Functional Features and Layouts of Yangzhou Residential Gardens in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: A Case Study of Residential Gardens of Officials, Merchants and Literati

On the basis of analyzing socio-economic structures, social classes and their relations in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, this paper took residential gardens of three principal groups(officials, merchants and literati) for example, analyzed functional features and layouts of the gardens, explored artistic characteristics and cultural connotations of the local residential gardens, so as to provide references for the conservation and construction of historic and cultural cities, design and expression of modern urban livable spaces.

CHINESE LADY'S DAILY WEAR IN LATE QING DYNASTY AND EARLY REPUBLIC PERIOD

The goal of this research is to describe and analyze women’s wear in the late Qing Dynasty andearly Republic Period(late 19th c.—early 20th c.),with an emphasis on the daily informal orsemi-formal wear,though some formal or ceremonial costumes such as wedding dress will also beincluded.This study will use Chinese costumes and textiles from many museums to fill in theblanks left by previous research and to give a more detailed and accurate description.It will alsouse historical documents to find the original names of these items and to illustrate a general conceptof their usage on different occasions.The different categories of women’s wear will be described in the following order:①robes orcoats;②jackets;③waistcoats or vests;④skirts;⑤pants and leggings;⑥shoes and socks;⑦headdresses;and⑧others.Of every category,the textiles,decoration,cut,form,style,colourand motif will be discussed.The way in which these items were combined will also be discussed.The comparison between women’s wear and men’s wear,women’s and children’s informal andformal dress will be given.Here are some tentative conclusions.First,the Manchu and Han style coexisted and mixedwith each other and were worn by both Manchu and Han women.Second,the basic silhouettesand cuts were relatively stable and conventional,while the decorations and details(openings,fasten-ings,pleats,vents,collars and hemlines)were different.The former represented accepted socialstandards while the latter could be a matter of personal taste.Third,women’s wear in that periodwere highly stylized,miscellaneous,elaborate,detailed,multicolored and multi-thematic.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

Social Classes and Cultural Connotations of Yangzhou Home Gardens during the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

During the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China(1870-1930),the social classes in Yangzhou were basically dominated by officials,businessmen,and scholars.In the building number,scale,and functional evolution of their home gardens,these three classes were different,reflecting abundant connotation of characteristic of the time and regional culture,revealing the inheritance path of Yangzhou culture,as well as the richness and diversity of home gardens in Yangzhou during the late Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpart essay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolution of the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy is so far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre that presents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores the literature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Research and Discussion on the Stereotyped Writing Criticism Genre during Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

In this paper, we conduct research on the stereotyped writing criticism genre during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Eightpartessay writing is a comprehensive strong style, its four topics from the fi ve classics, and its basic form is gradually formed in the evolutionof the core imperial examination in China. Review especially on origin, teachers not only with the righteousness that try post poems strategy isso far producing precious examination style also with basic prose. Although some scholars also mentioned as this period literature genre thatpresents regional features mainly by the local cultural history environment, family relations, economic basis and other factors, but ignores theliterature community in the form of the regional literature genre has played important role in the general process. Under this basis, this paperproposes the novel ideals on the corresponding issues that will help understand and analyzes the characteristics of stereotyped writing more.

Brief History of Xu-style Gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties

This paper studied the gardening activities and characteristics of Xu-style gardens in the Qin and Han Dynasties by combining ancient literature with the study of Han Dynasty stone reliefs.The results showed that by Qin and Han Dynasties,the imperial(royal)gardens and private gardens in ancient Xuzhou had developed in parallel.Imperial(royal)gardens were built by or for vassal kings,First Emperor of Qin Dynasty,Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty Liu Bang,for example,Pei Palace,Yanqi Tai,Xima Tai,Hanzu Temple,Lingguang Palace of Lu and so on.As for private gardens,stone reliefs in medium or small tombs owned by the bigwigs or the rich were collected from ancient Xuzhou,and from which we can see clearly the development of private garden from the court,the yard to the garden,rich garden plants and animal species,garden architecture types such as hall,building,pavilion,platform,boat,corridor,gate,gatetower,ornamental column etc.,particularly,hanging waterside pavilion was a unique architectural form of Xu-style garden.These achievements showed that Xu-style garden architecture had been transformed from the pre-Qin incubation period to the generation period.

The Influence of the Southern Silk Road on the Social Development of the Southwestern Yi in the Qin and Han Dynasties

The Southern Silk Road ran through Sichuan,Yunnan,and other provinces of China.It was a vital transport artery that linked the region of the southwestern Yi(barbarian tribes)to the Central Plains and influenced politics,economy,and culture in the region of the southwestern Yi in ancient times.The imperial governments of the Qin and Han dynasties kept developing regions along the Southern Silk Road.Their relentless efforts brought about social development in the region of the southwestern Yi in three aspects.Politically,they established the county system and step by step integrated the southwestern frontier and the inland into an administrative whole;economically,they implemented“presenting generous gifts and tax exemption,”spread the advanced production technology from the Central Plains,and promoted local economic growth;ideologically,they spread Confucianism and culture,and promoted cultural exchange and development.

The Rise and Fall of Overseas Chinese Problem in the Early Republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty and the early R epublic of China,foreign invasion made China suffer from an unprecedented humiliation,and the W estern powers initiated a commercial intrusion by forcing China to sign unequal treaties and open treaty ports. From this perspective,a deep exploration is made to study the corresponding influence and its function. The rule shows that the developing route of national politics,economy and culture can determine the trend of the development of overseas Chinese problem; in addition,it objectively reflects that the social nature is vital to overseas Chinese problem.

“士大夫之学”视野下的曾国藩“奇偶互用”说

曾国藩在奠定“士大夫之学”学术规模的过程中,根植《易传·系辞》的宇宙观和张载的辩证观,依据韩愈“孔墨相用”说而提出“奇偶互用”说。相较清中叶以来“奇偶相生”“奇偶相杂迭用”“骈散相成”“奇偶相间”“奇偶相参错综”等说,“奇偶互用”说确立“奇”为本位、以“奇”兼“偶”的体用关系,主要从行气运辞、天授人事的角度记述奇偶,重塑韩愈古文在学术分途中的连接作用与在文体演变中的典范价值。该说完善并发展了姚鼐“文分阴阳”说,试图纠正桐城理论阴阳分判、偏于阳刚,而创作失之阴柔的流弊。曾国藩大胆接受富有争议的“孔墨相用”说,体现了其在晚清大变局中,借助韩愈归本经子、博学于文的“大贤君子之道”,复兴修己治人、经世致用的大人之学的淑世情怀。

秦汉行政报告中的“请”与“报”

秦汉行政报告的“请”与“报”制度是维护君主专制主义中央集权体制机制的一项重要政治法律制度。秦汉依法对行政请示报告的类型、办理程序、审批答复、处理和利用等方法和原则作出了明确规定,建立了相应的行政申请报告呈报和批复的体制机制,为行政请示报告工作提供了可以遵循的法律制度,加强了对行政的监督和检查,限制了行政权力的滥用,提高了行政管理的质量和效率。

清末民初江苏地区家谱特点探析

清末民初,在动荡的社会环境下,家谱修撰成为部分家族承继血缘关系和家族文化的重要方式。江苏地区是修纂家谱最为密集的地区之一,对家谱的诸多方面进行了有益的补充。扬州吴氏、宜兴吕氏和无锡锡山秦氏三个家族的家谱具有完备的体例,重视家规族约的制定,并充实了对家族女子成员的记载内容。这些特点与当时的政治环境、经济基础和区域文化紧密相关,是传统文化和近代思想相结合的产物。

秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造

秦汉统一多民族国家的形成是古代中华文明发展的重要节点。秦汉时期“文化、主体人群、疆域”三位一体的文明新构造得以形成,文化、主体人群和疆域这三重因子在相互牵动中确立了“大一统”的社会格局。随着秦汉文化向边远地区的大规模扩展,初具国家和民族共同体意识的主体人群不断壮大,幅员辽阔的王朝疆域藉此得到巩固,汉民族就此成型。秦汉统一多民族国家的文明新构造强化了中华文明的突出特性,奠定了中国文化结构、中华民族结构和中国疆域版图的基础格局,在考古学上具有很大阐释空间。

晚唐至元初绘画作品中“单肩包”的样式、功能及其发展的社会因素

在中国服饰史上,与腰间悬挂系结的荷包、荷囊等小型包具相比,可供肩挎的、现代意义上的包则出现得较晚,元代之前几乎没有实物发现。文章基于晚唐至元初的绘画作品,从使用者身份的角度,探讨了这一时期的“单肩包”,具体又包括“单肩挎包”及“斜挎包”的样式及功能。在此基础上,我们分析了促使其发展的社会因素,认为其发展与传教之需求密切相关,同时也是丝路之宗教文化、胡汉文化交流的产物;除此,亦受到蒙元游牧民族服饰文化的影响。

明遗民集序书写的纪传与想象

别集序在文体初创时期,就已经确立了传记写作的传统。明末清初的遗民通过诗文来回应国家和自我身份认同等问题。这种回应体现在别集序的书写中,使其中的纪传部分更加注重真实性的表达。然而,由于别集序的主观创作空间较大,真实与想象的成分在遗民的别集序中交织在一起,这无疑影响了通过“知人论世”的传统批评方法所得批评主张的有效性。此外,集序作者往往通过个人经历的想象和性情的投射来塑造遗民的形象。这种塑造可能源于作者真实情感的流露,也可能出于对经典文本的模仿。因此,遗民集序中的人物形象可能与他们的历史行为存在差异,这进一步影响了集序所传达的文学批评要素的接受和传播。

刘邦称帝与贵族政治的终结

对于先秦时代的中国社会,学界有诸多讨论,就制度而言也是言人人殊。夏商周是中国的贵族时代,政治则为贵族政治。春秋战国时期的历史剧变,正是贵族政治瓦解、士大夫政治发生发展的过程。秦朝统一中国,秦国制度推行全国,中国的贵族政治告别历史。但是,在最高领导人出身问题上,还保留了贵族政治的最后一点残余。秦末农民战争中,平民出身的刘邦脱颖而出。刘邦称帝成功,宣告中国历史告别了贵族时代。新的历史如何概括,史家多有讨论。赵翼曾经用“布衣将相”概括西汉初期的政治局面,基于历史实际与理论思考,本文认同并使用“士大夫政治”这个概念。

秦汉简牍算书“径田术”新探

“径田术”是秦汉简牍算书中的一种简便算法,用于计算广、纵均大于或者广、纵之一大于240步的矩形田面积.此术目前见于四种秦汉简牍算书文献,学界对“径田术”有过讨论,所得出的结论中有合理成分,但由于部分术文晦涩难懂等客观原因,这些结论还有可商榷之处.分析学界对“径田术”几种代表性观点,指出其中的合理成分和可商榷之处,在分析术文文意的基础上提出理解“径田术”的新思路.

交往的情趣:元末明初江南诗人的风雅之好

元末明初诗歌创作呈现丰富、多面的色彩,江南诗人的题画唱和即为其中之一。在社会乱离背景下,江南诗人以题画表达时代之思、离别之情和隐逸之趣,体现出不同一般题画诗的创作趣味和文化内涵。他们以题画送别、交往唱和、共赏题诗等方式,共同促成了这一时期江南诗坛的兴盛景象。元末明初江南诗人在文学交往过程中展现的风雅之好,是构成该时期诗歌创作景观的重要面向。今人建构元末明初诗史图像,江南诗人的题画唱和之作应进入关注视野。

近代变局与庆宽的仕宦人生

庆宽是晚清民初的“奇人”,以民籍混入内务府旗籍,借助绘画的特长和办皇差的机会,在晚清拥堵的官场上,逐级升迁至候选内务府三院卿,积累了大量财富,也引发了官场侧目,遭到光绪帝下旨抄家的惩罚。戊戌之后,庆宽利用往日的关系网成为访日特使,又因为辛丑议约的劳绩,获得保举,恢复了原有旗籍和职衔。晚清最后十年,庆宽在仕途上做最后一搏,但最终止步于四品道台,遂决心离开官场。在民初的十年,庆宽以平民视角观察政局,时而以旗人身份筹划旗人生计,时而作为普通市民关注城市自治,逐渐淡出了时代舞台。

简牍所见战国秦至汉初“内史”及其沿革

“内史”一职西周已有,春秋战国以降秦因之,一度作为位次丞相的中央职官参与国家立法,掌治国家财政、上计等事务。秦统一前后,“内史”作为京畿地区治民长官的职能不断加强,“内史”职能或经拆分,将仓廪谷货部分析出,别置“治粟内史”。汉兴,“治粟内史”职权重归“内史”,直至高后执政后期,因现实需要,才又重新析为两职。