Prediction of seismic-induced bending moment and lateral displacement in closed and open-ended pipe piles:A genetic programming approach

Ensuring the reliability of pipe pile designs under earthquake loading necessitates an accurate determination of lateral displacement and bending moment,typically achieved through complex numerical modeling to address the intricacies of soil-pile interaction.Despite recent advancements in machine learning techniques,there is a persistent need to establish data-driven models that can predict these parameters without using numerical simulations due to the difficulties in conducting correct numerical simulations and the need for constitutive modelling parameters that are not readily available.This research presents novel lateral displacement and bending moment predictive models for closed and open-ended pipe piles,employing a Genetic Programming(GP)approach.Utilizing a soil dataset extracted from existing literature,comprising 392 data points for both pile types embedded in cohesionless soil and subjected to earthquake loading,the study intentionally limited input parameters to three features to enhance model simplicity:Standard Penetration Test(SPT)corrected blow count(N60),Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA),and pile slenderness ratio(L/D).Model performance was assessed via coefficient of determination(R^(2)),Root Mean Squared Error(RMSE),and Mean Absolute Error(MAE),with R^(2) values ranging from 0.95 to 0.99 for the training set,and from 0.92 to 0.98 for the testing set,which indicate of high accuracy of prediction.Finally,the study concludes with a sensitivity analysis,evaluating the influence of each input parameter across different pile types.

Field testing of stiffened deep cement mixing piles under lateral cyclic loading

Construction of seaside and underground wall bracing often uses stiffened deep cement mixed columns （SDCM）. This research investigates methods used to improve the level of bearing capacity of these SDCM when subjected to cyclic lateral loading via various types of stiffer cores. Eight piles, two deep cement mixed piles and six stiffened deep cement mixing piles with three different types of cores, H shape cross section prestressed concrete, steel pipe, and H-beam steel, were embedded though soft clay into medium-hard clay on site in Thailand. Cyclic horizontal loading was gradually applied until pile failure and the hysteresis loops of lateral load vs. lateral deformation were recorded. The lateral carrying capacities of the SDCM piles with an H-beam steel core increased by 3-4 times that of the DCM piles. This field research clearly shows that using H-beam steel as a stiffer core for SDCM piles is the best method to improve its lateral carrying capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity.

Experimental study on DX pile performance in frozen soils under lateral loading

Experiments about working mechanism and mechanical characteristics of the DX model pile foundation under lateral dynamic and static loading were conducted by using a model system of the dynamic frozen soil-pile interaction. The horizontal displacement-force relationship of the pile head and bending moment distribution along the body in frozen soils of different temperatures were discussed. According to test results, both the horizontal disp!acement-force relationship of the DX pile head and bending moment distribution of the DX pile body are smaller than that of equal-diameter piles under same lateral loads. The piles with different plate positions show different displacements and bending moments. This phenomenon is mainly related to the soil temperature and bearing plates locations. Thus, dynamic response analysis of the pile foundation should be taken into account.

Experimental investigation on seismic behavior of single piles in sandy soil

This paper describes a quasi-static test program featuring lateral cyclic loading on single piles in sandy soil. The tests were conducted on 18 aluminum model piles with different cross sections and lateral load eccentricity ratios, e/d, （e is the lateral load eccentricity and d is the diameter of pile） of 0, 4 and 8, embedded in sand with a relative density of 30% and 70%. The experimental results include lateral load-displacement hysteresis loops, skeleton curves and energy dissipation curves. Lateral capacity, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of single piles under seismic load were evaluated in detail. The lateral capacities and the energy dissipation capacity of piles in dense sand were much higher than in loose sand. When embedded in loose sand, the maximum lateral load and the maximum lateral displacement of piles increased as e/d increased. On the contrary, when embedded in dense sand, the maximum lateral load of piles decreased as e/d increased. Piles with a higher load eccentricity ratio experienced higher energy dissipation capacity than piles with e/d of 0 in both dense and loose sand. At a given level of displacement, piles with circular cross sections provided the best energy dissipation capacity in both loose and dense sand.

Cyclic Lateral Responses of Monopiles Considering the Influence of Pile−Soil Relative Stiffness in Sand

The existing studies have primarily focused on the effect of cyclic load characteristics(namely,cyclic load ratio and amplitude ratio)on cyclic lateral response of monopiles in sand,with little attention paid to the effect of pile−soil relative stiffness(K_(R)).This paper presents a series of 1-g cyclic tests aimed at improving understanding of the cyclic lateral responses of monopiles under different pile−soil systems.These systems are arranged by two model piles with different stiffness,including four different slenderness ratios(pile embedded length,L,normalized by diameter,D)under medium dense sand.The K_(R)-values are calculated by a previously proposed method considering the real soil stress level.The test results show that the lateral accumulation displacement increases significantly with the increment of the K_(R)-value,while the cyclic secant stiffness performs inversely.The maximum pile bending moment increases with the cycle number for the rigid pile−soil system,but shows a decreasing trend in the flexible system.For an uppermost concern,an empirical model is proposed to predict the accumulated displacement of arbitrary pile−soil systems by combining the results from this study with those from previous experimental investigations.The validity of the proposed model is demonstrated by 1-g and centrifuge tests.

Behavior of Pile Group with Elevated Cap Subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loads

The pile group with elevated cap is widely used as foundation of offshore structures such as turbines, power transmission towers and bridge piers, and understanding its behavior under cyclic lateral loads induced by waves, tide water and winds, is of great importance to designing. A large-scale model test on 3×3 pile group with elevated cap subjected to cyclic lateral loads was performed in saturated silts. The preparation and implementation of the test is presented. Steel pipes with the outer diameter of 114 mm, thickness of 4.5 mm, and length of 6 m were employed as model piles. The pile group was cyclic loaded in a multi-stage sequence with the lateral displacement controlled. In addition, a single pile test was also conducted at the same site for comparison. The displacement of the pile cap, the internal forces of individual piles, and the horizontal stiffness of the pile group are presented and discussed in detail. The results indicate that the lateral cyclic loads have a greater impact on pile group than that on a single pile, and give rise to the significant plastic strain in the soil around piles. The lateral loads carried by each row of piles within the group would be redistributed with loading cycles. The lateral stiffness of the pile group decreases gradually with cycles and broadly presents three different degradation patterns in the test. Significant axial forces were measured out in some piles within the group, owing to the strong restraint provided by the cap, and finally lead to a large settlement of the pile group. These findings can be referred for foundation designing of offshore structures.

Numerical analysis of bearing behaviors of single batter piles under horizontal loads in various directions

The horizontal bearing behavior of a single batter pile(SBP)is vital to its application in practical engineering;however,the horizontal responses of SBPs change with the directions of horizontal loads,and this phenomenon is rarely investigated.Therefore,the directional differences in the horizontal bearing behaviors of SBPs are investigated in this study.Four model tests are conducted to preliminarily examine the effects of the skew angle of horizontal loads on the horizontal bearing capacities and distributions of the bending moments of the SBPs.Subsequently,the differences in the responses of the SBPs under horizontal loads in various directions at full scale are analyzed comprehensively via finite-element(FE)analysis.The effects of the skew angle on SBP-soil interaction are discussed.Moreover,an empirical design method is proposed based on the FE analysis results to predict the bearing ratios of SBPs in medium-dense and dense sand while considering the effects of the skew angle,batter angle,and pile diameter.The method is confirmed to be effective,as confirmed by the close agreement between the predicting results with the model test(reported in this study)and centrifuge model test results(reported in the literature).

水平受荷桩“p-y+M-θ”分析方法

中国近海海上风电机组开发建设中,大直径单桩基础形式使用占比超70%。现行p-y曲线设计方法主要适用于小直径柔性桩,对大直径单桩侧向及桩底受荷描述能力不足,导致其严重低估刚柔性桩和刚性桩(分别常用于中国和欧洲的近海风电工程)的变形和承载能力,过于保守的设计给海上风电降本带来挑战。为此建立了能以统一的方式预测柔性、刚柔性和刚性单桩水平单调受荷响应的“p-y+M-θ”模型,并将该模型推广到循环荷载下单桩的响应分析。通过与相关试验结果比对发现,“p-y+M-θ”模型能较为准确地预测桩基水平加载响应。力图为水平受荷单桩工程设计提供简洁而可行的响应分析方法。

海上试桩不同桩型承载力特性研究

天津南港某高桩码头拟建场地有深厚密实砂层,通过试桩测定设计桩型对砂层的穿透及贯入能力,研究不同基桩承载力特性。试验结果表明:混凝土预制桩及钢管桩均有较好的穿透及贯入能力;基桩轴向极限承载力高应变检测结果小于静载试验,误差均在5%以内;混凝土预制桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于44.6%,钢管桩桩端承载力占总承载力不小于21.9%;相同荷载作用下,混凝土预制方桩静载与动载沉降量之比为1.40,钢管桩为0.90,两者差异明显;基桩承载力达到极值时桩侧摩阻力要明显大于规范极限侧摩阻力,规范取值偏保守。

大直径嵌岩灌注桩竖向承载特性试验研究

为了探讨泥岩地基大直径灌注桩竖向承载性能,依托青岛某机场桩基工程,对嵌入泥岩的9根大直径灌注桩进行了竖向抗压静载试验和桩身应力监测,分析大直径嵌岩灌注桩的竖向抗压性能,明确大直径灌注桩的荷载传递规律。结果表明,试桩桩身完整性较好,桩身质量可靠;试桩荷载沉降(Q-s)曲线均为缓变型,加载初期存在明显的压密段,桩顶沉降量为10.31 mm,最低回弹率大于50%;最大荷载作用下,各试桩的竖向抗压极限承载力特征值均不小于6480 kN,试桩竖向抗压承载能力仍有较大潜力;试桩均表现出端承摩擦桩的特性,轴力自桩顶到桩端逐渐衰减,桩侧摩阻力峰值发生在中风化泥岩段,桩端阻力占桩顶荷载的10.55%~34.48%。

南宁盆地特殊地层静压随钻跟管桩适应性及单桩承载力特性研究

为了研究静压随钻跟管桩在南宁盆地特殊地层的适应性及单桩承载特性,对现场4根直径800mm的静压随钻跟管桩进行静载及低应变反射波法试验。研究结果表明:各地层中的试验桩承载力均能满足设计要求且均属于Ⅰ类桩,桩身回弹率较高,说明各试验桩仍具有较大的承载潜力;未进行破坏性试验时各地层中单桩承载力综合增强系数均大于1.00,以经验公式确定静压随钻跟管桩的单桩竖向承载力时应乘以相应的增强系数。基于以上研究,将静压随钻跟管桩工艺应用于实际工程,经验收检测表明,各项目受检基桩的桩身质量完好,承载力均满足设计要求,且仍具有一定的承载力富余量,良好的实际工程应用效果表明该工艺具有良好的适用性以及较高的推广使用价值。

不同溶洞条件下穿越溶洞桩基础竖向荷载传递机制

穿越溶洞桩基础竖向荷载传递机制是特殊岩溶发育地区桥梁基础设计的核心问题.依托新建沪渝蓉高速铁路马河特大桥24#号墩岩溶桥基工程,开展区域地层(上覆粉质黏土层,下部风化灰岩)中桩基础竖向受荷现场试验.结合有限元数值模拟方法,研究有无溶洞、不同溶洞直径和不同溶洞位置等因素对穿越溶洞桩基础竖向荷载传递机制的影响规律.研究结果表明:(1)相比于无溶洞条件,溶洞存在导致桩基竖向承载力降低,溶洞以上的桩侧摩阻力减小,溶洞以下的桩侧摩阻力增大,桩身压缩量增加;此外,溶洞存在降低了桩身侧阻的荷载分担比,有利于发挥端阻.(2)在不同地层中,溶洞直径变化对桩侧摩阻力的影响有所不同.下部岩层中桩侧摩阻力随着溶洞直径的增大而增大,而上覆土层中变化不明显;整体看来,桩侧摩阻力的荷载分担比随溶洞直径的增大而减小,端阻力占比随之增大.(3)随着溶洞深度的增大,溶洞以上岩层中桩侧摩阻力减小,溶洞以下在1倍溶洞直径范围内桩侧摩阻力增大,桩身压缩量和桩身荷载分配的变化不明显.

基于孔压静力触探的大直径单桩p-y曲线分析

【目的】水平受荷桩的p-y曲线法已广泛用于描述桩-土相互作用并预测桩在水平荷载下的行为,特别是在海上风电机大直径单桩的理论分析中。孔压静力触探试验(piezocone penetration test,简称CPTu)作为一种效率高、精确度好的原位测试手段,克服了传统室内试验获得土工参数的过程中土样存在扰动、结果准确性较差的缺点。该试验可以通过测量三个基本参数(修正锥尖阻力qt、侧壁摩阻力fs以及孔隙水压力u2)随深度变化的连续剖面来解译土体的物理力学参数,从而在p-y曲线模型的建立中提供关键数据。【方法】利用渤海海域某场区的CPTu数据,完成了以下研究任务:(1)基于CPTu触探响应结果,对该场区海洋土体进行分类,以及物理与力学参数的反演,包括土体密度、弹性模量、有效内摩擦角及有效黏聚力;(2)将CPTu反演参数代入三维有限元分析模型中,模拟直径为5 m的钢管桩在最大荷载为20 MN时的水平受荷响应;(3)基于CPTu测试数据,提出一套土抗力计算公式;(4)将现有p-y曲线模型中相关参数通过CPTu触探响应结果进行反演,之后对比分析上述p-y曲线模型。【结果】形成了一套基于CPTu且适用于土体分层情况较为复杂的p-y曲线公式,该公式与有限元方法对比结果良好。【结论】结果表明,提出的基于CPTu的土抗力公式经过有限元模拟检验后能快速、准确地反映大直径单桩的水平受荷响应。该公式不仅为渤海海域内大直径单桩的工程实践提供了有力的理论支持,还为相似海洋环境的工程设计与分析提供了完全基于CPTu研究大直径单桩的新思路。

水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基静载荷试验数值分析

以榆林地区水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层复合地基工程为背景,基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,对水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地层的复合地基静载荷试验进行数值模拟,并分析风积沙复合地基桩土荷载传递机制及变形特性。结果表明:合理设置褥垫层厚度能有效减小桩顶应力集中,降低桩土应力比。提高褥垫层模量可减小复合地基的沉降,改善其承载性能。设置褥垫层的桩侧摩阻力在桩顶附近出现负摩阻力,随着深度向下快速增加至零,并转为正摩阻力。桩身的附加轴应力在桩顶附近先增加到峰值,然后逐渐衰减。水泥土搅拌桩处理风积沙地基时存在临界桩长。在相同荷载水平下,随着桩长的增加,桩土应力比先增大后趋于稳定,桩侧摩阻力分布随着桩长的增加趋于稳定。按规范设计的风积沙复合地基承载力特征值偏于安全,有较大的富余度。

钻孔灌注桩后注浆技术对单桩承载力的影响分析

随着我国建筑行业的发展,近年来,高层、超高层建筑物的数量不断增加,建筑物对地基土承载力要求越来越高。本文以铂悦·兴隆府项目为例,利用单桩竖向静荷载试验,研究钻孔灌注桩后注浆技术对地基土承载力、桩端沉降的影响。实践表明,在钻孔灌注桩中采用后注浆技术,可显著提高地基土承载力,减少桩端沉降变形,优化桩身性能,增强桩身稳定性,降低工程造价,此技术可广泛应用于工程建设中,为工程实体的设计和施工提供理论依据。

给水管道弯头桩锚式支墩的简单受力研究

由于水压的作用,给水管道需要在弯头处设置支墩。一般情况下,支墩设计可以通过查询国标图集选用。但在实际工程中,会存在支墩尺寸过大、无原状土作后背墙等特殊情况,需要因地制宜设计管道弯头支撑。本研究选取了一种桩锚式支墩,研究在横向荷载下单桩的力学性能,为桩锚式支墩的实际应用提供参考。

单桩水平静载试验在万州体育中心工程中的应用

对万州体育中心工程的3根机械冲孔灌注桩进行单桩水平静载试验,在桩身强度和水平位移两种控制工况下,确定其单桩水平承载力特征值、水平极限承载力,并推定地基土抗力系数的比例系数m值。试验结果验证了特殊地质条件下的桩基施工工艺,给出了桩基水平承载力与位移的计算参数,并为类似桩基工程的设计与施工提供了基础试验数据。

单桩竖向静载试验异常在某工程中的处理及应用分析

为确保建设工程下部结构桩基础工程承载力的质量安全,采用低应变法先进行工程基桩桩身完整性的普查,再选取桩底反射波异常的桩进行单桩竖向抗压静载试验,对单桩竖向抗压静载试验沉降数据的应用进行分析。结果表明,基桩桩底反射波存在异常的桩对单桩竖向抗压静载试验沉降数据具有一定影响。说明选取桩底反射波存在异常的桩,进行单桩竖向抗压静载试验的沉降数据也存在异常,再通过单桩竖向抗压静载沉降数据异常分析,进而高效地保障基桩工程承载力的可靠性及安全性。

单桩静载试验中钢筋连接新技术分析

将钢筋连接工艺应用到单桩竖向抗拔静载试验中,代替传统的焊接连接方法,以期达到快速、安全、方便、节约成本的目的。本研究为该思路的初步尝试,针对小吨位的常见空心预制桩抗拔试验,加工了一套装置。该装置利用预制桩孔洞内的灌芯钢筋提供上拔力的特点,利用锚具卡扣装置,将钢筋和装置进行连接。在上海松江区某项目开展了现场试验,整个组装过程无需焊接,试验结束拆解装置后可重新利用,为同行提供参考。

大直径后注浆灌注桩在极软岩地质条件码头中的应用

湄洲湾港秀屿港区石门澳作业区11#泊位工程建设1个10万吨级通用泊位及相应的配套设施,码头平台采用高桩梁板式结构,对地基承载力要求高。针对码头平台下部基础为极软岩的地质条件,对码头平台的大直径灌注桩采用桩端后注浆工艺,通过静载试验对比分析未注浆与后注浆灌注桩。结果表明,经过桩端后注浆的灌注桩有效提高单桩竖向承载力,控制了码头沉降量,减小基桩的入土深度,缩短工程建设工期,节省工程造价,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。