞在激光立体成形多孔钛表面的附着、增殖及ALP活性

目的:评价激光立体成形(LSF)的多孔钛对成骨细胞的生物相容性。方法:将SD大鼠成骨细胞接种于材料表面进行培养,对不同培养时间点成骨细胞在材料表面的黏附、增殖及ALP活性进行检测,并观察细胞形态。以经喷砂粗化处理的致密纯钛作为对照,用SPSS对试验结果进行统计分析。结果:培养2、3 h时实验组细胞贴附率高于对照组(P<0.05),4、7 d时细胞增殖和ALP活性明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:激光成形的多孔钛材料具有良好的骨组织生物相容性。