Impaired implicit emotion regulation in patients with panic disorder:An event-related potential study on affect labeling

BACKGROUND Panic disorder(PD)involves emotion dysregulation,but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood.Previous research suggests that implicit emotion regulation may play a central role in PD-related emotion dysregulation and symptom maintenance.However,there is a lack of studies exploring the neural mechanisms of implicit emotion regulation in PD using neurophysiological indicators.AIM To study the neural mechanisms of implicit emotion regulation in PD with eventrelated potentials(ERP).METHODS A total of 25 PD patients and 20 healthy controls(HC)underwent clinical evaluations.The study utilized a case-control design with random sampling,selecting participants for the case group from March to December 2018.Participants performed an affect labeling task,using affect labeling as the experimental condition and gender labeling as the control condition.ERP and behavioral data were recorded to compare the late positive potential(LPP)within and between the groups.RESULTS Both PD and HC groups showed longer reaction times and decreased accuracy under the affect labeling.In the HC group,late LPP amplitudes exhibited a dynamic pattern of initial increase followed by decrease.Importantly,a significant group×condition interaction effect was observed.Simple effect analysis revealed a reduction in the differences of late LPP amplitudes between the affect labeling and gender labeling conditions in the PD group compared to the HC group.Furthermore,among PD patients under the affect labeling,the late LPP was negatively correlated with disease severity,symptom frequency,and intensity.CONCLUSION PD patients demonstrate abnormalities in implicit emotion regulation,hampering their ability to mobilize cognitive resources for downregulating negative emotions.The late LPP amplitude in response to affect labeling may serve as a potentially valuable clinical indicator of PD severity.

Motor Compatibility Effect on the Comprehension of Complex Manual Action Sentences in L2:An ERP Study

Embodiment theories proposed that the comprehension of language involves sensory-motor simulation in the brain.The present study examined the brain response to motor compatibility effect in comprehending action-related linguistic materials for participants learning Chinese as a second language(L2).In this study,participants are required to read action-related sentences describing an agent performing two manual actions simultaneously or sequentially by manipulating temporal conjunctions.The sentences with simultaneous actions are marked by Chinese parallel structure一边……一边……(“while”)showing non-congruent motor condition while the sequential action sentences are marked by先……然后……(“after”)showing congruent motor condition.Event-Related Potentials(ERPs)were recorded with the second verb phrase.A larger fronto-central late positivity was observed for the sentences with simultaneous actions rather than the sentences with sequential actions due to body constraints,revealing that late L2 Chinese learners integrate embodied knowledge while processing action-related complex sentence despite demanding more cognitive resources,and longer processing time.

Emotional processing changes of qigong on college students:A pilot ERP study of a randomized controlled trial

Objective:To investigate the influence of qigong on late positive potential,which was elicited by affective pictures.Methods:College students who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled and randomly allocated to the qigong group,which received a four-week training(n=41)or the control group(n=41).All participants were assessed before and after the training for event-related potential,which was elicited by negative,neutral,and positive pictures.Electrodes at the centerline position of the frontal area(FCz),parietal area(Pz),and occipital area(Oz)were analyzed.Results:Negative,neutral,and positive pictures demonstrated statistically significant differences on FCz(P<.001),Pz(P<.001),and Oz(P<.001).The interaction between the group factor and time factor was statistically significant on Pz(P<.028).The pairwise comparison of Pz on the time factor and group factor showed that the amplitudes of the qigong group after training were smaller than before(P<.001),and the amplitudes of the control group were not statistically significant(P?.355).Conclusion:Our results supported the conclusion that qigong practices could affect the emotional regulation of college students.Qigong exercise weakens the emotional regulation of late positive potential,which is sensitive to top-down affective modulation.The findings imply that the regulating effect of qigong on emotions may be part of the reason why it is effective in reducing depression and anxiety symptoms.

Neural Mechanism in Emotion Regulation by Simultaneous Recording of EEG and fMRI

The combination of electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is a very attractive aim in neuroscience in order to achieve both high temporal and spatial resolution for the non-invasive study of cognitive brain function. In this paper, we record simultaneous EEG-fMRI of the same subject in emotional processing experiment in order to explore the characteristics of different emotional picture processing, and try to find the difference of the subjects' brain hemisphere while viewing different valence emotional pictures. The late positive potential(LPP) is a reliable electrophysiological index of emotional perception in humans. According to the analysis results, the slow-wave LPP and visual cortical blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals are both modulated by the rated intensity of picture arousal. The amplitude of the LPP correlate significantly with BOLD intensity in visual cortex, amygdala, temporal area, prefrontal and central areas across picture contents.

The Emotion-Regulation Benefits of Implicit Reappraisal in Clinical Depression:Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence

Major depressive disorder(MDD)is characterized by emotion dysregulation.Whether implicit emotion regulation can compensate for this deficit remains unknown.In this study,we recruited 159 subjects who were healthy controls,had subclinical depression,or had MDD,and examined them under baseline,implicit,and explicit reappraisal conditions.Explicit reappraisal led to the most negative feelings and the largest parietal late positive potential(parietal LPP,an index of emotion intensity)in the MDD group compared to the other two groups;the group difference was absent under the other two conditions.MDD patients showed larger regulatory effects in the LPP during implicit than explicit reappraisal,whereas healthy controls showed a reversed pattern.Furthermore,the frontal P3,an index of voluntary cognitive control,showed larger amplitudes in explicit reappraisal compared to baseline in the healthy and subclinical groups,but not in the MDD group,while implicit reappraisal did not increase P3 across groups.These findings suggest that implicit reappraisal is beneficial for clinical depression.

Implicit,But Not Explicit,Emotion Regulation Relieves Unpleasant Neural Responses Evoked by High-Intensity Negative Images

Evidence suggests that explicit reappraisal has limited regulatory effects on high-intensity emotions,mainly due to the depletion of cognitive resources occupied by the high-intensity emotional stimulus itself.The implicit form of reappraisal has proved to be resource-saving and therefore might be an ideal strategy to achieve the desired regulatory effect in high-intensity situations.In this study,we explored the regulatory effect of explicit and implicit reappraisal when participants encountered low-and high-intensity negative images.The subjective emotional rating indicated that both explicit and implicit reappraisal down-regulated negative experiences,irrespective of intensity.However,the amplitude of the parietal late positive potential(LPP;a neural index of experienced emotional intensity)showed that only implicit reappraisal had significant regulatory effects in the high-intensity context,though both explicit and implicit reappraisal successfully reduced the emotional neural responses elicited by low-intensity negative images.Meanwhile,implicit reappraisal led to a smaller frontal LPP amplitude(an index of cognitive cost)compared to explicit reappraisal,indicating that the implementation of implicit reappraisal consumes limited cognitive control resources.Furthermore,we found a prolonged effect of implicit emotion regulation introduced by training procedures.Taken together,these findings not only reveal that implicit reappraisal is suitable to relieve high-intensity negative experiences as well as neural responses,but also highlight the potential benefit of trained implicit regulation in clinical populations whose frontal control resources are limited.

Neural basis for successful encoding and retrieval of prospective memory

Prospective memory (PM) refers to memory for future intentions.Difference due to memory (Dm effect) is the difference in neural activity related to stimuli that were subsequently remembered or forgotten.Using event-related potentials (ERPs),the present study investigated the Dm effect for PM using a subsequent task-switching paradigm.The results showed that a Dm effect of ERP P150 was more positive-going for later PM hit trials than for later PM forgotten trials during 100–200 ms.This Dm effect may reflect the process for the production of future intention or the process for attention.Consistent with previously reported Dm effects of other types of memory,we found that the fbN2 (250–280 ms) and late positivity component (400–700 ms) were stronger in later PM hit trials than in forgotten trials.The fbN2 was evoked by Chinese characters.The late positivity component was related to the precise encoding process.In conclusion,because of the early P150,PM encoding appears to be somewhat different from previously identified Dm effects.However,further research is needed.Our findings reveal that Dm effects of PM share similar characteristics with known Dm effects of other types of episodic memory after the very early stage of neural processing.