Beam oscillating parameters on pore inhibition,recrystallization and grain boundary characteristics of laser-arc hybrid welded AZ31 magnesium alloy

Oscillating laser-arc hybrid welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy was carried out,the effects of beam oscillation parameters on pore inhibition,microstructure,grain boundary characteristics and tensile properties were investigated.The results showed that the pore formation can be inhibited with oscillating frequency higher than 75 Hz and radius smaller than 0.5 mm.The columnar grains neighboring the fusion line can be broken by the beam oscillation behavior,while the grain growth was promoted with the increase of frequency or radius.It should be noted that the coincidence site lattice(CSL)boundaries were mainlyΣ13b andΣ29 boundaries,which were contributed by{10■2}tensile twins and{11■2}compression twins,respectively.The total fraction of CSL boundaries reached maximum at radius of 0.25 mm and frequency of 75 Hz,which was also confirmed as the optimized parameters.In this case,the elongation rate increased up to 13.2%,12.8%higher than that of the weld without beam oscillation.Finally,the pore formation and inhibition mechanisms were illustrated according to the state of melt flow and keyhole formation,the abnormal growth was discussed basing on secondary recrystallization,and the relationship among the pore formation,grain size,boundary characteristics and weld toughness were finally established.

Microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties of laser-arc hybrid welded AZ31B magnesium alloy

Laser-arc hybrid welding of AZ31B magnesium alloy was carried out,the effects of welding parameters on weld formation,microstructure homogeneity and mechanical properties were investigated.The results showed that laser-arc hybrid welding was beneficial to improve the weld formation of magnesium alloy by inhibiting the defect of undercut and pores.The weld microstructure was mainly columnar grains neighboring the fusion line and equiaxed grains at the weld center.It was interesting that the grain size at the upper arc zone was smaller than that at the lower laser zone,with the difference mainly affected by laser power rather than welding current and welding speed.The welding parameters were optimized as laser power of 3.5 kW,welding current of 100 A and welding speed of 1.5 m/min.In this case,the weld was free of undercut and pores,and the tensile strength and elongation rate reached 252 MPa and 11.2%,respectively.Finally,the microstructure homogeneity was illustrated according to the heat distribution,and the evolution law of tensile properties was discussed basing on the weld formation and microstructure characteristics.

Research on laser-arc hybrid welding technology for long-distance pipeline construction

In recent years, the research on pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding technology has been the important and difficult in the field of welding all over the world. China Petroleum Pipeline Research Institute Co. Ltd. has firstly developed pipeline laser-arc hybrid welding system in China, and executed the welding tests based on X70/X80 steel. Preliminary experiment results showed that hybrid welding could meet the requirements of related standards such as API1104,ASME,etc., the mechanical properties of girth seam are qualified in the case that there were no internal defects. With the development of high-power fiber laser and the continuous improvement of welding equipment, laser-arc hybrid welding technology for pipeline field welding will be available soon.

Microstructure and properties of laser-arc hybrid welding of high-strength low-alloy steel

Laser-arc hybrid welding has the characteristics of optimal surface formation and greater penetration;it is extensively used in the welding of plates of medium thickness.However, for hybrid welding of lasers, the welding seam cooling rate is rapid;thus, the welding seam has a higher tendency to significantly harden, which has a negative impact on the weld quality of the high-strength low-alloy(HSLA) steel plates of medium thickness.In this study, laser-arc hybrid welding is performed on the BG890 QL HSLA steel produced by Baoshan Iron & Steel Co.,Ltd.,and the quenching tendency of the welded structure is examined.The results demonstrate that the specific growth direction of the columnar crystal structure of the laser-arc hybrid welded joint is obvious.However, at the center and top of the welded seam, there are equiaxed crystals.The impact properties at room temperature and-40 ℃ of the weld area are 58.0 J and 40.0 J,respectively, and those of the heat-affected zone(HAZ) are 147.0 J and 66.5 J,respectively.The impact performance can meet these requirements.Laser-arc hybrid welding of HSLA steel can yield strong and durable welds and the HAZ structure to meet the requirements of engineering applications.

Numerical simulation of temperature field in laser-arc hybrid welding of wear-resistant steel

Using ABAQUS software and cylindrical ellipsoid and body heat sources with a peak-heat-flux- attenuation function, a finite element model of the temperature field in the laser-arc hybrid welding of 4.5-mm BW300TP wear-resistant steel is proposed. The proposed model considers convection, radiation, molten pool flow, and heat conduction effect on temperature. A comparison of the simulation and actual welding test results confirms the reliability of the model. This welding heat-process model can provide the cooling rate at any position in the heat affected zone （HAZ） and can be used as a reference for the analysis of material properties and for process optimization.

Application and development in railway vehicles trend of new welding technologies manufacturing industry

This paper introduces the application of new automatic welding technologies in railway vehicles manufacturing industry, and presents the state of art of advanced friction stir welding technology, semi-penetration laser welding technology and laser-arc hybrid welding technology in manufacturing aluminum alloy body shell, stainless steel body shell and bogie. This paper also analyzes the application and development trend of three welding technologies in the future.

FEM Simulation of Distortion and Residual Stress Generated by High Energy Beam Welding with Considering Phase Transformation

A series of experiments was carried out so as to elucidate the effect of the phase transformation in the cooling process on welding distortion and residual stress generated by laser beam welding (LBW) and laser-arc hybrid welding (HYBW) on the high strength steel (HT780). Then, the experiments were simulated by 3D thermal elasticplastic analysis with FEM (Finite Element Method) which was performed with using the idealized mechanical properties considering the transformation superplasticity. From the results, the effects of the phase transformation on welding distortion and residual stress generated by LBW and HYBW were elucidated. Furthermore, the generality of the idealization of the mechanical properties was verified.

能量配比对6 mm 7A52铝合金板材VPPA-MIG复合焊接残余应力分布的影响

VPPA-MIG复合焊接的热源由VPPA和MIG两种电弧热源混合而成,该焊接方法集合了MIG焊接效率高、参数区间宽以及VPPA焊接能量集中、穿透深度大等优点,能够实现不同厚度铝合金板材的高效率和高质量焊接。在铝合金板材VPPA-MIG复合焊接过程中,VPPA与MIG两种电弧不同能量配比会影响焊后接头的残余应力分布。以6 mm厚7A52铝合金板材为试验材料,设置VPPA电弧能量配比不同的焊接参数进行VPPA-MIG复合焊接试验,焊后采用钻孔法测试并分析了接头残余应力分布及峰值大小。结果表明,复合焊接接头的熔合区和热影响区出现拉应力,母材区出现压应力。在复合焊接热源总能量不变的情况下,残余应力峰值随VPPA电弧能量配比的增加而增大,且当VPPA电弧能量配比从35%增大至40%时,可以获得成形效果良好的复合焊缝,横向残余应力峰值不超过73 MPa,纵向残余应力峰值不超过232 MPa,不会出现过大的残余应力峰值。与单MIG焊接相比,VPPA-MIG复合焊的残余应力峰值比单MIG焊大,而高应力区要比单MIG焊窄。

基于SYSWELD的激光复合焊焊接变形数值模拟

地铁作为一种重要的交通工具,在城市生活中起着越来越重要的作用,地铁同时具有绿色无污染、准时、运载能力强等优点.选用3D高斯+双椭球热源,采用固有应变法,对地铁牵引梁在不同约束情况下的焊接变形进行了模拟.在模拟现有约束情况的基础上,另外设计了3种约束情况.结果表明,采用固有应变法的模拟与实测结果吻合较好,x,z向最大变形都出现在方案2中,分别为2.46和13.13 mm,y向变形稳定在1.63 mm左右;将变化率方差最大的角变形作为评价标准,得到方案4最合理,角变形最小为1.21°.

基于SYSWELD的地铁底架枕梁焊接变形的数值模拟

针对地铁枕梁采用的激光复合焊建立了相应的复合热源模型,并利用有限元软件SYSWELD进行求解。对枕梁在3种不同焊接顺序的方案下进行数值模拟,得到不同方案下各方向的变形量。结果表明,在不同焊接方案下,焊接变形分布情况基本一致,但产生的最大变形量有所不同;可以通过设计合适的焊接顺序来减小焊接过程中产生的变形。

PATH DEPENDENCE OF J-INTEGRAL IN WELDED JOINT WITH AN OVERMATCHING WELD

By elastic-plastic finite deformation finite element analysis (FEA), the conservation of J-integral is investigated in detail for a welded joint with an overmatchingweld in plane stress case. It is indicated that J-integral is path dependent under various conditions at least in the cases studied in this paper. Meanwhile, the above conclusions are verified by the hybrid method results in which combined Moire interferometry with FEA.

钢管混凝土柱-波纹腹板H形钢梁栓焊混合加腋节点抗倒塌能力研究

该文基于ABAQUS/Implicit建立了钢管混凝土柱-H形钢梁栓焊混合节点抗连续倒塌数值模型。为提高该类节点的抗倒塌承载力,采用了波纹腹板H形钢梁和下翼缘加腋构造。分析该类节点在竖向荷载作用下的破坏特征和失效机理,并考虑波纹腹板的“折叠效应”对节点抗倒塌能力的影响。研究结果表明,钢管混凝土柱-平腹板H形钢梁节点(J-WB-O)的破坏出现在环板和钢梁连接位置,而钢管混凝土柱-波纹腹板H形钢梁加腋节点(J-CW-AP)的破坏远离环板与钢梁连接位置,延缓了钢梁下翼缘断裂;此外,J-WB-O节点钢梁全截面提供倒塌抗力,而J-CW-AP节点在加载初期波纹腹板几乎不提供倒塌抗力,当下翼缘断裂后波纹腹板开始受力,并且随着裂缝的向上延伸波纹腹板截面依次呈现受拉状态,表现为波纹腹板波纹逐渐拉开的过程即为“折叠效应”,延缓了腹板开裂和局部屈曲。对比普通栓焊混合节点J-WB-O,波纹腹板H形钢梁栓焊混合加腋节点J-CW-AP的极限承载力与延性分别提高了67.2%和62.3%。基于抗力机制分析,给出了钢管混凝土柱-波纹腹板H形钢梁栓焊混合加腋节点抗倒塌承载力简化计算公式。

Microstructure and mechanical properties of weld metal in laser and gas metal arc hybrid welding of 440-MPa-grade high-strength steel

Fiber laser and gas metal arc hybrid welding of 440-MPa-grade high-strength marine steel was carried out at different welding speeds.The influence of welding speed on the micro structure and mechanical properties of weld metal was investigated.The weld-metal microstructure mainly consisted of pre-eutectoid ferrite,side-plate ferrite,acicular ferrite and lath bainite at a low welding speed.With the increase in welding speed,acicular ferrite and lath bainite were the dominant weld-metal microstructures.All samples failed at the base metal during tensile tests,which indicates that there is no soft zone in the hybrid welds.The welding speed had a significant effect on the impact toughness of the weld metal.The impact absorbed energy of the weld metal increased from 35 to 105 J with the increase in welding speed from 0.8 to 2.0 m/min.Large amounts of acicular ferrite and lath bainite were formed in the weld metal at a high welding speed,which resulted in an excellent impact toughness.

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊接气孔控制方法研究

为了掌握高氮钢复合焊接气孔控制的有效方法,研究电弧能量、激光能量和振动频率对焊缝气孔的影响。从气孔率方面分析焊缝气孔的产生原因,并从电流和电压波形及熔滴过渡方面分析其对焊接过程稳定性的影响。熔池流动与焊缝气孔具有一定的关联性,并从熔池流动状态方面分析其对气孔的影响。激光匙孔的形成需要一定的阈值能量,匙孔穿透状态对气孔率有直接影响,依据激光匙孔底部受力情况,分析匙孔状态对焊缝气孔率的影响。结果表明:气孔率随电弧能量或激光能量的增加而呈先升后降的变化趋势,电弧能量4 800 J(I=200 A,U=24 V)时,气孔率最低,仅为0.49%;而激光功率为2.8 k W时,气孔率降为最低,仅为0.14%;施加振动后焊缝气孔率均明显减小,气孔率随着振动频率的增加而先降后升。适当的电弧能量或激光能量可有效抑制焊缝内气孔数量,振动频率为35 Hz时抑制气孔效果最好。

大功率YAG激光-MAG复合热源的光谱诊断与分析

大功率YAG激光-MAG复合热源具有广泛的工业应用前景,其等离子体状态的诊断对于指导复合热源发展方向、优化复合参数具有重要意义。通过建立的中空探针光谱扫描系统,采用荷兰Avaspec-FT-2快速数字光谱仪,横向扫描焊接电弧等离子体,采集YAG激光-MAG复合等离子体不同空间位置的光谱;通过计算得到其特定辐射谱段的空间分布,对比激光复合前后等离子体辐射的变化;并结合高速摄像照片,探讨其耦合机理。进一步选取特定谱线(FeⅠ),采用Boltzmann图法对复合热源等离子体的空间电子温度进行计算;研究结果表明,YAG激光-MAG电弧复合后,等离子能量更靠近熔池,集中作用于焊接试板,其能量作用区域展宽;在电弧中心区造成电子温度上升。

镁合金激光-MIG复合焊温度场数值模拟

采用MSC.Marc有限元软件对镁合金激光-MIG复合焊的温度场进行数值模拟计算,并与实验结果对比,研究表明:数值计算获得的焊缝截面形状和尺寸与实验结果相比,一致性达到94%以上;母材上3点的计算温度与实测值偏差在8%以内;由于上表面温度向下表面传导,使下表面焊缝从凝固温度冷却到300℃比上表面焊缝所需时间长约50%。

激光—氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金残余应力分析

采用冲击压痕法，对激光-氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金AZ31B焊缝的残余应力进行了测量，分别测量了300mm长镁合金的焊接接头沿焊缝方向和垂直焊缝方向上的残余应力。在此基础上运用有限元分析软件建立了相应的残余应力场，补充和完善了实际测量的数据。在焊缝中间区域得到垂直于焊缝方向上的最大残余应力在200．30（MPa之间；在距焊接接头的中5～10mm处得到最大压应力值，一般小于100MPa。通过对实际测量和模拟数据的综合分析，基本掌握了激光-氩弧复合热源焊接镁合金残余应力的分布规律和特征。

高氮钢激光-电弧复合焊焊缝成形多元非线性回归模型

基于响应面法设计方法,进行Nd:YAG激光-熔化极活性气体保护焊(Metal active gas welding,MAG)复合焊高氮钢的平板堆焊试验,获得焊缝熔深、熔宽、余高数据,采用逐步回归法筛选出对焊缝形貌影响显著的因子,建立多元非线性数学回归模型,通过方差分析和回归分析得出该回归模型的R2分别如下:熔深H为0.932,熔宽W为0.915,余高A为0.910,P>F值均小于0.001。模型分析结果表明激光功率、焊接电流、电弧电压和热源间距四个因素的主效应和交互作用对焊缝形貌有着很大的影响,其中对熔深影响最大的主效应是激光功率,交互效应是激光功率与电弧电压;对熔宽影响最大的主效应是焊接电流和电弧电压,交互效应是焊接电流与热源间距、电弧电压与热源间距和激光功率与电弧电压;对余高影响最大的主效应是焊接电流,交互效应是电弧电压与热源间距。试验验证结果表明模拟结果和试验结果相吻合。

钻孔法测量焊接残余应力误差因素分析

为提高焊接残余应力钻孔法测量结果的可靠性,需分析其测量过程中的误差因素,依据误差传递理论推导了由应变误差与释放系数误差传递给最终测量结果的误差公式,并由测量过程中的误差因素建立了一条影响最终测量结果的误差链.以2A12高强铝合金VPPA-MIG复合焊接板材为试验对象,定量分析了误差链中的弹性模量误差、贴片误差和应变读数取值时间误差传递到最终结果中的相对误差.结果表明,由弹性模量误差传递到残余应力σ_1,σ_2中的相对误差均很小;由贴片误差传递到残余应力σ_1,σ_2和Φ角中的相对误差在贴片24 h后均降为0%;由应变取值时间误差传递到残余应力σ_1,σ_2和Φ角中的相对误差在应变释放150 min后均降为0%.

激光—等离子弧复合焊温度场的数值模拟

利用峰值热流随深度衰减的高斯体热源与高斯面热源相结合的方法,建立了激光—等离子弧复合焊三维运动热源模型,重点考虑了由热源间距引起的激光束与等离子弧之间相互作用对热源模型的影响。基于所建立的热源模型对2 mm厚1420铝锂合金板的激光—等离子弧复合焊接温度场进行了有限元分析,得到了不同热源间距条件下焊接区域的温度场分布。结果表明,仿真结果与试验结果相符合,证明了该热源模型是反映了客观实际的。此工作对于激光—电弧复合焊接传热及工艺研究具有指导意义。